CC BY
1
УДК 69
Atayev Y. A.,
Head of department. Nuryyev M. A., Lecturer. Myradov M. Y., Leaner-lecturer. Guvanjov R. B., student.
Turkmen State Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering Ashgabat, Turkmenistan TRENDS, INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 21ST CENTURY
Annotation
Architecture of the 21st century is a reflection of rapid changes in society, science and technology. Contemporary architectural solutions are at the intersection of technology, aesthetics, ecology and social needs. The article examines the main trends and directions in architecture, including the use of new materials and technologies, sustainable design, the impact of digitalization on the design of buildings and cities, as well as the philosophy of smart buildings and sustainable ecosystems. Particular attention is paid to architectural concepts that seek to take into account the needs of both individual users and society as a whole, with an emphasis on durability, comfort and environmental friendliness.
Keywords:
21st century architecture, innovations in architecture, sustainable design, ecology, digitalization, smart buildings, new materials, urban environment.
1. Introduction
Architecture has always been not only a way to create functional spaces, but also a mirror of cultural, technological and social changes. Architectural solutions have influenced people's lifestyles, their perception of the city, and their interaction with the environment. In the 21st century, architecture faces new challenges and opportunities that are related to global issues such as climate change, urbanization, technological revolutions and population growth.
Modern architectural trends and directions reflect the desire for harmony with nature, for the creation of comfortable and safe living conditions, as well as for the search for new solutions in the field of design and technology. In this context, the most important factors determining the architecture of the 21st century are sustainability, technology and interaction with digital technologies.
2. Trends in 21st Century Architecture 2.1 Sustainable Design and Ecology
Sustainable design has become one of the fundamental principles in the architecture of the 21st century. In the context of global climate change and environmental disasters, there is an increasing need for construction that minimizes the harmful impact on the environment and uses resources efficiently. Sustainable buildings and structures should take into account the following principles:
Energy efficiency: The use of innovative materials and technologies that help reduce the energy required to heat, cool and light buildings.
Use of renewable energy sources: integrating solar panels, wind turbines and other renewable energy sources into architectural solutions.
Eco-technologies: from water and waste recycling systems to green roofs and vertical gardens. Modern
buildings are often equipped with rainwater collection, filtration and reuse of water, and use environmentally friendly materials.
Green certification: construction according to LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) and other international environmental standards is becoming increasingly popular.
The challenge for 21st century architects is not only to construct buildings, but also to create architectural solutions that minimize the ecological footprint, promote biodiversity, and blend harmoniously into the environment.
2.2. Use of new materials and technologies
In recent decades, new materials and technologies have been actively used in architecture, which significantly change construction processes and increase the durability of structures. Among them:
Composite materials: such as fiberglass, carbon fiber and other innovative materials that have high strength with low weight. They are widely used in facades, as well as in building structures.
3D printing: a technology that allows buildings and structures to be "printed" using a variety of materials, including concrete, metal, and plastic. This opens up new horizons for the individualization of architectural solutions and the reduction of construction costs.
Nanotechnology: Nanomaterials that have unique properties, such as water-repellent or self-healing coatings. This can significantly improve the durability and performance of buildings.
Smart materials: materials that can adapt to changes in the external environment, for example, changing their properties depending on temperature or humidity. This allows for a significant increase in indoor comfort and a reduction in energy consumption.
Modern architecture is impossible without the introduction of innovative materials and technologies that change approaches to the construction, design and operation of buildings. The use of new materials and technologies in the architecture of the 21st century has become a key factor that affects the durability of structures, their resistance to external influences and energy efficiency. In this section, we will consider the main new materials, their capabilities and examples of their use in architectural practice. Composite materials
Composite materials are a combination of two or more materials, each of which retains its unique properties, but when combined creates a product with improved characteristics. The following types of composite materials are often used in architecture:
Fiber concrete: this is concrete with the addition of metal or plastic fibers, which significantly increases the strength of the material, reducing its fragility. This material is used in the construction of facades and interior walls, as well as for the creation of thin, light and at the same time strong elements.
Glass fiber reinforced plastic ( fiberglass ): a composite material based on glass fibers impregnated with resin. It has high strength at low weight and is resistant to corrosion, which makes it ideal for use in building construction in conditions of high humidity or aggressive climatic conditions.
Carbon fibers: used to reinforce structures such as beams, building frames or bridge structures. They provide lightness and strength, which allows the weight of the structure to be reduced while maintaining its load-bearing capacity.
The use of composite materials allows architects to create lighter, more durable and more resilient buildings and building elements.
3D printing in construction
One of the most revolutionary technologies in 21st century architecture is 3D printing. This technology allows objects to be created from given digital models, layer by layer, using various materials. In architecture, it opens up new possibilities for design and construction:
Concrete 3D printers are already being used to create entire buildings or individual structural elements such as walls and foundations. Such buildings can be cheaper to build because they reduce waste and construction time.
Eco-friendly materials for 3D printing: Modern developments allow the use of not only concrete in 3D printing, but also recycled materials, such as plastic waste, which helps to reduce the environmental impact.
Customization: 3D printing allows for the design of unique, custom building shapes that would be impossible to create using traditional construction methods.
In the future, 3D printing in construction may become a mass and cost-effective method of constructing buildings, which will significantly reduce construction time and reduce construction costs. Smart materials
Smart materials or adaptive materials are materials that change their properties in response to external influences such as temperature, humidity, pressure or light. In architecture, such materials are beginning to be actively used to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, improve the indoor climate and create more comfortable living conditions:
Photochromic and thermochromic coatings: These coatings change their transparency or color depending on the temperature or solar radiation level. This allows buildings to adapt to external conditions, minimizing the need for air conditioning and heating.
Self-healing coatings : In recent years , materials have been actively developed that are capable of "healing" microcracks or damage that occurs during operation. This significantly increases the durability of buildings, reducing repair and maintenance costs.
Electrochromic materials : These are materials that can change their transparency when exposed to an electric current. They are used to create "smart windows" that regulate the amount of sunlight entering a room, helping to control the temperature and light inside buildings.
External Energy Generation : There are materials that can convert mechanical energy (such as from wind or vibrations) into electrical energy, which can be used to power lighting systems or other energy needs of buildings.
The use of smart materials makes it possible to create "smart buildings" that interact with the external environment and are able to independently regulate their parameters to optimize operation.
Nanotechnology in architecture
Nanotechnology is actively being introduced into architecture, offering new opportunities to improve the properties of building materials. Nanomaterials have unique properties that cannot be found in conventional materials:
Nanocoatings : These coatings are used to protect building facades from the effects of the environment, they can be water- and dirt-repellent, and also resistant to ultraviolet radiation. This reduces the need for regular maintenance of facades and increases their durability.
Nanoconcretes : These materials containing nanoparticles have improved strength characteristics and high resistance to environmental influences. Nanoconcretes can be used in building components such as columns, beams and foundations to increase their strength while reducing their weight.
Thermoregulatory materials: Nanomaterials that have the ability to regulate heat exchange. They are used to improve the thermal insulation of buildings and reduce the need for heating and air conditioning.
Nanotechnology opens up new horizons for architects to create more efficient, durable and environmentally friendly buildings, minimizing maintenance costs and increasing their sustainability. Biomaterials and eco-friendly solutions
In recent years, there has been increased interest in biomaterials - materials that are produced using natural sources or organic components. These include:
Clay and timber structures: Eco-friendly architecture uses traditional materials such as clay, timber and
straw, which have natural insulating properties and are environmentally friendly. At the same time, new technologies for processing these materials make them more durable and resistant to external influences.
Bioplastics and biocomposites : These are materials that are made from organic materials such as plant fibers, starch and other natural polymers. They are environmentally friendly, easily recycled and can be used to create decorative elements of buildings, as well as facades and partitions.
Biodegradable coatings : These are coatings that decompose in the natural environment, which helps to reduce the amount of construction waste and minimize pollution of nature.
The use of biomaterials in architecture contributes to the creation of more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient buildings, which is an important step in the development of sustainable construction.
The use of new materials and technologies in 21st century architecture opens up new horizons for the creation of buildings that are not only more functional, but also environmentally friendly, energy efficient and technologically advanced. Innovations in this field allow architects and builders to work with lighter, stronger and more sustainable materials, which significantly changes the appearance of the urban environment and lays the foundation for the creation of "smart" and sustainable buildings that can effectively adapt to changing environmental conditions.
2.3. Digitalization and technologies in design
With the development of technology, architecture is also becoming more digital. Modern design methods such as BIM (Building Information Modeling ) allow you to create a virtual model of a building that includes all the information about its structure, materials, systems and operating processes. This not only simplifies the construction process, but also helps to optimize it at every stage, from design to operation.
Digital technologies also influence smart cities ( smart cities ), where information systems and management technologies can significantly improve the quality of life. Smart buildings are buildings that are equipped with advanced technological systems for managing energy consumption, security, heating and ventilation, and are integrated into the overall infrastructure of the city.
2.4. Architecture for living and working
Modern architectural projects are focused on creating comfortable and functional spaces for living and working. An important aspect is the creation of multifunctional spaces that can easily adapt to various needs: from residential complexes to office buildings and shopping centers.
Also in the architecture of the 21st century there is a tendency to integrate nature into urban space. Green areas, vertical gardens and open spaces are becoming an integral part of architectural solutions, creating a healthy and comfortable environment for people. 3. Social and cultural aspects of architecture
Architecture has always been and remains a mirror of society. In the 21st century, when social changes occur quickly and frequently, architects turn to the philosophy of " human-centric " design, which focuses on the needs of the individual and society as a whole. Modern buildings and spaces should be inclusive, accessible to people with disabilities, and take into account the needs of different age and socio-economic groups.
Architects of the 21st century strive to create not just beautiful buildings, but also spaces that inspire, develop and contribute to improving the quality of life. An important aspect is the creation of public spaces that can serve as points of attraction for residents and tourists, such as parks, squares, art centers and cultural complexes.
Architecture is not only the art of creating functional and aesthetic spaces, but also a powerful tool that reflects, shapes and transforms social and cultural values. In the 21st century, architecture has become an important aspect of social and cultural life, as it affects people's daily existence, their interaction with the environment, and the development of cities and public spaces. In this section, we will look at how architecture interacts with social and cultural aspects, and what new approaches are being applied in the design and construction of buildings and urban spaces.
Architecture as a reflection of cultural identity
Architecture is a mirror of culture, and each building or architectural ensemble not only performs a practical function, but also conveys certain ideas, symbols and cultural characteristics of a particular time and people. In the 21st century, the most important social and cultural aspects of architecture are:
Preservation of historical heritage: Modern cities often face the problem of preserving historical buildings and architectural monuments against the backdrop of urban development. An important task for architects is not only the integration of new buildings into old quarters, but also the preservation of cultural heritage. This can be achieved through the restoration and adaptation of historical buildings to modern requirements, while preserving their historical value.
Architecture as a symbol of national identity: In some countries, architectural projects become an important element of national identity and pride. Examples include buildings that represent symbols of national unity, culture and history, such as monuments, museums or national centres. In countries with a rich historical heritage, architecture becomes a link between the past and the present.
Cultural centers and museums: Modern cultural and artistic centers such as museums, theaters and galleries are becoming not only spaces for storing and displaying cultural values, but also places for meeting, exchanging ideas and creating a new cultural environment. The architecture of such buildings often performs not only functional tasks, but also becomes an important element of the cultural life of the city. Human-centered design
In recent decades, architecture has increasingly focused on humans as the main characters of the designed spaces. This is due to a change in approaches to the design of buildings and urban spaces, when priority is given to the needs of people, their comfort, safety and interaction with the environment.
Accessibility and inclusion: Architects are increasingly focusing on designing public buildings and spaces with the needs of people with disabilities in mind. For example, this includes creating a barrier-free environment, taking into account the requirements of people with hearing, vision or mobility impairments. All of these elements are important to ensure equal rights and opportunities for all citizens, regardless of their physical abilities.
Mixed Use of Space: Modern architectural designs often include mixed use of spaces - residential, office and commercial spaces are located in one complex. This form of development contributes to a denser but more convenient urban environment, where people can work, live and relax in one place. It also helps to reduce traffic congestion and more efficient use of urban space. Architecture and Social Change
Architecture can be a catalyst for social change, shaping new public consciousness and behavior. Over time, not only the shapes and styles of buildings change, but also their functions, reflecting changes in society.
Urbanization and Density: As the population of cities grows, there is a need to create compact, multifunctional and efficient spaces that meet the needs of people for housing, work and leisure. Architecture is becoming not only a tool for creating the physical environment, but also an important factor that influences the lifestyle, daily practices and mobility of people. Architects strive to create multifunctional residential complexes and integrated residential areas that provide maximum comfort in a limited space.
Conclusion
Architecture of the 21st century is a reflection of how contemporary challenges, including climate change, rapid technological advancement and urbanization, shape the appearance of our cities and buildings. Trends in architecture emphasize the desire for sustainability, technology and harmony with the surrounding nature. In the future, architecture will increasingly focus on creating spaces that provide not only physical comfort but also a high quality of life, taking into account the environmental, social and cultural needs of society.
Architecture of the 21st century is a dynamic and multifaceted field that not only solves the problems of creating functional and aesthetic spaces, but also actively participates in the formation of the social and cultural
environment. Modern architectural projects, taking into account technological innovations, are focused on sustainable development, improving the quality of life of people and preserving cultural heritage.
Key aspects in architecture are inclusivity, accessibility and attention to the needs of society, which is reflected in the design of public spaces, residential and work complexes. Architects of the 21st century are actively exploring new forms of interaction between man and the surrounding space, taking into account both social and cultural factors. It is becoming important to create not only aesthetically attractive, but also functional, comfortable and safe buildings that contribute to the formation of a healthy and harmonious urban environment.
The interaction of architecture with culture, history and new technologies continues to be the basis for the development of architectural concepts that influence social processes and values. The use of new technologies and materials in architecture opens up opportunities for creating more efficient, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings, which is an important step in addressing global challenges such as climate change and urbanization.
Thus, the architecture of the 21st century plays a key role in shaping the social and cultural environment, ensuring a balance between innovation and tradition, between technology and humanism, between functionality and aesthetics. The trends and approaches characteristic of modern architectural thinking contribute to the creation of more comfortable, sustainable and inclusive cities, which, in turn, makes architecture an important tool in the development of society and culture. Bibliography:
1. Harms, K. T. (2021). Architecture and Technologies of the 21st Century: In Search of Harmony. St. Petersburg: Architectural Publishing House.
2. Rozov, D. P. (2019). Sustainable Design and Environmental Innovations in Architecture. Moscow: Publishing House of Construction Literature.
3. Smirnova, E. V. (2020). Digitalization in Architectu re: A New Look at Design and Construction. Kazan: Technological Publishing House.
4. Filippov, A. N. (2022). Architecture and Society: Trends of the 21st Century. Novosibirsk: Scientific Publishing House.
© Atayev Y., Nuryyev M., Myradov M., Guvanjov R., 2024
УДК 69
Aллаберенова Л.
Старший преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков
по техническим направлениям Инженерно- технологический университет Туркменистана имени Огуз Хана
Кертиева Д., преподаватель Туркменского Государственного архитектурно-строительного института
Мухаммедова Б., преподаватель Педагогического средно-профессиального учебное заведение имени
Бердымухамеда Аннаева города Аркадаг
ГОРОД, НАПОЛНЕННЫЙ КРАСОТОЙ: АРКАДАГ
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается город Аркадаг как символ гармонии, устойчивого развития и культурного
