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25Для цитирования: Karimova K.K. Translation as a peculiar type of interlingual communication // Grand Altai Research & Education / Nauka i obrazovanie Bol'sogo Altaâ: сетевое издание». 2018. выпуск 2 (9). [Электронный ресурс]
URL: http://rectors.altstu.ru/ru/periodical/archiv/2018/2/articles/5_3.pdf (Дата доступа: 22.10.2018 г.) DOI 10.25712/ASTU.2410-485X.2018.02.12
УДК 81.25
TRANSLATION AS А PECULIAR TYPE OF INTERLINGUAL
COMMUNICATION
K.K. Karimova
«Innovative University of Eurasia» LLP (Pavlodar, Republic of Kazakhstan)
kamar. karimova@mail. ru
ТЬтее bаsiс рппшр^ of transition рrоvidеd by А1еха^ег Frаsеr Tytter in his work "Еssаy оп thе Рrinсiрlеs of Transition" рroрosе thаt а trаnslаtion should Ье ассurаtе, fаithful, grасеful аМ сrеаtivе [1]. А good transition рrеsеrvеs thе sрirit аnd sеnsе of thе originаl in Ше strеngth of thе struсturе, forœ of ехрrеssion, mаstеry of lаnguаgе аnd thе quаlitiеs of imаginаtion аnd disсеrnmеnt. Тhеsе рrinсiрlеs dеfinе whаt thе fînаl рroduсt of transition must Ье Нке а^, by ехtеnsion, whаt thе du^s of а trаnslаtor аrе. Howеvеr, а striсt аdhеrеnсе to thеsе рrinсiрlеs sееms а hаrd tаsk to аttаin. In thе modеrn sсеnаrio thе рroЫеms of transition most sресifîсаlly.
It is well known, that the transition is а реси^ tyре of сoшmuniсаtion -intеrlinguаl сommuniсаtion. Тhе transitor mаkеs рossiЫе аn ехсhаngе of informаtion bеtwееn thе usеrs of diffеrеnt lаnguаgеs by рroduсing in Ше tаrgеt lаnguаgе (TL) а tехt whiсh hаs аn idеntiсаl сommuniсаtivе vаluе with thе sourœ tехt (ST). This tаrgеt tехt is not fully idеntiсаl with ST аs to its formеr сontеnt duе to limitаtions imрosеd by thе formаl аnd sеmаntiс diffеrеnсеs bеtwееn thе sourсе а^ tаrgеt lаnguаgеs [2, p. 5].
^е goаl of trаnslаtion is to trаnsfеr tехt writtеn in Ше Sourсе Lаnguаgе into а tехt in thе Tаrgеt Lаnguаgе. This mеаns thаt thе mеssаgе рroduсеd by thе trаnslаtor should саП forth а rеасtion from Ше TL rесерtor similаr to tot саllеd forth by Ше originаl mеssаgе from thе SL rесерtor. Thе сontеnt, thаt is, Ше rеfеrеntiаl mеаning of Ше mеssаgе with аП its трНсайош аnd thе form of Ше mеssаgе with аП its епю^е аnd stylistiс сonnotаtions must rерroduсеd аs fully аs рossiЫе in Ше trаnslаtion аs thеy аге to еvokе а similаr ^роше. Whilе thе сontеnt rеmаins reM^ly intасt, thе form, thаt is, Ше linguistiс signs of Ше originаl, mаy bе substitutеd or rерlасеd by othеr signs of Ше TL bесаusе of struсturаl diffеrеnсеs аt аП lеvеls. S^h substitutions аrе justifîеd; thеy аге funсtionаl аnd аim аt асhiеving еquivаlеnсе.
Еquivаlеnt tехts in Ше two lаnguаgеs аrе not nесеssаrily mаdе uр of sеmаntiсаlly idеntiсаl signs аnd grаmшаtiсаl struсturеs dnd еquivаlеnсе should not bе сonfusеd with idеntity [3].
Thе Шпсйош1 stаtus of а trаnslаtion is suррortеd by its struсturаl dnd sеmаntiс siшilаrity with thе origiml. Thе trаnslаtor is ехресtеd to refrain from dny rеmаrks or
intrusions in his text, which may betray his authorship thereof. He is expected to efface himself as fully as he can to avoid interference with the process of communication between S and TR.
The structure of the translation should follow that of the original text: there should be no change in the sequence of narration or in the arrangement of the segments of the text.
One of the major important things is the semantic identification of the translation with ST. It is presumed that the translation has the same meaning as the original text. No exchange of information is possible if there is difference between the transmitted and the received message. The presumption of semantic identity between ST and TT is based on the various degrees of equivalence of their meanings. The translator usually tries to show in TL the closest possible equivalent to ST.
As a kind of practical activities translation (or the practice of translation) is a set of actions performed by the translator while rendering ST into another language. These actions are largely intuitive and translators, who are best, suited for the job, which are well trained or have a special aptitude, a talent for it, naturally achieve the best results. The past masters of the art, true artists in their profession create masterpieces. At its best translation is an art, a creation of a talented, high-skilled professional [4, p. 115].
The theory of translation provides the translator with the appropriate tools of analysis and synthesis, makes him aware of what he is to look for in the original text, what type of information he must convey in TT and how he should act to achieve his goal. In the final analysis, however, his trade remains an art. Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. Different aspects of translation can be studied with the methods of the respective sciences.
Nowadays most of theoretical research of translation has been done within the framework of linguistics. The linguistic theory of translation is concerned with translation as a form of speech communication establishing contact between communicants who speak different languages. The basis of this theory is linguistics in the broadest sense of the word, that is, macro linguistics with all its new branches, such as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, communicative linguistics, etc., studying the language structure and it is functioning in speech in their relationship to mind, culture and society. Language, which makes possible communication between people, is part of all human activities, of life itself.
The core of the translation theory is the general theory of translation that is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of bilingual communication and therefore common to all translation events, irrespective of what languages are involved or what kind of text and under what circumstances was translated. Replacement of ST by TT of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are produced in human speech governed by the same rules and implying the same relationships between language, reality and the human mind [5].
All languages are means of communication, each language is used to shape
human thinking, all language units are meaningful entities related to non-linguistic realities, all speech units convey information to the communicants. In any language communication is made possible through a complicated logical interpretation by the users of the speech units, involving an assessment of the meaning of the language signs against the information derived from the contextual situation, general knowledge, previous experience, various associations and other factors. The general theory of translation deals, so to speak, with translation universals and is the basis for all other theoretical study in this area, since it describes what translation is and what makes it possible [2, p. 114].
Each type of translation has its own combination of factors influencing the translating process. The general theory of translation should be supplemented by a number of special translation theories identifying major types of translation activities and describing the predominant features of each type [2, p. 104].
There are two basic classifications of translation: (1) according to the type of translated texts and (2) according to the type of the translator's speech actions during the translation process. The first classification is connected with the genre-stylistic features of the original and the second is connected with the psycholinguistic features of speech actions in the written and oral form. Depending on these features, the genre-stylistic classification of translation gives grounds for differentiating between two functional types of translation: literary translation and informative (special) translation [6, p. 97].
Literary translation is the translation of fiction. Fiction is compared to other speech works, because literary aesthetic or poetic communicative function is the propotent function for all of them. The main purpose of any literature of this type is the achievement of the certain aesthetic effect and the making of such image. Such aesthetic direction makes the difference between literary speech and other acts of the speech communications, which informative matter is primary and independent.
As we speak about the translation of literary speech pieces, it is necessary to recognize the attribute of text translations to works of translating language, which have literary features, as the main difference of literary translation from the other translation types. Otherwise, literary translation is the type of translational activity, and its main goal is transferring of speech, capable to render literary-aesthetic influence on translating speech into translating language.
According to analysis of literary translations, they have some deviations from the greatest possible semantic accuracy to provide artistry of translation in connection with foregoing purpose. Let's make some examples of such devia-tions.
The mountain tops were hidden in a grey waste of sky... (A. Cronin). Вepшины rop тонули в cepoM He6e (Translation by М. Абкита). It is clear, that refusal of English equivalent were hidden is not fortuitous. The verb "тонули" reflects here the boundlessness of the firmament (Waste of sky). Dirmy waited in a corridor which smelled of disinfectant and looked out on to a back street. A fly, disenchanted by the approach of winter was crawling dejectedly up the pane (J. Galsworthy). Динни oжидaлa ee в Kop^Aope, пpoпaxшeм кapбoлкoй. Myxa, yApy4eHHaa пpиближeниeм зимы, y^rno пoлзaлa no oray, KoTopoe выxoдилo та
глухую боковую улицу {Translation of Ю. Корнеева and П. Мелкова).
Неге again а choice of translation smelled, disinfectant, disenchanted, back street, and also addition of "its" pronoun and transition of the information about a window from the first sentence to another, undoubtedly, has the рurрose of increasing of literary level translation.
There are separate subtypes of translation depending оп belonging of the original to the certain genre of fiction in the literary translations. There are such subtypes as translation of poetry, translation of plays, translation of satirical works, translation of art prose, translation of songs texts, etc. The distinguishing of such genre translation in special subtypes of translation has conditional character and depends оп that, how specificity of such genre influence оп the progress and re-sult of translational process.
Informative translation is translation of texts which main function is the information of any data, instead of literary-aesthetic influence оп the reader. Scientific, business, political, household materials are concerned to such texts. It is necessary to concern here translation of many detective (police) stories, travel stories, asseys and works with informative narration. Division into fiction and informative translation reflects оп1у the main function of the original which should be reproduced in translation. Actually, there are separate parts that acts оп1у information functions in the original demanding literary translation, and, оп the contrary, there can be literary translation elements in translation of the informa-tive text.
Subtypes of translation in informative translation are distinguished оп the basis of belonging of translated texts to various functional styles of source lan-guage. Thus it is necessary, that functional-stylistic features of originals should define specific features of translation of such texts. Translation of scientific and technical materials, translation of officially-business materials, translation of pol-itic-publicistic materials, translation of newspaper information materials, translation of patent materials and etc. are distinguished into special subtypes, according to this feature.
Psycholinguistic classification of translations considering a way of original perception and making translation of the text, subdivides translational activity into written translation and oral translation.
Written translation is such type of translation, where the speech united in the act of interlingual dialogue {the original and the text of translation), act in the form of the fixed texts during the translation process, and the interpreter can re-peatedly address to them. It gives an interpreter the possibility to perceive pieces of the translated text repeatedly, to compare them with appropriate pieces of translation, to make any necessary changes to the text of translation before its presentation to the Receptor, i.e. before the end of translation process. Classical example of written translation is such translation when an interpreter perceives the original visually in the form of the written text and makes the text of translation in the form of the written text (written translation).
Oral translation is a type of translation, where the original and its translation act during translation process in the unfixing form that predetermines the momentariness of perception of the original pieces by an interpreter and impos-
sibility of the following comparison or correction of translation after its performance. Classical example of oral translation is such translation when an inter-preter perceives the original in the acoustic form ("orally") and in the oral form says its translation. Making of text translation during the oral translation can be in parallel perception of the original or after the perception of the original. That is why, there are two subtypes of oral translation: simultaneous interpretation and consecutive translation [6, p. 98].
Simultaneous translation is a way of oral translation, where an interpreter, listening speech of the orator, pronounces translation, practically simultaneously (with a small backlog of 2-3 sec.). As a rule, simultaneous interpretation is made out, using means, in a special cabin where the speech of the orator moves to an interpreter through headphones, and an interpreter speaks in a microphone, whence translation is broadcast for Receptors. Having such device the voice of the interpreter does not prevent to listen to the original. Variety of simultaneous interpretation is so-called "whispering" when an interpreter is located not in a cabin, but near to the Receptor and informs the translation in a low voice by means of headphones and a microphone or without them. Simultaneous interpretation is a complex subtype of oral translation, because it demands such skill as to make out diverse speech actions simultaneously from the interpreter: to listen in one language, to translate into other language and to speak in this language, not lagging from orator speech tempo. Synchronization of all three actions is connected with the great work of the memory, the intense attention, necessity to make out a speech compression, to predict following pieces of the original, to correct unwarranted forecasts, to make instant decisions, etc.
Consecutive translation is the way of oral translation, where an interpreter starts to translate after the speech of orator, having finished all speech or any of its part. The size of a translated speech piece can be various: from the separate statement up to the text of sizable range, which orator said 20-30 and more minutes. This type of translation demands keeping of the matter of original significant segments in interpreter memory for a long time till the moment of translation beginning. If the range of the original exceeds some statements an interpreter makes notes of the certain moments of the matter which helps it to recall the heard information during original perception.
The written or oral form of original perception and making text of translation are typical accordingly for written and oral translation, but some elements of other translation types can sometimes be used in each of them. The written interpreter can receive the text original that has been recorded on a magnetic tape, or dictate the translation to the typist or in a dictophone. In any case translation is written, because texts of the original and translation are kept in the fixed form and they can be looked through, compared and made necessary corrections into translation repeatedly, before presentation it to Receptors. An oral interpreter can receive the text of oral performance before the beginning of translation and use it as the subsidiary support during the simultaneous or sequential translation. Special type of use of the written text in oral translation is so-called "sight translation" when an interpreter translates the written original regardless to any oral performances, i.e. not during translation
process orator speech orally for Receptors. The main feature of oral translation is kept here: impossibility of comparison and correction of translation text before the presentation to Receptors.
The factor of time plays an important role in distinction of written and oral translation. The translation process of the written translation is not limited by hard time frames. An interpreter can interrupt translation at any moment, return to already translated piece, to spend additional time for reflection of any part of the original or translation, to address to dictionaries and directories, to get advice or consultation of experts, etc. It creates conditions for the successful decision of complex translational problems, allows to translate any texts both fiction, and informative successfully.
The highest level of equivalence is reached and demanded in the written translation. Actions of an interpreter are strictly limited by time by orator's speech tempo and necessity "to give out" translation simultaneously with the orator or after his stopping under oral translation. That is why an interpreter has no time for reflection, search of variants or the addressing to reference books. The role of semiautomatic skills, knowledge of steady conformity and stamps, ability to articulate statements quickly and neatly on translating language is increasing. At the same time an interpreter should include elements of adaptive transcoding, to miss some details of translated information, compress (to reduce) text of translation, to be satisfied with translation at the lower level of equivalence. Necessity of especially fast speech actions for short time intervals during simultaneous interpretation makes greater physical and psychological commitments; that is why an interpreter-synchronist can make out the duties only during 20-30 minutes completely. Therefore each cabin is served by several interpreters, working simultaneously under the interpretation.
An important difference between written and oral translation is that, an interpreter deals with unequal pieces of the original, making out each of these types of translation. An interpreter translates one statement by one in written translation, but he operates the whole text of original, and each statement is as unit of this text. An interpreter translates the separate statement, comparing with the matter of the text, can find for the additional information necessary for a choice of translation variant in the previous or subsequent parts of the text, keep logic of development of an idea, correct communication between separate statements, etc. An interpreter is ought to perceive and translate the text of the original by small segments as the process of their pronouncing by the orator in written translation and has no opportunity (except for "sight translation" where this oppor-tunity is limited) to address to other parts of the original during translation. An interpreter operates with one or several statements under the sequential translation. An interpreter translates separate statements segments in original, making complete statements in translations from translated segments, because of parallel realization of perception and translation and lack of time during the simultaneous translation.
Written translation differs from oral by the character of communication with participants of interlingual dialogue. Translation process, as a rule, proceeds «in room conditions», and an interpreter does not have direct connection or a feedback with communicants. Possible (and rather pleased) acquaintance of an interpreter with an
author of the original and potential Receptors of translation is becoming out of translational process. Interpersonal relationships do not play a role here, the subject of attention of an interpreter is the translated text, and any estimation of interpreter actions (quality of translation) can be given only after the process of interlingual dialogue by the communicants. An interpreter use the direct speech (and sometimes personal) contact with communicants, in conditions when the feedback with one or both participants interlingual dialogue is possible. He is ought to perceive oral speech, independently of its correctness, speed, fea-tures of a pronunciation or an orator speech manner, and to provide mutual understanding between speaker and listener.
The presence of an interpreter under making text of original, an opportunity to consider dialogue conditions, to fill the missed information on the basis of knowledge of a subject and the purpose of conversation and previous stages of discussion, personal acquaintance with present Receptors, understanding of discussed question with them, reasons and formulations standard for them assist in problems overcoming.
The opportunity to ask again, specify the stated idea, to find out the meaning of the unknown term appears if there is a feedback with orator. The opportunity to observe their reac-tion, clarity of translation, to regulate an interpreter's speech tempo, and sometimes an orator's one, etc. if there is feedback with communicants. An interpreter can resort to the help of gestures, illustrations, additional explanations, if he con-tacts with communicants. In similar cases translation is supplemented with ele-ments of adaptive transcoding, and sometimes an interpreter plays, a role of the additional participant of the communications, answering questions and making requests of one or both communicants.
Work on translations of any text, business or scientific, newspaper or art, is always a creative process. It demands from the translator knowledge of comparative languages and certain skills, and as that indispensable understanding, that human language not only the material form of thinking, not only dialogue means, but also the keeper of all learnt by mankind for all history of the existence.
Language has absorbed in itself the culture of the people, and consequently one of the main tasks of the translator consists in helping the others to understand other people with different language and culture. The most important problem of the translator in translation of literal texts is to reach semantic equivalence of source and target texts. Various translational transformations and at level of componential equivalence - the transformations mentioning grammatical structure of the statement are required for equivalence achievement.
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