CC BY
15UDK 534.013 OECD 01.03.AA
Torsional Wave Propagation in Carbon Nanotube Bundles
Arda M.1
1PhD, Trakya University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Edirne, Turkey
Abstract
Torsional wave propagation in carbon nanotube bundle structures has been analyzed with Nonlocal Strain Gradient Theory. Governing equation of motion of carbon nanotube bundles have been derived. Phase and group velocity relations have been obtained. Elastic medium has been considered as a matrix material between the nanotubes. Effect of nonlocal stress and strain gradient parameters and stiffness of elastic medium to the torsional wave frequency and phase and group velocities have been investigated. Present results could be useful in designing of composite materials for vibration isolators.
Key words: carbon nanotubes, wave propagation, torsional waves, nonlocal strain gradient.
Распространение крутильных волн в пучках углеродных нанотрубок
Арда М.1
1К.т.н.! Университет Тракья, факультет машиностроения, Эднрие, Турция Аннотация
Распространение крутильных волн в структурах пучка углеродных нанотрубок было проанализировано с помощью Нелокальной теорнп градиента деформации. Получено управляющее уравнение движения пучков углеродных нанотрубок. Получены соотношения фазовых и групповых скоростей. Упругая среда рассматривалась как матричный материал между нанотрубками. Исследовано влияние параметров нелокального напряжения и градиента деформации, а также жесткости упругой среды на частоту крутильных волн, а также фазовые и групповые скорости. Представленные результаты могут быть полезны прп проектировании композиционных материалов для виброизоляторов.
Ключевые слова: углеродные иаиотрубки, распространение воли, крутильные волны, градиент нелокальной деформации.
Introduction
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become a popular material for the last 20 years. Concept of designing a structure with superior properties have been getting attention of both industry and scientists. CNT bundles consist of N number of nanotubes which they can be wrapped to each other or can be embedded in a matrix material. CNT bundle structures could be used as nano-wires or nano-fibers in composites. Torsion in CNT bundles must be analyzed especially for the nano-wire applications of CNTs [1-3].
Nanoscale structures can be modeled with continuum theories. Differently from the macroscale mechanics, small scale effect can not be ignored in the nano-scale analysis. Strain [4, 5] and stress [6, 7] gradient nonlocal theories include the size effect and they have been used in most of the recent research about modeling of CNTs. Recently, Lim et al. [8, 9] proposed
*E-mail: [email protected] (Arda M.)
a nonlocal strain gradient model which considers both stress and strain gradient effects of an interval on a point in the continuum media.
Torsional characteristics of CNTs have been investigated by researchers over the years. Atomic simulation studies of ideal torsional properties of CNTs carried out in several studies [10-14], Torsional vibration response of double-walled CNT structures [15], under the initial compression load [16] and buekvball attached to the free end [17] were studied. Theoretical modeling of torsional vibration of CNTs were obtained by using modified couple-stress theory [18], nonlocal elasticity theory [19] and strain gradient theory [20], Torsional instability of CNTs has been also investigated in several papers [21-24], Molecular dynamics modeling and analysis for torsional behavior of nanotubes [25-27] were studied comparatively with analytical results. Nonlocal torsional wave propagation in circular nanostructures [28] and multi-walled CNTs [29] were also investigated,
Li et al, [30, 31] pointed out that, both torsional enhancing and weakening effects in nonlocal theories are possible and correct. In a similar fashion, nonlocal strain gradient models were used in torsional wave propagation [32] and vibration [33, 34] of CNTs, Also newly developed nonlocal integral elasticity model has been used in analysis of torsional dynamics of CNTs [35, 36].
According to authors' best knowledge, torsional wave propagation in CNT bundle structures have not been investigated yet according to literature search. Therefore, torsional wave propagation in CNT bundle structures is studied using the nonlocal strain gradient theory. Elastic matrix material has been considered between the nanotubes in modeling. Wave propagation results are obtained for various parameters and velocities,
1. Analysis
1.1. Single CNT
A rod which has length (L) and diameter (d) is considered. The equation of motion in the angular direction can be written as [37]:
d 2e s2e g'p a? = p'p m + T (D
where G is the shear modulus, p is the density, IP is the polar moment of inertia, e is the angular displacement of CNT and T is the distributed circumferential external torque. The IP is defined as:
j n (R2 - Rl)
ip = n-2--' *
where R\ and R2 are the inner and outer radius of CNT respectively,
1.2. CNT Bundle
In CNT Bundle case, N number stacked nanotube which are embedded in an elastic matrix material assumed as shown in Fig, 1, The circumferential deformation of each nested tube is affected by elastic matrix material.
4 Tube Bundle 7 Tube Bundle
Fig. 1. CXT Bundle Structure |38|
The equations of motion of X number of tubes can be written by applying Eq, (1) for each tube:
T GT d2e1 d2e1
T i = GTp^^--pTp-
T = GIp
dx2
d2 Qj dx2
- pip
dt2
d2 Qj dt2
T d 2N d 2Qn
TN = GIp- pip-
dx2
dt2
(3a)
(3b)
(3c)
where (i = l,2,...,N) is ^^e angular displacement of the ith nanotube and the subscripts 1,2,...,N are used to denote the order of the nanotube, T is the total circumferential torque due to elastic matrix effect.
Fig. 2. Continuum Model of the One Dimensional CXT Bundle System
(Fig. 2):
The torque relation due to elastic medium between nanotubes can be expressed as
Ti = k(Qi - 02)
(4a)
T = k(26i - Bm - Bi-i) (4b)
TN = k(©N - ©n-1) (4c)
where k is the stiffness of elastic matrix, CNT bundle system is consist of two carbon nanotubes with identical chiralitv's and they are covered with elastic medium (Fig, 1),
1.3. Nonlocal Strain Gradient Elasticity
The integral form of nonlocal stress relation can be written as [8, 39]:
(Jij = Cijki ao(|x - x'l,eoa)e'kldV (5a)
Jv
ajL = (e2a)2Cijki ai(|x - x'|,eia)£'H,mdV (5b)
JV
where aij is the nonlocal stress tensor, oj. is the high-order nonlocal stress tensor, e0a and
e1a e2a
material length scale parameter which is related to nonlocal strain gradient field. Material length scale parameters can be assumed as e0 = e1 for the rod type structures, a0(|x — x'|,e0a) and a1(|x — x'|,e1a) are the nonlocal kernel functions for the classical stress tensor and the higher order stress tensor, respectively. Nonlocal kernel functions satisfy the conditions in Eringen [39], The nonlocal strain gradient theory states the total stress tensor accounts for both nonlocal and strain gradient tensors:
tij = aij ± dx j (6)
In, Eq, (6), sign of the higher order stress tensor can be assumed negative or positive. Generally, strain gradient models have stiffening effect on structure with negative higher order stress tensor. In the other hand, positive higher order stress tensor shows softening effect on strain gradient structure same as nonlocal stress gradient. Both parameters can affect the structure in stiffening or softening way depending on their negative or positive sign [40, 41], Because of the lattice dynamics model of the elastic carbon nanotube structure predicts that travelling wave frequency in CNT structure decreases, softening strain gradient approach is used in the present study. Comparison of strain gradient rod models can be seen in Fig, 3,
1.4. Equation of Motion
The equation of motion and boundary conditions for torsional deformation of CNT are obtained using the Hamilton Principle and Nonlocal Strain Gradient Elasticity, The Hamilton Principle can be written as:
f 2 [5W + 5EK - 5Ep]dt = 0 (7)
Jt i
where W denotes the work done by the elastic medium, EK denotes the kinetic energy and EP denotes the potential energy of the CNT, They are defined as [42, 43]:
W = i T©dx (8a)
0
rL fde\2 Ek = J0 pIp{It) dx
(8b)
Ep = J0 GIp(de) dx
(8c)
Fig. 3. Variation of Torsional Wave Frequency with Various Models
If W, EK and Ep are defined according to the nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory and variational principle, following equations are obtained:
5W
"t2 r Tsedxdt + f fL d - ~^2dT
I -L 1/ Vy U/ayUit/ | I
It 1 J 0
'ti J 0
— (e0a) -7— 5edxdt dx dx
(9a)
5E
K
fL rt2 d
lo h dt
p*l f)
ft 2 /-L
dedtdx +
t1 0
A
dx
dedxdt (9b)
t2 L
¿Ep =
t1 0
A
dx
GIp \ dx
t2 L
5edxdt +
t1 0
dx2
(e2a)2GIp
id2e
\ dx2
5edxdt (9c)
If Eq, (7) is rearranged according to Eqs, (9a)-(9c), Eq, (10) is obtained:
ft 2 fL
lt1 Jo
j0L TSedxdt} + j - /tt2 foL d(eoa)2 ^dxdt + f*
Sedtdx + J0 Sedtdx — f*2
,OT
- tt12 o
— Se(0)] dt} + <¡ — foL ftt2 ^
(de pIp{ ~at
(de pIp{ ~et
t2 r L d2
ti Jo dxdt
ßpip{ Ut)
^ ( U?)
(eoa)2dTx [te(L) —
[60(t2 ) — se(ti)] dxj — [Se(L) — se(0)] dt] —
— J — ft2 J L 1 Jt1 Jo dx
GIp i
dx J
Sedtdx+
+ ft
t2 t1
GIp Í m
dx J
ft2 —t1
(e2a)2GIp
d2 e
dx2
d2
[5e(L) — se(0)] dt — ft foL ^ ase(L) ase(0)
(e2a)2GIp
id 2e
\ dx2
Sedtdx—
dt + It
t2 t1
dx dx
- 58(0)] dt} = 0 If Eq, (10) is reorganized, following equation is obtained
(e2a)2GIp
d3 e \
dx3 )
[se(L) —
(10)
tt12 oL T —
(eoa)2
+ (e2a)2GIp
d 4e
dx4
d 2t
dx2
sedtdx + ftt2
r r fd2e\]
— PIP{ dt2 )_ +
^pIp{ )
+
GI
p
d2e
dx2
+
(eo a)2 ( dx
(e2a)2GIp
d 3e
dx3
[se(L) — se(o)] dt + /t ôse(o)
t2 t1
ßpIp (e2a)2GIp
( d3e \
V dxdt2 J
d2 e
dx2
GM f
dx
dóe(L)
dx
dx
dt = 0
(11)
According to Eq, (11), the governing equation of motion of a CNT can be written as:
GIP{H) + (H) = PIP{ ^ — <e»a)2pI^ BxW2)
^J + T—
— (eoa)2
d 2 T
dx2
(12)
and the boundary conditions are obtained as:
(eoa)2 f dx)— ßpIp{ dxJ2)— GIp{ dx)— (e2 a)2GIp ( H)
[se] = 0 (13a)
-(e2a)2GIp
id 28
V dx2
350 dx
0
(13b)
Eq, (12) is the governing equation of the nonlocal strain gradient CNT for the torsional deformation. If the nonlocal parameter is assumed as zero (e0 = 0), the strain gradient rod model is obtained. If the strain gradient parameter is assumed as zero (e2 = 0), the nonlocal rod model is obtained. If the nonlocal and strain gradient parameters are assumed as zero (e0 = e2 = 0), classical rod model is obtained. If Eqs, (3) and (4) are inserted into Eq, (12), the equations of motion for CNT bundle is obtained as:
Gl
p
d 2Qi dx2
dx4 f P dt2 -(e0a)2k
d 4 0 d26i d46i + (e2a)2GIp 4 = pIp—r--(eoa)2pIp
dx2dt2
+ k(0i - 82)-
2, /d282 d28i
d28i d48i „ ^ Glp^r^r + (e2a)2GIP 4i = pIP^2r — (e0a)2pIP
\ dx2 d2 8i
dx2
(14a)
dx2
dx4 1 p dt2 — 8(i-i)) — (e0a)2k( 2
d 48i dx2dt2
+ k(28(i) — 8(i+i) —
2U, nd28(i) d28(i+1) d28(i-1)
dx2
dx2
dx2
(14b)
d 28 N . i \2^T ^8N T d 28 N , s2 T d 48 n
GIP^XT + (e0a)2 GI^~dxN = PI^~diN — (e2a)2PIp dx^ + k(8(N) — 8(N-1)) —
—(e0a)2k
2u f d28(N) d28(N-i)
(14c)
as:
\ dx2 dx2
For the harmonic torsional wave propagation, displacement of each tube can be written
(15)
Bi(x,t) = Atej{Mt-mx)
where u is the torsional wave frequency, m is circumferential wave number and j2 = — 1 Inserting Eq, (15) into Eqs, (14a)-(14e) leads to:
Pii Pi2 Pi3 ... . . ... Pii ' ' Ai ■
P2i P22 P23 ... . .. ... P2i A2
an-i
PN i PN 2 PN 3 ... . . ... PNN_ _ an _
(17c):
(16)
where is the amplitude of the ith tube and related terms are defined in Eqs, (17a)-
P11 = m4(e2a)2GIP — m2 (GIP — (eoa)2pIPu2 + (eoa)2k) + (pIPu2 — k)
P12 = m2(eoa)2k + k (17a)
P13 = P14 = ... = P1i = 0
0
Pi(i-i) = Pi(i+i) = m2(eoa)2k + k
Pii = m4(e2a)2GIp - m2(GIp - (eoa)2pIpu2 + 2(eoa)2k) + (pIpu2 - 2k) (17b)
Pi1 = ... = Pi(i-3) = Pi(i-2) = Pi(i+2) = Pi(i+3) = ... = PiN = 0
pnn = m4(e2a)2GIP — m2(GIP — (e0a)2pIP u2 + (e0a)2k) + (piP u2 — k)
P(N-1)N = m2(e0a)2k + k (17c)
PN1 = PN 2 = PN (N-2)... = 0
The determinant of the coefficient matrix in Eq, (16) must be equal to zero. If the
u
system are obtained.
Phase velocity (vP) is the velocity of an individual particle which propagates in the structure and it is related only with the wavenumber, not any physical quantity (Eq, (18a)), Group velocity (vG) defines overall shape of the propagation of a group of waves at similar frequency and can be obtained using Eq, (18b),
vp = U (18a)
du . ,.
.g = jk; (18b)
2. Numerical Results and Discussion
In this section, validation of present model has been achieved, firstly. After that, variation of torsional wave frequency and phase and group velocities with various parameters have been investigated for the N=10 number of CNTs,
Numerical results for the torsional wave frequency analysis are obtained by assuming material constants: G = 0,46TPa, p = 4962kg/m3, Various studies can be found about the determination of elastic properties and effective wall thickness of nanotubes. Inner radius of CNTs is chosen as 0,68 nm and thickness of ('.XT is accepted as 0,132 nm, respectively [44, 45],
An atomic lattice model for torsional wave propagation in SWCNT was proposed in previous study [37], Frequency equations for Lattice Dynamic and Nonlocal Strain Gradient theories can be obtained as below:
^LD = 2a Jsin2(ma) (19a)
1 - (e2a)2m2
unlsg = cm\----—— (19b)
" 1 + (e0a)2m2
where c is the shear speed of sound (c = \JG/p).
Variation of torsional wave frequency with wave number is seen in Fig, 4, The local frequency increases linearly with wave number. According to Lattice Dynamics, a travelling wave has a limit propagation velocity. The strain gradient (e2 = 0,25) and nonlocal (e0 = 0,39)
models show good agreement with the lattice dynamics results for the end of first Brillouin-Zone, Xonlocal strain gradient model gives almost identical results with lattice dynamics model for the selected parameters (e0 = 0,20, e2 = 0,21),
Fig. 4. Variation of Torsional Wave Frequency with Wave Xumber for Various Models
Effect of the elastic medium in torsional wave frequency is seen in Figs, 5 and 6, For the 1st CXT, elastic medium has no effect on torsional wave frequency. With the increasing number of CXTs, elastic medium becomes more effective and torsional wave frequency raises. Effect of the number of carbon nanotubes and elastic medium are more pronounced in small wave numbers (long wavelengths).
Fig. 5. Effect of Wave Xumber on Torsional Wave Frequency for Various Elastic Medium
Stiffness's
Fig. 6. Effect of Elastic Medium on Torsional Wave Frequency for Various Wave Numbers
In Figs, 7 and 8, variation of phase and group velocities for the 1st and 10th CNT can be seen. Number of CNT increases both phase and group velocity. Elastic medium is effective only in small interval at low frequencies (long wavelengths) for the 1st CNT, With the increasing number of CNT, effective frequency interval of group velocity is expanded. Elastic medium effect vanishes at high wave numbers (short wavelengths), because of the nonlocal strain gradient model. Phase and group velocities has not been affected by elastic medium at the end of first Brillouin Zone and show identically same characteristics.
Fig. 7. Variation of Phase and Group Velocity of 1st CNT
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Wave Number (1/nm) Wave Number (1/nm)
Fig. 8. Variation of Phase and Group Velocity of 10st CXT Conclusion
Torsional wave propagation in multiple CXTs stacked in an elastic matrix which is called CXT bundle has been investigated in the present study. Governing equation of motion has been obtained using Xonlocal Strain Gradient Elasticity Theory Torsional wave propagation frequencies, phase and group velocities for first and last CXTs have been determined. Effects of gradient parameters and stiffness of elastic medium have been investigated comparatively.
The nonlocal strain gradient elasticity model is more acceptable for CXTs rather than the only stress or strain gradient and classical theories. Elastic medium has more pronounce effect on wave frequency especially for increasing number of nanotubes. Group velocity effectiveness expands with increasing elastic medium stiffness and number of nanotubes.
Present results may be useful for modeling of composite materials for vibration isolators.
References
1. Mehralian F,, Tadi Beni Y,, Karimi Zeverdejani M, (2017) «Xonlocal strain gradient theory calibration using molecular dynamics simulation based on small scale vibration of nanotubes», Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol, 514, pp. 61-69, DOI: 10,1016/j .physb ,2017,03,030
2. Hall A.R., Falvo M.R., Superfine R,, Washburn S, (2007) «Electromechanical response of single-walled carbon nanotubes to torsional strain in a self-contained device», Nature Xanotechnology, Vol. 2, pp. 413-416. DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.179
3. Wu A.S., Xie X., Hudspeth M.C., et al (2012) «Carbon nanotube fibers as torsion sensors», Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 100, pp. 201908. DOI: 10.1063/1.4719058
4. Aifantis E.G. (1992) «On the role of gradients in the localization of deformation and fracture», International Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 30, pp. 1279-1299. DOI: 10.1016/0020-7225(92)90141-3
5. Askes H,, Aifantis E.G. (2009) «Gradient elasticity and flexural wave dispersion in carbon nanotubes», Phys Rev B - Condens Matter Mater Phys, DOI: 10,1103/ PhysRevB.80.195412
6. Eringen A.C. (1983) «On differential equations of nonlocal elasticity and solutions of screw dislocation and surface waves», Journal of Applied Physics, Vol, 54, pp. 4703-4710, DOI: 10.1063/1.332803
7. Eringen A.C. (1972) «Nonlocal polar elastic eontinua», International Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 10, pp. 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/0020-7225(72)90070-5
8. Lim C.W., Zhang G,, Reddy J.N. (2015) «A higher-order nonlocal elasticity and strain gradient theory and its applications in wave propagation», Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 78, pp. 298-313. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmps.2015.02.001
9. Li L,, Hu Y,, Li X. (2016) «Longitudinal vibration of size-dependent rods via nonlocal strain gradient theory», International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 115-116, pp. 135-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmeesei.2016.06.011
10. Wang Y,, Wang X.X., Xi X. (2004) «Atomistic simulation of the torsion deformation of carbon nanotubes», Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 12, pp. 1099-1107. DOI: 10.1088/0965-0393/12/6/004
11. Ertekin E,, Chrzan D.C. (2005) «Ideal torsional strengths and stiffnesses of carbon nanotubes», Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, Vol. 72, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10,1103/PhysRevB,72,045425
12. Hall A.R., An L,, Liu J., et al (2006) «Experimental measurement of single-wall carbon nanotube torsional properties», Physical Review Letters, Vol. 96, pp. 1-4. DOI: 10,1103/PhysRevLett,96,256102
13. Jeong B.-W,, Lim J.-K,, Sinnott S.B, (2007) «Torsional stiffening of carbon nanotube systems», Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, pp. 093102. DOI: 10.1063/1.2775832
14. Xiao S,, Hou W. (2007) «Multiseale modeling and simulation of nanotube-based torsional oscillators», Xanoscale Research Letters, Vol, 2, pp. 54-59, DOI: 10,1007/sll671-006-9030-8
15. Zhang Y.Y., Wang C.M. (2008) «Torsional responses of double-walled carbon nanotubes via molecular dynamics simulations», J Phvs Condens Matter, doi: 10,1088/09538984/20/45/455214
16. Selim M.M.M, (2010) «Torsional vibration of carbon nanotubes under initial compression stress», Brazilian Journal of Physics, Vol. 40, pp. 283-287. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-97332010000300004
17. Murmu T., Adhikari S,, Wang C.Y.Y. (2011) «Torsional vibration of carbon nanotube-buekvball systems based on nonlocal elasticity theory», Phvsica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Xanostructures, Vol. 43, pp. 1276-1280. DOI: 10.1016/j.physe.2011.02.017
18. Gheshlaghi B,, Hasheminejad S.M., Abbasion S. (2010) «Size dependent torsional vibration of nanotubes», Phvsica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Xanostructures, Vol, 43, pp. 45-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.physe.2010.06.015
19. Lim C.W.W., Li C,, Yu J.L.L. (2012) «Free torsional vibration of nanotubes based on nonlocal stress theory», Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol, 331, pp. 2798-2808, DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2012.01.016
20. Xarendar S,, Ravinder S,, Gopalakrishnan S. (2012) «Strain gradient torsional vibration analysis of micro / nano rods», International Journal of Xano Dimension, Vol, 3, pp. 1-17. DOI: 10.7508/IJND.2012.01.001
21. Xatsuki T., Tsuchiva T., Xi Q.-Q., Endo M. (2010) «Torsional elastic instability of double-walled carbon nanotubes», Carbon, Vol. 48, pp. 4362-4368. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon. 2010.07.050
22. Vereosa D.G., Barros E.B., Souza Filho A.G., et al (2010) «Torsional instability of chiral carbon nanotubes», Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, Vol. 81, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10,1103/PhysRevB,81,165430
23. Wang Q, (2009) «Torsional instability of carbon nanotubes encapsulating C60 fullerenes», Carbon, Vol. 47, pp. 507-512. DOI: 10.1016/j.earbon.2008.10.035
24. Asghari M,, Eafati J., Naghdabadi E. (2013) «Torsional instability of carbon nano-peapods based on the nonlocal elastic shell theory», Phvsica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, Vol. 47, pp. 316-323. DOI: 10.1016/j.physe.2012.06.016
25. Khademolhosseini F,, Phani A.S., Nojeh A., Eajapakse N. (2012) «Nonlocal continuum modeling and molecular dynamics simulation of torsional vibration of carbon nanotubes», IEEE Transactions on Nanoteehnologv, Vol. 11, pp. 34-43. DOI: 10.1109/ TNAN0.2011.2111380
26. Ansari E,, Gholami E,, Ajori S. (2013) «Torsional Vibration Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes Based on the Strain Gradient Theory and Molecular Dynamic Simulations», Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 135, pp. 051016. DOI: 10.1115/1.4024208
27. Ansari E,, Ajori S. (2014) «Molecular dynamics study of the torsional vibration characteristics of boron-nitride nanotubes», Physics Letters A, Vol. 378, pp. 2876-2880. DOI: 10,1016/j,physleta,2014,08,006
28. ISLAM Z.M., .11A P., LIM C.W. (2014) «TORSIONAL WAVE PEOPAGATION AND VIBRATION OF CIECULAE NANOSTRUCTURES BASED ON NONLOCAL ELASTICITY THEORY», International Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 06, pp. 1450011. DOI: 10,1142/S1758825114500112
29. Arda M,, Avdogdu M. (2016) «Torsional wave propagation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes using nonlocal elasticity», Applied Physics A, Vol, 122, pp. 219, DOI: 10,1007/s00339-016-9751-l
30. Li C. (2014) «Torsional vibration of carbon nanotubes: Comparison of two nonlocal models and a semi-continuum model», International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 82, pp. 25-31. DOI: 10,1016/j,ijmeesei,2014,02,023
31. Li C, (2014) «A nonlocal analytical approach for torsion of cylindrical nanostructures and the existence of higher-order stress and geometric boundaries», Composite Structures, Vol, 118, pp. 607-621. DOI: 10.1016/j.eompstruet.2014.08.008
32. Arda M,, Avdogdu M. (2016) «Torsional wave propagation of CNTs via different nonlocal gradient theories», ICSV 2016 - 23rd Int. Congr, Sound Vib, From Anc, to Mod, Acoust,
33. Adeli M.M., Hadi A., Hosseini M,, Gorgani H.H. (2017) «Torsional vibration of nano-cone based on nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory», Eur Phvs J Plus, doi: 10,1140/epjp/i2017-l1688-0
34. Arda M,, Avdogdu M, (2017) «Nonlocal Gradient Approach on Torsional Vibration of CNTs», NOISE Theory and Practice, Vol. 3, pp. 2-10.
35. Apuzzo A., Barretta E,, Canadija M,, et al (2017) «A closed-form model for torsion of nanobeams with an enhanced nonlocal formulation», Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol, 108, pp. 315-324. DOI: 10.1016/j.eompositesb.2016.09.012
36. Zhu X., Li L. (2017) «Longitudinal and torsional vibrations of size-dependent rods via nonlocal integral elasticity», International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 133, pp. 639-650. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.09.030
37. Arda M,, Avdogdu M. (2014) «Torsional statics and dynamics of nanotubes embedded in an elastic medium», Composite Structures, Vol, 114, pp. 80-91, DOI: 10.1016/j.eompstruet.2014.03.053
38. «No Title», https://www.ccm.udel.eduwp-contentuploads201409img2.jpg.
39. Eringen A.C. (2007) Nonlocal Continuum Field Theories. Springer New York
40. Chang C.S., Gao J. (1997) «Wave Propagation in Granular Eod Using HighGradient Theory», Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 123, pp. 52-59. DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:1(52)
41. Askes H,, Suiker A.S.J,, Sluys L.J. (2002) «A classification of higher-order strain-gradient models - Linear analysis», Archive of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 72, pp. 171-188. DOI: 10,1007/s00419-002-0202-4
42. Adali S. (2009) «Variational principles for multi-walled carbon nanotubes undergoing non-linear vibrations by semi-inverse method», Micro & Nano Letters, Vol. 4, pp. 198-203. DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2009.0084
43. Adali S. (2009) «Variational Principles for Transversely Vibrating Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Based on Nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli Beam Model», Nano Letters, Vol. 9, pp. 1737-1741. DOI: 10.1021/nl8027087
44. Li C,, Chou T.-W. (2003) «A structural mechanics approach for the analysis of carbon nanotubes», International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 40, pp. 2487-2499. DOI: 10,1016/S0020-7683(03)00056-8
45. Wang C.Y., Zhang L.C. (2008) «A critical assessment of the elastic properties and effective wall thickness of single-walled carbon nanotubes.», Nanoteehnologv, Vol. 19, pp. 075705. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/7/075705
