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31THE STRUCTURE MODEL OF TRAININGS IN THE YEARLY7 CYCLE OF ELITE SWIMMERS
Nijole Lagunaviciene1, Genadij Golubev2, Irina Kremneva3, Alexander Pryimakov4 Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education1, Kaunas, Lithuania V olgograd Institute of Humanitarian2,V olgograd, Russia Moscow State University of Railway Transport^ Moscow, Russia University of Szczecin, Institute of Physical Culture4, Szczecin, Poland National Pedagogical University, Institute of Physical Education and Sport4, Kiev, Ukraine
Annotation. This article is denoted to an urgent problem of development the model of training loads in macrocycles during the microcycle composition of annual swimmers preparation for the sports advanced groups. As a result of six years experimental studies it has been established that the elementary normative unit of training load is a volume of exercises, ensuring directed drilling influence in accordance with reserve possibilities of the athlete in the given mode of intensity. The suggested model of training loads structure in macrocycle for swimmers of sport advanced groups make enables one to the optimal choice of training means by giving preference to loads of aerobic character provides basis for general and special fitness and contributes to positive dynamics of sports results. Besides, all this is achieved with in provides progressive growth of training resulting in low level of psychological and physical weariness, and allows one to ensure athletic improvement and high athletic skill for a long time.
Key words: swimming, microcycles, mezocycles, macrocycle model, pedagogical experiment, training and competition bouts.
Анотація. Лагунавичене Ниєлє, Г олубєв Генадій, Кремнєва Ирина, Приймаков Олександр. Модель річного тренувального циклу плавців високої спортивної майстерності. У роботі проведений аналіз оптимізації тренувального процесу плавців високої спортивної майстерності, представлена його структура На підставі багаторічних досліджень визначена модельна структура планування річного тренувального процесу плавців високого класу при його розподілі на макроцикли, мезоцикли і мікроцикли, що ґрунтується на зонах інтенсивності навантажень. Відповідно до пропонованої моделі дозування тренувальних навантажень у різних зонах інтенсивності, рекомендоване застосування навантажень, спрямованих на розвиток аеробного потенціалу, як бази загальної і спеціальної фізичної підготовки Пропонована модель підвищує темпи поліпшення спортивних показників без прояву явних ознак психологічного стомлення і при збереженні бажання спортсменів до реалізації тренувальних програм.
Ключові слова: плавання, мікроцикл, мезоцикл, модель тренувального мезоцикла, педагогічний експеримент, зони навантажень.
Аннотация Лагунавичене Ниеле, Г олубев Г еннадий, Кремнева Ирина, Приймаков Александр. Модель годового тренировочного цикла пловцов высокого спортивного мастерства. В работе проведен анализ оптимизации тренировочного процесса пловцов высокого спортивного мастерства, представлена его структура На основании многолетних исследований определена модельная структура планирования годового тренировочного процесса пловцов высокого класса при его распределении на макроциклы, мезоциклы и микроциклы, основывающаяся на зонах интенсивности нагрузок. В соответствии с предлагаемой моделью дозирования тренировочных нагрузок в различных зонах интенсивности, рекомендовано применение нагрузок, направленных на развитие аэробного потенциала, как базы общей и специальной физической подготовки. Предлагаемая модель повышает темпы улучшения спортивных показателей без проявления явных признаков психологическогоутомления и при сохранении желания спортсменов к реализации тренировочных программ. Ключевые слова: плавание, микроцикл, мезоцикл, модель тренировочного мезоцикла, педагогический эксперимент, зоны нагрузок.
Introduction.
In sports swimming a high level of results and growth of strong competition determine the necessity of perfecting constantly the training process. The success of top-class swimmers’ performance is defined to a considerable extent by 1) effective sports selection, 2) proper adoption of the strategy of sports preparation, 3) rational selection of means and methods of training and 4) optimal dosage of loads at separate stages of many-year preparation. Proceeding from this the problem of optimizing the training loads, their partial correlation in the training during macro and mezocycles and work outs is a rather pressing one at present.
The basis of the present scientific research consisted in the assumption that the determination of structural model of training loads in macrocycles for many-year composition of qualified swimmers’ preparation would enable us to enhance considerably the effectiveness of the training process and promote progressive rise of sports results.
Material and methods.
The following methods were used for carrying out the investigation:
1. Theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific-methodological literature, including pedagogical observations;
2. Pedagogical experiment;
3. Mathematical statistical processing of the results obtained.
Organization of study.
Conducting of the present study was organized in the form of consequent stages with independent problems and facilities to decide them. At the first stage we have analyzed the literature data and studied the parameters of training
loads in annual cycles (96 annual cycles) of highly qualified swimmers (24 athletes). The second stage was devoted to elaborating the rational structure of training loads in macrocycles and to performing the statistical processing of the primary data obtained. At the third stage the pedagogical experiment aimed at justifying the multicycle structure of swimmers training process was conducted. The swimmers aged 14—16 years having qualification of master of sport or candidate in the master of sport have taken part in the experiment lasting 6 years.
Results and the discussion.
The first problem. Rational design of the training process is based on the knowledge of main training laws, recovery dynamics energy supply, peculiarities and factors limiting sports achievements. We hypothesized that according to Farfel’s and Makarenko & Shirkovez classification determined ranges of intensity correspond to determined ranges of loads dosed causing essential changes in the functional state and training grade of sportsmen.
W e conducted our experimental research aimed at determining the duration of performing the training exercises in different intensity zones, checking a load level by means of HR and established the following characteristics, namely:
• 1st zone of intensity included a range of load up 5000 to 6000 m at HR of up 110 to 130 beats per minute;
• 2nd zone - 3000—3500 m at HR of up 130 to 160 beats per minute;
• 3d zone - 1500—2000 m at YR of up 160—180 beats per minute;
• 4th zone - 400—500 m at a HR of up to 180 beats per minute;
• 5th zone - 200—250 m covered in laps of 10—25 m at a maximal speed and rest of about 2 minutes between the covered laps.
The second problem. A well-known concept of reduced capacity to work as an effect of tiring from exercises with the following recovery exceeding initial, i. e. supercompensating, is the basis of view about the training influence of exercises. Using in the training process loads different in size and intensity it is possible to cause the reactions of three types in the organism of athlete:
• retardation of recovery;
• no considerable changes in the process of recovery;
• acceleration of recovery.
Since recovery processes in the organism are not running simultaneously it allows one to use greater loads of different intensity within one microcycle.
A dosage of load repeated once means a light load, equal approximately to 25% out of the maximal one; two dosages of load repeated once means a moderate load (50%); three dosages of load repeated once means a considerable load (75%), and four dosages of load repeated once means a heavy load (100%). Applying the training loads of different intensity during one workout cannot exceed maximum repetitions permitted.
Besides, considerable and heavy loads of selective intensity are powerful stimuli of enhancing an athlete’s basic fitness exerting profound and one sided influence on the athlete’s organism whereas light and moderate loads are rehabilitative or meant to maintain the level of basic fitness reached.
The third problem. The analysis of scientific methodological literature on the subject diary books of leading trainers and athletes, as well as our own training experience and experimental studies have allowed us to establish that planning system must rest on the calendar of main annual competitions when composing the annual preparing program for qualified swimmers. The experience of preparing the strongest swimmers of the world for international competitions has shown that the most rational variant of annual cycle is the one containing 2—5 comparatively independent macrocycles. The transition to such annual macrocycles during the training process is stipulated by intensifying the swimmers preparation by increasing the among of high rank competitions and the necessity for swimmers to participate in them practically during the whole year. Such a structure of the training process allows one to comparatively quickly accumulate the experience necessary for governing the dynamics of the swimmers state, individualize this process and raise its results and reliability. During separate stages of the annual cycle choosing an optimal duration of applying the means of definite training intensity is one of the most important characteristics of rational arrangement of the training loads.
Proceeding from our experience an optimal period of concentrated influence of loads of different intensity on highly qualified athlete’s organism is about three weeks. In case of necessity such a series of aerobic activity can be repeated. The accentuated application of load with selective intensity does not exclude simultaneous perfection of other aspects of sports basic fitness .
N. B.: 2—3 weeks following the accentuated training at a level of anaerobic exchange threshold the athlete was able to cover the same distance or training series at a higher speed with predominant aerobic component of energy provision along side with the same level of blood lactate.
On the base of this in the course of research done we worked out the structure of macrocycle model aimed at preparing qualified athletes for planned competitions including six mezocycles. The given model can be applied in the annual preparation, being repeated multiple times equal to the number of major competitions during that year.
• setting-work adaptation cycle (SW AC) - 3 weeks,
• fundamental (fund. c.) - 3 weeks,
• functional (func. c.) - 3 weeks,
• precompetitive (PC) - 3 weeks,
• competitive (CC) - 1 week,
• rehabilitative (RC) - 1 week.
The approximate annual cycle of the qualified swimmers preparation consisting of four macrocycles (Macroc) is
presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Tentative annual cycle of preparing the qualified swimmers, including 4 macrocycles (MACROS)
MEZOCYCLES Total
MAC SWAC FUND. C PCC CC RC MEZOCYCLES
1 3 3 3 1 1 14
2 1 3 3 1 1 12
3 1 3 3 3 1 12
4 1 3 3 1 3 14
Total 6 12 12 4 6 52
The analysis of data on the structure of training loads for six annual cycles us to define the model values of parameters for loads of different areas of intensity.
For the motivation of efficiency of multicycle training loads a pedagogical experiment was conducted. The sports achievements of swimmers at the main republican and all-union competitions served as a criterion of efficiency the methodical approach proposed. Each annual cycle of experiment consisted of 4 macrocycles with the same structure of training loads of different intensity. Our method was applied by gradually increasing the velocity of swimming in each following cycle of preparation.
Partial correlation of the volumes of training loads in different zones of intensity were approved during six annual cycles of training. Decreasing of partial correlation depending on tension can be followed during the experimental period in macrocycles as well as in the cycle of annual preparation. In the table 2 the data in per cent (%) in different areas of intensity for the whole experimental period are summarized.
Table 2.
The data (%) in different areas of intensity
Zones of intensity I II III IV V
Average annual data 46.1 33.6 13.6 4.0 2.7
Generalization of the results. This article is denoted to an urgent problem of development the model of training loads in macrocycles during the multicycle composition of annual swimmers preparation for the sports advanced groups. As a result of six years experimental studies it has been established that the elementary normative unit of training load is a volume of exercises, ensuring directed drilling influence in accordance with reserve possibilities of the athlete in the given mode of intensity: I zone of intensity corresponds to a range of loads 5000—6000 m - the pulse being up to 130 beats / min; II zone - 3000—3500 m the pulse being up to 130—160 beats / min; III zone - 1500— 2000 m - the pulse being up to 160—180 beats / min; IV zone - 400—500 m - the pulse being over 180 beats / min; V zone - 200—250 m, which one must swim lapse by lapse (10—15 m each) with the maximum velocity and rest between lapses near for 2 minutes.
The unified influence scheme of swimming load on the organism of the athlete includes the following 4 values: very strong, strong, moderate and weak.
A rational model of complete cycle preparation must provide a standard scheme of mezocycles and microcycles increasing the training level of the swimmer and it can be achieved repeatedly in accordance with the annual calendar plan of main competitions.
A partial correlation of volumes of qualified swimmers training loads in the different zones of intensity in many year preparation is constant; I zone - 46,1%; II zone - 33,6%; III zone —13,6%; IV zone - 4,0%; V zone - 2,7%.
The suggested model of training loads structure to be used in macrocycles for swimmers of sports advanced groups is based on applying the loads of mainly aerobic activity and decreasing of partial volumes of partial volumes depending on tension. In provides progressive growth of training resulting in low level of psychological and physical weariness, and allows one to ensure athletic improvement and high athletic skill for a long time.
Conclusion. Model developed of training loads structure in macrocycles for swimmers of sports advanced groups is based on using the loads of mainly aerobic directivity and decreasing of partial volumes of partial volumes depending on tension. In provides progressive growing of training and resulting with low level of psychological and physical weariness, and allows to inhere on stages of athletic improvement and high athletic skill for a long time.
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Поступила в редакцию 06.12.2007г.
