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THE SPECIFICS OF THE USE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN MODERN
UZBEKISTAN SOCIETY
Liliya Yurevna Filimonova
Assistant of Tashkent State Transport University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
Email: [email protected]
Sajida Alisherovna Rakhimbaeva
Student of Tashkent State Transport University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Email: soj idarahimbaeva@mail .com
The development of the information economy has significantly changed the place and role of an individual in the new of management. The skills and abilities of a person came forward in social production. Human capital today is one of the components of the production assets of the enterprise. It brings income not only to a specific person or organization, but also to the country as a whole. Therefore our President pays so significant attention to the development of education and other facilities for young generation. The effective use and development of human capital is a priority for many leading countries of the world. It is he who contributes to improving the quality of life, as well as increasing the efficiency of the national economy.
The concept of human capital has the most diverse application in the world economic science, which has successfully managed to prove the high efficiency and necessity of investing in a person. This category allows you to look at such problems as income distribution, the role of education in the process of social reproduction, family planning, economic growth, motivation, migration, not only from the psychological, social and demographic points of view, but also provides an opportunity to explore them directly from the point of view of the economy. There are a large number of works devoted specifically to the theory of human capital.
Human capital is presented as the totality of all the production qualities of an employee. The classical definition is considered to be the definition of G. Becker: „Human capital is the stock of knowledge, skills, and motivations that everyone has". According to W. Bowen, it "consists of the acquired knowledge, skills, motivation and energy that human beings are endowed with and which can be used ... for the production of goods and services. In other words, human capital is nothing more than "the productive abilities of an
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individual, his talents and knowledge. J. Ben-Porat considers human capital as "a fund whose function is the production of labor services in social units of measurement and which in this capacity is similar to any machine as a representative of material capital." From the point of view of D. Berg, "human capital is a stock of professional experience accumulated by an employee. It represents value for potential income in the future."[2]
Nowadays, there is no single exact definition of this concept, but for most of them the principle of an extended interpretation is inherent: not only realizable knowledge, abilities and skills are understood, but also potential ones, both external and internal stimulation of the employee. Human capital is a very complex, multifaceted concept, and it is almost impossible to give only one definition that would reveal all its sides. But this is rather a positive feature, since it allows you to reflect the characteristics of human capital using various approaches to it.
Investing your capital in order to make a profit is called investment. In relation to human capital, we can give a narrower definition. "Investments in human capital are resources that form and accumulate new knowledge, information and experience in the process of training and functioning of the workforce, that is, the ability to work."
The role of investments in the reproduction process of human capital is also of paramount importance. We can represent it schematically, as shown in Figure 1.
INDIVIDUAL
Needs of individual
±
±
Goods and services production to satisfy needs
Development of individual and his production needs
Components of the individual's capital
Investments into individual's capital
Efficiency of investments into capital
Figure 1. Role of investments in hum an capital In connection with the growth of human needs, there is an increase in goods and services. The quantitative and qualitative growth of production, in turn, requires the improvement of production capabilities and human development, in other words, the
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development of all elements of human capital. Subsequently, human development leads to the emergence of new needs. In the process of reproduction, resources or investments are necessary for all elements of human capital. The increase in needs contributes to the growth of investment in human capital. On the other hand, the level of investment in human capital depends on their effectiveness. The more efficiently investments are used, the less they are required and vice versa.
There are different views and opinions on the question of the components of human capital. Most researchers understand its structure and composition in different ways. Most often, the main elements of human capital include: education capital; health capital; on-the-job training capital (qualifications, experience, etc.); possession of economically significant information; motivation of economic activity; migration capital, which ensures the mobility of workers.
Investment plays an important role in human capital. They are necessary for the development of all components of human capital. However, investments in a person are characterized by a number of specific features, since we are talking about investments in a living person. We can also conclude that investment is the initial stage of both the individual turnover of human capital and the total turnover of total human capital. That is why investment activity in human capital is so important for the policy of any state. And the most significant investments should be in health and education.
In economic literature, the problem of human capital was not given due attention for a long time, although it occupied the minds of philosophers and economists of the 17th-19th centuries as well. So, from the arguments in the book by I.T. Pososhkov "The Book of Scarcity and Wealth" (1724), it follows that labor, human activity should be considered as the source of wealth. He represented "the wealth of the people as a set of internal debt wealth" of each family, while he stipulated the consumption rate for the owner of the house, wife, and children. Norms of family consumption I.T. Pososhkov turned into sources of "domestic wealth"[10].
M.V. Lomonosov considered the main matter of the "highest will" to be the preservation of the people, the growth of the population, he sought to humanize the economic policy of Russian absolutism incorporating the theme of man, his work. In the 1970s and 1980s separate publications were devoted to the consideration of certain aspects of the Western theory of human capital. Their peculiarity lay in the fact that most of these works were in the nature of a critical analysis of the bourgeois concepts of human capital.
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At present, the available intellectual capital is less and less consistent with the volume, structure and technological level, and most importantly, with the tasks of modernizing the economy of Uzbekistan. At the same time, a tense situation has developed with the national health capital. Against the backdrop of a sharp decline in living standards in the 1990s the quality of the population has deteriorated significantly.
Today, the quality of national human capital not only underlies the socioeconomic development of the state, but also acts as the most important factor in national security. The demographic situation in the country is characterized by a birth rate that ensures the reproduction of the population, inefficient use of migration potential, which does not correspond to the strategic interests of Uzbekistan and poses a threat to the country's national security.
Human capital in Uzbekistan is not used to its full potential. The transition from a planned system to a market one led to the depreciation of the human capital accumulated earlier. This affected knowledge, perception, thinking habits, skills acquired both during formal education and in the process of work. Productivity has dropped drastically. Approximately 40% of workers were forced to change their profession.
Due to this kind of stress, many people have deteriorated health and well-being in general. However, the positive trait of our mentality played an important role. The desire and readiness to constantly learn was very useful at the time when it was necessary to replenish the lost human capital.
First of all, it is necessary to focus on improving the socio-economic, cultural and educational conditions for state functioning.
Among the priority areas for improving the use of human capital, it should be noted that the budget policy is focused on ensuring a high standard of living for the population. It is necessary to recognize the implementation of the following measures: achieving a balanced budget by increasing revenue rather than cutting costs; strengthening guarantees and rationalization of state financing of the social sphere, education and healthcare. Moreover, the increase in the revenue part of the budget should be carried out through the growth of production volume, improvement of tax policy, in particular, the development of indirect financing of the social sphere. To strengthen the guarantees and rationalism of state financing of the social sphere, it is necessary to strengthen control over the expenditure of financial resources, to practice financing of health care, education, and culture on the basis of targeted programs.
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One should not disregard such an aspect as the motivation of a person for high-quality and highly productive work. The path to effective human capital management lies through it. It is motivation that is one of the most important components of the effective use of human capital.
There are still not enough conditions in the country that would contribute to the high efficiency of the use and formation of human capital. Health care and education are in need of modernization, reflecting the interests of the majority of the country's population. President of Uzbekistan Mirziyoev Sh.M. constantly pays attention to these aspects, makes every effort to improve the social environment. But a sufficiently high level of labor migration of the younger generation does not contribute to this, since we train personnel for work in our neighboring countries more than for our own internal needs.
Human capital, today, is an intensive factor in the development of not only the economy, but also the entire socio-political system and, first of all, society, family, the person himself, knowledge, labor resources, science, education. It is human capital that determines and ensures the effective functioning and level of their development, security and improvement of the quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to actively intervene by the state and take measures on its part aimed at developing and improving the efficiency of the use and formation of human capital.
REFERENCES
1. "Labor Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan" dated December 30, 2001 N 197-FZ (as amended on November 22, 2011, as amended on December 15, 2011), 45p.
2. Genkin B. M. Motivation and organization of effective work (theory and practice), Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2011,214p.
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4. E. M. Polyakova. Analytical review of the evolution of theoretical and methodological views on the category of "Human capital" // Bulletin of the VSU. Series: Economics and Management, 2011, No. 1,p.13
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6. Lavrova L. A. Economic growth and human capital, Omsk: Publishing House of the Omsk State University. University Press, 2009, 121p.
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DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2022-1-123-128 Specialists in the Field of Transport
7. Leksin V. Regional diagnostics: essence, subject and method, specifics of application in modern Russia// Russian Economic Journal. - 2003. - No. 9-10.
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