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20The tongue twister shown above contains alliteration, rhyme, as well as rhythm. There is no need to look for rhythm only in tongue twisters only. As the study requires to search for rhythm within a sample pertaining to tongue twister, the research was made on tongue twisters. As rhythm is related to pulse, meter and beats, it is usually found in lyrics of hip-hop songs.
Tongue twisters also contain lexical stylistic devices as epithet, metaphor, simile and many others. The following examples show the existence of epithet in the tongue twister;
Bake big batches of bitter brown bread.
A noisy noise annoys an oyster.
Slimy snake slithered down the sandy Sahara.
As seen, above-mentioned examples contain epithets along with the usage of alliteration. The words 'big', 'bitter', 'brown' in the first example define 'batches' and 'bread' respectively. The determinant or epithet in the second tongue twister is the adjective 'noisy' while 'slimy' and 'sandy' define 'snake' and 'sandy' in the last example accordingly.
As noted above, tongue twisters don't produce only phonetic stylistic devices. They can emerge as a result of reversed repetition of the same words or phrases which is called chiasmus or antimetabole. The best example for a reversed construction is as;
Susie works in a shoeshine shop
Where she shines she sits, And where she sits she shines
As known, the words "she shines" and " she sits" have been used in a reversed order in the given tongue twister making up antimetabole or chiasmus.
Another similar example for chiasmus has been reflected in the following sentence;
I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit
In the sentence above, "I slit" and "the sheet" were used in reversed order generating chiasmus.
In conclusion, it is necessary to stress that tongue twisters do not only contain phonetic stylistic devices as alliteration or consonance, assonance, rhythm and rhyme, they may also host lexical and syntactical stylistic devices simultaneously. A subtle distinction between antanaclassis and tongue twisters has been explored in the article. Moreover, the equivalent of tongue twister called finger fumbler has been revealed by the author. The author compared epizeuxis and other types of repetition in the study.
References
1. Anon. The Compact Edition of the Oxford dictionary II. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1971
2. Aristar, Anthony; Dry Helen (1991). Linguist List, Vol.2. University of Michigan. Retrieved 13 March 2010
3. Cooper, Grosvenor, and Leonard B. Meyer (1960). The Rhythmic Structure of Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
4. Hanson, Vicky (1991). "Tongue Twister Effects in the Silent Reading of Hearing and Deaf College Students". Journal of Memory and Language. 30 (3): 319330
5. Poundstone, William. "The Ultimate". william-poundstone.net. Retrieved 13 March 2010
THE SPECIFIC GENRE OF THE ENGLISH NOVEL
Akopova Ye.,
Master of science Senior Lecturer
Sh. Yessenov Caspian State University of Technologies and Engineering
Aktau, Kazakhstan Abuova B., Master of science Senior Lecturer
Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abay
Tuleubayeva M., Master of science Senior Lecturer
Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai
Kazakhstan, Almaty Kazmagambetova A. Senior Lecturer,
Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abay
ABSTRACT
This article makes effort to investigate the problem of the modern English novel by the multicultural aspect from the opinion of Western and Russian scholars. The studies in this field observed multi-structural art form in the mentioned genre based on correlation between parody overtone and semantic principles, which shaped the nature and features of the subject-object narrative forms.
The problem of aesthetics author perception in the art process was highlighted according to the problem philological novel as a specific artistic genre trend.
The philology novel gravitated to such global philosophical and aesthetic issue such as the problem intertwining of reality and fiction. The Western scholars observed the distinguish pathos of literary creativity writer from former English colonies. They investigated the variety analysis and synthesis, figurative symbols, artistic convention associated by different chronological layers of artistic story.
The Russian researchers paid attention to the aspect of the intertextual interaction, comparative plot and compositional levels of fiction narrative.
The loss of the unity of national culture after collapse of the British Empire was caused to recognition different new cultural tradition as actual reality.
Keywords: parody, overtone, semantic principle, subject -object narrative form, aesthetics, philological novel, artistic heritage, the plot tread, lyrical passage, creative process, philosophical issue, artistic communication ,creative type of personality, self-awareness, literary criticism, complex architectonic ,literary reflection ,magic and real narrative levels, scientific discussion, analysis and synthesis, figurative symbol, chronological layer, figurative -expressive means, ethnic system, mythology, embodiment, typological intensity, intertextuality, spatiotemporal structure, depiction, historical aspect, cultural tradition, social phenomena, ethnic mentality.
The general concept of Modern English novel in the context of diverse studies literary creativity of British novelists of the twentieth century was actively explored by Russian and Western scholars.
In particular, Y.Sysoev revealed multi-structural art form novels by R.Bradbury based on the ' 'complex relation sip between the clear parody overtone and structural and semantic principles, which shaped the nature and features of the subject-object narrative forms'' [1,69].
The problem of perception aesthetics in the activity process was highlighted with respect to the problem of so called ''philological novel'' in the English literature on content of such works as ''Flaubert's Parrot'' by G.Barnes , ''Chatterton'' by P.Ackroyd, ''Obsession' ' by Bayatt and creativity other writers.
In Russian literature the genre of philological novel was developed by the artistic heritage of U.Tynyanov, B.Kaverin and A.Bitov.
The same literary process was typical also for the United State artistic works.
According this view, the Russian scientist Y.Grebenyuk affirmed, that the American writer John Barth combined in his novel ''Letters'' (1979) the plot threads with inserted lyrical and scientific passages.
The mentioned approach represented the author efforts to recognize own personal significance and value their literary works in international literary creative process.
The philology novel, both in Russia and abroad, generally gravitated to such global philosophical and aesthetic issues such as the problem intertwining of reality and fiction, the real and artistic communication. This process "was greatly facilitated with literary postmodern trend characterized by the solid interest in investigation text structure, intertextual relations and destruction of boundaries between reality and fiction" [2,83].
The Western writers P.Ackroyd, J.Barnes and A.Bayatt represented in their works special image of hero related to creative type of personality such as a writer ,a poet, an artist accepted and shared both fictional and real area of human existence.
Not only the main characters, but the images of heroes took part in the background scenes overcame the creative process self-awareness and self-certification.
On account of these traits the novels of defined above writers were served as the subject of reflection and criticism for their readers and researchers.
The Western scholars observed the distinguish pathos of literary creativity of J.Barnes, P.Ackroyd and A.Bayott "based on the concept the presence of intertextuality of different levels artistic story and on the complex architectonic and subjective methods of literary reflection" [3,83].
All these writers made efforts to involve in their novels the modern literary theories and their representation took part in the magic and real narrative levels of the author story.
In connection with this belief a reader quietly was involved in scientific discussions, debates in a wide range of the philosophical and aesthetic problems. The creativity of the mentioned writers was considered by the Western scholars as attempts to discover philosophical and existential aspect of human existence used the unity analysis and synthesis, figurative symbols. "The artistic convention and unique organization of plot traits was associated by different chronological layers of the artistic story" [4,97]. The chronological sequence of events combined with mythology and grotesque metaphors took place in spatio-temporal structure of narrative.
In the novels by Bayatt the trend of English Postmodernism trend of the late XXth century was considered in terms perception of the artistic tradition of the Victorian literature.
The researching works of Y.Muratova and O.Tolstych paid attention to the field of the intertextual dialogue and forms of intertextual ties. The experiments in the English post-modern novel, Victorian novel, as well as a dialogue with Victorian literature as a specific culture trend based on the analyzing of a novel by A.Byatt ''Morpho Eugenia'', The French Lieuknant's woman'' by J.Fowles and ''Good job" by Lordge.
The scientists believed, that modern industrial affirm of novel genre of the XXth century was characterized by complicated compositional levels of narrative and ideological and thematic interaction.
The modern researches emphasized the clear multicultural context of contemporary English novel.
The multicultural trend has emerged as an objective phenomenon in the postcolonial, historical period
and matured in the context of contemporary English literature.
The adverted literary trend has emerged as the source of the story and the foundation system images to accurate reflect the multicultural reality.
The nature and traits of a multicultural novel was defined as the efforts to transform the universal language related the intercultural "reality using figurative -expressive means, the mixing of different cultures and combination of various ethnic systems" [5,73].
These circumstances served as the source for subjective and specific features of mythology basic of the multicultural novel and embodiment its typological intensity, complex architectonic and subjective methods of literary reflection, the presence of different level of story ,distinctive art system, spatio-temporal narrative structure and intertwining real and fiction level of author depiction.
In this case a language claimed as basic for transnational perception and evaluation of reality.
However, in the process of adaptation the new cultural values and social shift artistic language couldn't avoid various alterations and eventually became as impact of destruction of original historical narrative overtone.
According mentioned belief, the Russia scientist S.Tolmacheva investigated the nature of translation process as a means of broadcasting multicultural in the genre of the novel.
The relationship and the ratio of ''mass'' and ' 'elite', as well as the originality of human community, was represented in the historical aspect in the creativity of S.Rushidie, V.Neipol and N.Kyreish.
Until before the second part of XXth century the scholars believed that the term ' 'English literature' ' included primarily the artistic works created in the area of British Isles.
From this opinion, the researchers stood apart the creativity a lot of great writer have lived outside UK or haven't been studied in the trend of English cultural tradition. The scholars admitted that these works related to theirs national history.
In the second half of the XXth century the view of the Western critics were attracted by Australian and West Indian prose and the talented works of Africa and Asia writers. They belonged to the countries gained independence as result an important historical and political, changing their status in the world.
In a number of Universities in Canada, Australia and South Africa opened courses of African, Irish and Canadian literature. The works written by the defined above "regional authors expanded their own idea of nature and artistic perception and interpretation of reality and the image of a hero existed in its boundaries" [2,57].
The plot, style and overtone of these works resorted to the symbolic prototype, which was not sometimes available for understanding of European reader.
In accordance with this issue, the English reader, who made acquaintance with the modern literary production, had to deal with such social phenomena as psychological and ethnic mentality of the British in the subjective perception citizens of the farmer colonies.
The growing influence of the national literatures in English became a vivid reflection of the cultural and political phenomena as the collapse of the British Empire, the entry the new nations to the international world culture.
The mentioned process indicated failing ties with in the British Commonwealth countries, increasing awareness in independence in the former colonies and the response to USA attempts to keep a dominant part in the international communication.
Finally English cultural tradition and mentality had lost its unrivaled influence outside the British Isles and couldn't be able to support further British, who accepted and shared only defined above approach of understanding and interpretation of reality [4,103].
The profound destruction of established notions of national literatures in English, reflecting the growing separation English language became contradictive with the lifestyle, behavior and national culture lead to recognition that the adoption of distinct qualities of different national cultural traditions had become actual reality.
The writers, who belonged to small nation community, faced with a difficult task to use the English language included the accurate reconciliation ''the foreign'' aspect of colonizer language and coming to terms its own ethnic and cultural communication, and transferring it to a new generation of readers.
The emergence in the last decades of the XXth century the artistic works belonged to defined above trend, due to the fact that United Kingdom was settled and assimilated by a huge amount of descendants of the former British colonies.
The ''new British'', learning the traditional culture, unwittingly transferred their own archetypes and manifested their way of the image of British artistic creativity as the whole.
References
1. Sysoev Y. Polystructual art form of the novel M. Bradbury. - Diss. cand. - M., 2005-203 p.
2. Grebenuk Y. The problem of ''philological novel'' in English literature (''Flaubert's Parrot'' George by Barnes,''Chattertonpy'' P. Ackroyd, ''Obsession A. Bayatt). - Diss. cand. - Voronezh 2008-207 p.
3. Muratov Y. Myth poetics in modern English novel: D. Barnes, A., D. Fowles. - Diss. cand. - M., 1999.-180p.
4. Thick O. English post-modern novel of the late of XXth century and Victorian Literature: intertexual dialogue on the novels by A. Bayatt and Dodje-Diss. cand. -Ekaterinburg, 2008-197 p.
5. Tolkachev S. Multi-cultural context of contemporary English novel. -Diss. cand. - M., 2003-200 p.
