CC BY
10
UDK 914/919
Amanov A.K.
PhD student at Urgench State University Scientific adviser: Atadjanov I.Sh., c.g.s.
associate professor Urgench State University
THE ROLE OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN THE ECONOMY: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: This article discusses the history of the formation of special economic zones (hereinafter - SEZ) in the world and in our country, as well as political, legal and socio-economic relations in the process of their development. It is also noted that today the role of SEZs in the world economy is growing, they are organized in a wide range of areas, and the volume ofproduction and services is constantly growing. This reveals that this modernizing form of the economy is considered a promising direction not only in the world, but also in Uzbekistan.
Key words: market segments, customs procedures, customs extraterritoriality, investment, free zone, high-tech free economic zone, "fish producer" free economic zone, tourist free economic zone, pharmaceutical free economic zone, agro-economic zone, technopark.
INTRODUCTION
International experience shows that the basis for the rapid formation of special economic zones (hereinafter referred to as SEZs) in the world is targeted investment in them. The large inflow of investments into SIZs is directly related to their attractiveness or the conditions created for investors there. Today, SEZs are playing an increasingly important role in the global economy as a highly productive producer and service provider.
Historically and legally, the term "special economic zones" refers to the existence of a customs extraterritorial regime (ie, a special customs regime) in a particular area. But if we talk about the current concept of "special economic zones", as a modern interpretation of economic relations, it embodies all the elements of the special legal regime, its socio-economic and legal-political aspects. In world practice, the terms "special economic zones" and "free economic zones" are not the same and reflect two different stages in the historical evolution of economic zones in the world.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The issues of organization, development, management and attraction of foreign investments in various types of SEZs were discussed by a number of foreign scientists EFAvdokushin, V.D.Andrianov, V.I.Butikov, T.P.Danko, Y.S.
Druzik, V.I.Zimenkov, S.A.Rybakov, J.B.More , Studied by R.Kumari, G.Abuselidze, T.Farole, G.Akinsi and others.
At the same time, a group of economists and economic geographers of our country, including K.X.Abdurahmanov, A.M.Abdullaev, A.V.Vahobov, N.X.Khaydarov, D.G.Gozibekov, N.R.Kuzieva, SH.K.Dadabaev, G.G.Nazarova, X.X.Khalilov, S.S.Mirzalieva, S.F.Rahmonova, N.G.Karimov, N.N.Oblomurodov, M.A.Raimjanova, SH.I.Mustafakulov, B.B.Valiev, A.A.Ostonakulov, Sh.S.Juraev in the scientific works The essence of free economic zones, their organization foreign experience, theoretical and practical aspects of attracting foreign investment to the national economy through free economic zones, their future prospects have been scientifically studied.
The economic literature created by the above scholars gives different descriptions of free economic zones. In particular, the Russian economist V.D. Adrianov describes: "Free economic zones are part of the national territory and provide ample opportunities for solving economic problems." [6]
A.A. Ostanakulov also described the free economic zone as an area created for the use of the economy as a regional method of diversification and the introduction of modern technologies in the economic structure.
In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Special Economic Zones", called "free zones" in foreign and domestic scientific literature and legislation, this concept was approved on February 17, 2020 in our country. May 19, 2020. "Special Economic Zones." Moreover, when the term "special economic zone" is used in this law, the concept of "free economic zone" is understood as one of its directions.
The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Special Economic Zones" defines SEZs as follows:
special economic zone - an area with special boundaries and a special legal regime for the rapid socio-economic development of the region in order to attract foreign investment and domestic investment, high technology and management experience [1].
SEZs maximize profits and reliability for investors as the most important factor influencing the movement of capital and the outflow of foreign capital to the SEZ. The territory of a special economic zone is not defined as a territory politically or geographically. It is part of an economic space that has a system of incentives and incentives for doing business.
According to the definition of the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Kyoto, May 18, 1973), a free zone is a part of the state territory where goods are considered as objects outside the national customs territory and they are ordinary customs control and not taxed. In general, a special economic zone is a part of a country with special business conditions for national and foreign populations. [4]
SEZs are an important institution of the world economy and, as a means of shaping the national economy, are a non-traditional form of participation in the
international division of labor for many countries. As mentioned above, SEZs are now well integrated into world economic practice and are an integral part of international economic relations. If the country's economic situation is not attractive to foreign investors, one way to attract them is to create SEZs with a number of benefits in the country. We can also know this by the countries that make them up and the total number of SIZs in them.
Currently, there are more than 6,000 SIZs in more than 170 countries. In Uzbekistan, for example, a number of SEZs have been established since independence, and many of them are still operating.
It should also be borne in mind that not all FEZs give only positive results. For example, Uzbekistan has faced some problems with the introduction of FEZ for the first time. These efforts began in the 1990s with the formation of a free economic zone in Samarkand specializing in tourism. In addition, these cases were repeated in "Jizzakh" (1996), "Samarkand" (1997), "Nukus" (1998). The reason for these problems is that forensics, forecasting, and the use of the institute's expertise have not been used by experts to study the problem and the possible adverse events. [3]
However, later Navoi FEZ, Angren SEZ and Jizzakh SEZ were established in the country with high potential and unique advantages.
The first free economic zone in the country is the Navoi free economic zone. The recent decree provides for the establishment of new high-tech production facilities in the economic zone, the rapid development of communications, road transport, social infrastructure and logistics services. [2]
FREE ECONOMIC ZONES OF UZBEKISTAN
FEZ NAVOI FEZ DJIZAK FEZ ANGREN
Figure 1. The first free economic zones of Uzbekistan
Not all SEZs can be considered as the "locomotive" of regional economic growth and development. Examples include some SEZs and some farm SEZs. On this basis, it is important to assess the real importance of SEZs for the economy of the region in which they are located.
Currently, there are 26 SEZs of 7 types in Uzbekistan, 12 of which are hightech free economic zones:
1. FEZ «Navoi» 7. FEZ «Hazorasp»
2. FEZ «Angren» 8. FEZ «Termez»
3. FEZ «Jizzakh» 9. "Namangan" EIZ
4. FEZ «Urgut» 10. FEZ «Chirakchi»
5. FEZ «Gijduvon» 11. FEZ «Nukus»
6. FEZ «Qoqon» 12.FEZ «Sirdaryo»
There are also 7 pharmaceutical free economic zones:
1. FEZ « Zomin-farm »
2. FEZ « Kosonsoy-farm »
3. FEZ « Sirdaryo-farm »
4. FEZ « Boysun-farm »
5. FEZ « Bostanliq-farm »
6. FEZ « Parkent-farm »
7. FEZ « Andijan-farm »
(Nukus-farm free economic zone is now transformed into Nukus free economic zone).
There are also tourist SEZ "Charvak", SEZ "Tashkent-sport", "baliq ishlab chiqaruvchi" SEZ "Lower Chirchik", agro-industrial zones "Bukhara" and "Koson" and technoparks "Almazor" and "Yashnaabad".
SEZs are created to attract local and foreign capital, expand exports, increase foreign exchange earnings, introduce new technologies, improve the balance of payments, and ultimately form the national economy and bring it closer to the world economy.
DISCUSSIONS AND RESULTS
Attracting investment resources will have a positive impact on the overall development of the region. However, it is important to understand that foreign investment can have a contradictory effect on the region's economy.
The SIZs will accelerate the growth of the region, strengthen the regional economy through technological renewal of the industrial structure, or the formation of high-tech industries, as well as competitive pressure on domestic producers in relevant market segments.
Control over the activities of business entities in the SEZ is regulated by a special law, as well as: regulation of customs duties, taxation, administrative regime, licensing, visas, banking, property relations (land ownership in the SEZ) law), providing guarantees for investors, and managing a private zone.
In this regard, as an important part in the development of an open economy, there is ample opportunity to further strengthen the flow of investment in the Uzbek economy, in particular, foreign investment, the establishment of free economic zones, which are actively developing in world practice. It is important
to study the experience of foreign countries in attracting foreign investment through free economic zones. [5]
Today, SIZs are faced with: creating the most modern infrastructure, reducing administrative barriers, optimal customs and tax regimes, regional specifics and preferences - this is the promotion of innovative developments, the involvement of high-tech enterprises focused on the processing industry and the creation of competitive products with a high share of value added, as well as the implementation of import substitution ideas, innovative technologies, high-tech industries and the creation of new products, although the existing SIZs are partial they are fulfilling these requirements. Of all the possible options for the introduction and formation of an innovative economy, it is desirable to create the most promising industrial and innovative technological zones.
CONCLUSION
Special economic zones created in Uzbekistan, as well as around the world,
are:
- creation of new jobs as a result of inflow of domestic and foreign investments;
- further improvement of existing developed industries, as well as the development of lagging industries;
- increase the country's production capacity for export-oriented products and reduce the demand for imported products;
- further improvement of living standards, as well as the emergence of competition between existing enterprises;
- can lead to positive results, such as the absence of currency fluctuations. This will lead to a comprehensive socio-economic development of the
country's regions and, consequently, to an increase in the living standards of the population. Based on this situation, it is economically and socially important that the SEZs in Uzbekistan are the future, and that in the coming years in the regions of the country will be created new areas with such special privileges.
References:
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2. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Buyuk kelajagimizni mard va oliyjanob xalqimiz bilan birga quramiz. Toshkent. "O'zbekiston" 2017
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