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THE ROLE OF PROSODIC DOMINANTS IN THE WORD MONITORING (ON THE MATERIAL OF
CHINESE, RUSSIAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES)
Mukaddas Abdufattah Nurmukhamedova
Lecturer, Faculty of Philology, Department of Theory and Practice of Chinese Language, UzSWLU, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Abstract. This article analyzes the super-segmented prosodic elements in the phonetic system of comparable languages. According to comparative studies, examples of the functioning of prosodic dominants in Chinese, Russian and Uzbek languages are given, as well as the influence of stress and tone on the variability of phonetic units. It is proved that the variability in Chinese words is homonymy and the meaning of the Chinese syllable depends on the etymological tone.
Key words: phonetics, super-segmented prosodic elements, inflectional and agglutinative languages, prosodic dominants, stress, intonation, tone, etymological tone, phono-phonetic elements.
Today prosodic or super-segment dominants are one of the main elements of oral speech in any language. In Russian, Uzbek and other agglutinative languages, this function is stressed. It plays an important role, since words are distinguished due to stress. The essence of stress as a prosodic unit is that it (like intonation) is superimposed on units of a segment series - phonemes, syllables, words (intonation - on syntagmas), ensuring the integrity of the word from the sound side.
In Russian, stress is used to highlight complex phonological units - it contributes to their recognition, acts as an important means of differentiation, participates in the expression of grammatical meanings and overcoming the homonymy of word forms, is one way of organizing speech rhythms.
Similarly, in Chinese, this function is performed by the etymological tone, which performs a semantic role and also serves to distinguish the meaning of words.
According to its characteristics, since stress in agglutinative and inflectional languages is often heterogeneous, when the stress is changed, it can affect the stylistic-grammatical and lexical properties of the word. For this, in the Russian language there are stress standards. There are stylistic phono-variants of words. These are pairs of words that, depending on the place of emphasis, are used in different styles of speech, i.e. with a change in the place of stress, their area of use also changes. For example, прикус (общеупотребительное слово) -npÚKyc (специальное); шéлковый (общеупотребительное) - шелтвый (поэтическое) etc.
Correct stress is the most necessary condition for cultural and competent speech. However, some orthoepic errors encountered in speech caused by improper accentuation are only a consequence of insufficient education of native speakers, vernacular and dialects, as well as the existence of various types of accentuation in the literary language system itself.
There are also accent options that, regardless of the area of their use, are equal. They are called accent variants, since they are the result of fluctuations in the statement of verbal stress and create new pronunciation variants of lexical units. As an example, the following examples of words can be given: киноиндустрия-киноиндустрия, мускулистость-мускулистость, 1 начéрпать-начерпáть
In this case, the second variant of accent pronunciation from a stylistic point of view is conversational. Oscillating emphasis generates a mixture of linguistic styles, and as a result, against the background of phonetics and stylistics, a linguistic field such as phonostylistics was created, which studies the pronunciation of linguistic units and patterns in various areas and communication situations. It is this area of linguistics that studies the change in the style of words with a change in the place of stress in the word. Therefore, the basis of all phonostylistic
studies is the study of phono-variants of the word. Depending on linguistic and extralinguistic factors, phono options are divided into dialect, professional, genre, stylistic, vernacular, conversational, etc.
According to A.G. Sheremetyeva, one of the members of the couple contains additional information -colloquial, dialectic, poetic, special, terminological.
Consequently, variation is understood to mean different expressions that are equal in terms of the modern literary language, which carry an additional stylistic and expressive load or are neutral.
In the Uzbek language, as well as in other Turkic languages, donation is fixed and falls on the next syllable. However, there are words and syllable forms, in which deletion can also be found on other syllables. The power on the last syllable is found in two major parts of speech, as well as in single root words in combination with single morphemes. For example, qilmo 'q, quruvchi', ketga 'n, mexri'm, oftobi'.
In three-syllable and more words, consisting of a root or a base in combination with unary morphemes, together with the removal of the last syllable - the most powerful one can be more weak. For example, ko 'chirmo sq, tahlamo^'q, bodomzo'r.
Strong addendum on the final syllable matters in the following cases: 1) in advanced incline: ke 'l, ketga 'n, tuga't, qa'yt, bergi'n; 2) with the addition of baseless morphemes: gulchima'n, qaridi'r, o'quvchi; 3) in some borrowed words: adyuta'nt, airopo 'rt, hito 'b, Shekspi'r, Xito 'y;
Stress can also appear in a meaning-distinguishing function: atla's (materia), a 'tlas (geographic); akade'mik (first rank), akademi'k (academic);yigi'tcha (in male), yigitcha' (young man - small-affectionate form).
Therefore, differences in speech are manifested not only in grammatical and lexical terms, but also in pronunciation, i.e. in the arrangement of prosodic dominants, in our case, stress, intonation and tone.
Today, the study of super-segment units or, in other words, prosodiki occupies an important place in linguistic science, because prosodica forms a subsystem of the phonological system of any language. The human ear cannot perceive information transmitted only by segmented units of the language, i.e. phonemes, syllables, or sounds. To do this, you must simultaneously master the segment and super-segment level of phonetics of any language. In most languages, examples of phrases are possible in which supersegment units of different directions are used, which often determine their different, and sometimes completely opposite meaning.
In the languages of the world, with an isolated language system, prosodic units are an important means for distinguishing the meaning of words. Consequently, Chinese is one of these languages. The units of the supersegment or prosodic phonological base of the Chinese language are tone, stress and intonation.
Tone - variation of melodic-timbral characteristics when pronouncing sounds in a syllable.
Accent (emphasis) - the allocation in the flow of speech of one unit using phonetic means.
Intonation is the unity of certain components interconnected among themselves: melodics, intensity, duration, pace of speech and pronunciation timbre.
To define the invariant units of tone, stress and intonation, the terms toneme, stress (verbal accent) and intonem are used.
N.A. Speshnev proposes to consider the concept of "tone" in a wide and narrow sense. "The tone in the narrow sense of the word is the frequency characteristic of the syllable, its melodic coloring. In a broad sense, a tone should be understood as the totality of a number of interconnected acoustic features, such as a register, frequency range, intensity distribution within the final, duration, quality of a syllable-forming vowel, pharyngization (other tone features may also exist). "The use of tone in a broad or narrow sense depends on the objectives of the study (N. Speshnev. Phonetics of the Chinese language / N. A. Speshnev. - L., 1985. - P. 15-16.).
In Chinese, when pronouncing a syllable, which is accompanied by improper use of tone, entails a misunderstanding or an absolute distortion of Chinese speech. So, for example, the word ^ mai is translated as buying, and the word ^ mai is selling. The fact is that the Chinese language has a lot of homonyms. In ancient Chinese, the words were monosyllabic and many vocabulary words denoted various objects and phenomena. Later, as compensation for the limited units, tones arose that were meaningful units.
According to studies in the field of phonology of the Chinese language, the conclusion is that phono-variants of Chinese words should be understood as a phenomenon of homonymy.
By definition, A.A. Khamatova, mainly distinguish four points of view in determining the phenomenon of homonymy.
According to the first point of view, homonyms are words that have an identical phonetic shell, but a different etymological meaning, regardless of the graphic designation. This point of view is supported by many philologists, such as V.V. Vinogradov, O.S. Akhmanova, L.A. Bulakhovsky, M.E. Galkina-Fudoruk, S.I. Kanonich, S. Bally and others
The second group of linguists are of the opinion that words that have the same phonetic composition of a syllable but have different semantic meaning, graphic designation, i.e. the spelling should also be the same. The third group of linguists refers to homonyms words that are identical in sound but differ in meaning and spelling.
However, the main point is the opinion put forward by the first group of linguists, according to which homonyms are the same sounding words. Homonyms in Chinese are words that have the same sound and different meanings. However, the tone is not taken into account.
Despite this, this point of view is not completely accurate, since the minimum phonetic unit in the Chinese language as a morpheme or word is not a single sound (phoneme), but a tinted syllable, i.e. syllabema.
Since the tone in Chinese is an integral part of the phonetic shell of the word and performs a meaningful function.
Therefore, homonyms in the Chinese language are words that are identical in sound and in tone arrangement, and sometimes having different hieroglyphic designations. Hence the conclusion that homonyms in Chinese are words that are identical in sound (including tone plan), but have different meanings regardless of the hieroglyphic spelling. For instance:^ zhao - ^ zhao, ^ mo - S mo, ^^ beizi - beizi, shanghai - shanghai.
In common vocabulary, this type of homophones is called a "pun", because many of them have no semantic connection. For instance:
1) S [yao xiang qian kan] - you need to look ahead ^ ^ [yao xiang qian kan] -all for the sake of money
2) ^ ^T [jiao bu liao] - unable to transmit
^ ^T [jiao bu liao] - unable to teach
Since one of the distinguishing features of the pronunciation of the Chinese language is the presence of homonymy (it contains homographs and homophones), the syllables in it are distinguished by the presence of prosodic dominants, and in this case, by the presence of tone (see table 1.).
Table 1
Distinguishing the meaning of hieroglyphs by means of an etymological tone
míng chéng
famous city
míng cheng
name, title
dà xue
±9
heavy snow
dà xué
niversity
ji hui
come together
ji hui
opportunity, chance
zhù xiào
live on campus
zhù xiao
cancel
mào xian
m
take risks
mao xiàn
wool for knitting
Therefore, the presence of homonymy is the main distinguishing feature of the phonetics and phonology of the Chinese language. In most isolated languages, the meaning of syllables is determined by a semantic tone and serves for phonetic integrity.
CONCLUSION
In multi-system languages, different phonetic units form the basis of a system of prosodic units. As mentioned above, in the Russian and Uzbek languages this phenomenon occurs in the form of stress and intonation, and in the Chinese language this role is played by the super-segmented phenomenon-tone.
In Russian and Uzbek languages, stress and intonation, and sometimes violating syngarmonism, perform a meaningful function, and in languages with a tonic system, like the Chinese language, tone plays this role. This is precisely the hallmark of Chinese phonetics, and the presence of a large number of homonym characters confirms this phenomenon. Compared to other languages, in Chinese, words that have the same sound but different meanings have not only the same phonetic composition, but also the same etymological tone. This is precisely what causes a lot of difficulties in mastering the Chinese language. However, there are such words that have taken root from other languages. For them, stress is stable, i.e. is in its etymological place, without changing its position. This is due to meaning in their own language.
The study of prosodic dominant means in multisystem languages was carried out by scientific linguists, such as N.A. Speshnev, T.P. Zadoenko, Shuin Juan, A.M. Kubarich, A.A. Abduazizov, Q.O. Saparova, M. Dzhusupov and others.
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4.Jusupov M., Saparova K.O. Segment and super-segment phonostylistics of the Russian language as a linguistic and methodological problem // Linguistic space of Kazakhstan in the new millennium and the problems of world linguistics: Mater. Int. scientific-theor. conf. - Almaty, 2008 .-- S. 550-565. 5.Dragunov A.A. "" The grammatical system of modern Chinese spoken language ", L., 1962, p.136.
6.Zadoenko T.P. Fundamentals of the Chinese language. Introductory course / T.P. Zadoenko, Shuin Juan. -M .: Nauka, 1993. - S. 108. 7.Korotkov O.N. "Russian colloquial speech", M., 1968, p.148. 8.Kubarich A.M.
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10.Saparova KO. Phonostylistics, phonostylema va talaffuz usublari // Til va adabiyot ta, limi: Ilmiy-metod journal. -Toshkent, 2005. -№1. - B. 33-37.
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PHRASEOLOGIES DESCRIBING INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES OF A HUMAN
Gulchekhra Tursunova Norboboyevna
Senior teacher of Department The English theoretical aspects - 2, UzSWLU, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Abstract. The article discusses phraseological units describing intellectual properties of a human. It then focuses on those units with the semantic components "Clever", "Crazy" and "Stupid" and the intellectual activity of a person with the words "teach", "think and their classifications by semantic, structural, stylistic value and phraseological historicisms. After studying phraseological units, we came to the understanding that phraseology is formed as an anthropocentric subsystem of the language, since the semantics of the phraseological unit reproduces the spheres of a person's mental abilities, his feelings, experiences of conflicts and reconciliations. So phraseological units denoting intellectual activity and intellectual properties in the English language have evaluative means of expression that are correlated not only with mental, but also with behavioral, age-related, human characteristics, showing cultural and ideological people's ideas about the concepts of "stupidity" and "mind".
Key words and phrases: phraseological units, intelligence, various methods, classification of phraseological units, semantic, structural, stylistic, intellectual properties and activity, fusions, units, combinations, subordinate union, negative and positive characteristics.
I. Introduction
Phraseologisms are special units of language in which the cultural identity of the people is reflected. They indirectly reflect the views of the people, the social system, the ideology of their era. The phraseological wealth of any language is the property of its national linguistic consciousness. Most phraseological units are untranslatable into other languages: each nation shows its nature in them, the familiar figurative turn of speech. The impact of phraseological units gives the language vividness of the national character and unique flavor that distinguishes one from the other both the languages of centuries-old culture and the literary languages newly composed by writing.
English is very rich in phraseological units. His phraseological system captures the vast historical experience of the people, reflecting the life and culture of the nation. Getting acquainted with a foreign language, a person simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture.
When studying phraseological units, first of all, one should talk about the evaluative value of phraseological units - quality, derived from their emotional significance. In accordance with the definition of V.N. Telia, by assessment, is meant "a judgment on the value of the whole or its individual property". The presence of evaluations in phraseologisms denoting the intellectual properties of a person is due to the fact that "evaluative values always relate to the rules of life and form a valuable picture of the world, always something specific to a particular linguistic composition" (Telia, 1977:160). From the above it follows that intelligence is a value, the presence of intelligence is evaluated positively, the absence is negative. The term intelligence was introduced by the Austrian scientist W. Stern in 1911.
The study of phraseological units of intelligence and mental abilities, especially in the English language, is done by few linguists, which is the relevance of this work.
II. Literature review
There are various methods of organizing phraseological units. Linguists have not yet developed a single principle for the classification of phraseological units. We will consider several classifications of phraseological units of the English language, offered by different authors.
1. Semantic classification of phraseological units
Most well-known is the classification of Academician V.V. Vinogradov. In accordance with it, all phraseological units from the point of view of the semantic unity of the components are divided into three categories: phraseological fusions, phraseological units, phraseological combinations (Vinogradov, 1977:126). It is well known that phraseological units arise from a free combination of words, which is used in a figurative meaning. Let us analyze these types of phraseological units in use in modern English.
Phraseological fusions, or idioms, are completely indivisible, indecomposable stable combinations, the general meaning of which does not depend on the meaning of the words that compose them: kick the bucket (dec.) - to die.
