CC BY
71
UDC332
DOI: 10.24411/1995-042X-2020-10304
Olga A. BALABEIKINA
Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) PhD in Geography, Associate Professor; e-mail: olga8011@yandex.ru
Julia A. KUZNETSOVA
Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) Bachelor of Regional Studies; e-mail: julieak@yandex.ru
Anna A. YANKOVSKAYA
Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) PhD in Economics, Associate Professor; e-mail: aia777@yandex.ru
THE ROLE OF A RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION IN THE DEVELOPING AND FUNCTIONING OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SPHERE (THE CASE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH OF THE PHILIPPINES)
Abstract. The subject of the research includes features of demonstration and influence of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) on social and economic processes in the Philippines. The purpose of the research is elicitation of country's predominant religious institution's role in the functioning of the social sphere and some sectors of the economy through the example of the Roman Catholic Church of Philippines. Research hypothesis: the model of the Philippines confessional space functioning, where the history of Catholicism spread is exactly 500 years, is unique for the Asia-Pacific region, and the RCC significantly affects not only the culture and mentality of the population, but also the socio-economic sphere, providing a significant portion of needs for social infrastructure. Aspects of the influence of the RCC of the Philippines on certain sectors of the economy are considered in detail: in particular, on the development of religious tourism of an excursion and educational orientation. Based on the analysis of the reporting data of nonprofit Catholic organizations and other official statistical information, as well as the results of in-depth interviews with representatives of the RCC of the Philippines, the main features of the implementation of the religious Institute in the country are identified.
Keywords: confessional space, Catholic Church, tertiary industry, religious organization, Philippines, diocese, religious institute, religious and educational tourism, market diversification, tourism services
Citation: Balabeikina, O. A., Kuznetsova, Ju. A., & Yankovskaya, A. A. (2020). The role of a religious institution in the developing and functioning of social and economic sphere (the case of the Roman Catholic Church of the Philippines). Servis v Rossii i za rubezhom [Services in Russia and Abroad], 14(3), 57-68. doi: 10.24411/1995-042X-2020-10304.
Article History
Received 25 September 2020 Accepted 22 October 2020
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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© 2020 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
УДК 332
DOI: 10.24411/1995-042X-2020-10304
БАЛАБЕЙКИНА Ольга Александровна
Санкт-Петербургский государственный экономический университет (С.-Петербург, РФ)
кандидат географических наук, доцент; olga8011@yandex.ru
КУЗНЕЦОВА Юлия Антоновна
Санкт-Петербургский государственный экономический университет (С.-Петербург, РФ)
бакалавр регионоведения; julieak@yandex.ru
ЯНКОВСКАЯ Анна Андреевна
Санкт-Петербургский государственный экономический университет (С.-Петербург, РФ)
кандидат экономических наук, доцент; aia777@yandex.ru
РОЛЬ РЕЛИГИОЗНОГО ИНСТИТУТА В РАЗВИТИИ И ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИИ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ СФЕРЫ (КЕЙС РКЦ ФИЛИППИН)
Предмет исследования - особенности проявления и степень влияния Римско-Католической Церкви (РКЦ) на социальные и экономические процессы на Филиппинах. Цель исследования - на примере Римско-Католической Церкви Филиппин выявить роль преобладающего в стране религиозного института в функционировании социальной сферы и некоторых отраслей экономики. Гипотеза исследования: модель функционирования конфессионального пространства Филиппин, где история распространения католичества насчитывает ровно 500 лет, является уникальной для Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона, а РКЦ существенно влияет не только на культуру и мен-тальность населения, но и на общественно-экономическую сферу, обеспечивая высокую долю потребностей в социальной инфраструктуре. Подробно рассматриваются аспекты влияния РКЦ Филиппин на некоторые отрасли хозяйства: в частности, на развитие религиозного туризма экскурсионно-познавательной направленности. На основе анализа отчетных данных некоммерческих католических организаций и иной официальной статистической информации, а также результатов глубинных интервью с представителями РКЦ Филиппин выявлены основные особенности реализации деятельности религиозного института в стране. Значимость института Церкви для филиппинского населения подтверждается статистическими данными о количестве адептов, участвующих в церковных обрядах и таинствах, в том числе и в дублирующихся в государственных органах аналогичными церемониями регистрации гражданского состояния (брак). В научный оборот введены данные о состоянии и перспективах развития паломнического туризма в стране. Собраны и систематизированы эмпирические сведения, отражающие содержание однодневных и многодневных маршрутов религиозно-познавательного туризма, а также условия их проведения. Результаты исследования могут быть интересны организациям, связанным с управлением структурными элементами конфессионального геопространства, органам государственного управления, сотрудничающим с религиозными институтами, а также могут быть использованы для развития дальнейшего сотрудничества в области туристской сферы.
Ключевые слова: конфессиональное геопространство, католичество, сфера услуг, религиозная организация, Филиппины, епархия, религиозный институт, религиозно-познавательный туризм, диверсификация рынка, туристские услуги
Для цитирования: Балабейкина О.А., Кузнецова Ю.А., Янковская А.А. Роль религиозного института в развитии и функционировании социальной и экономической сферы (кейс РКЦ Филиппин) // Сервис в России и за рубежом. 2020. Т.14. №3. С. 57-68. DOI: 10.24411/1995-042X-2020-10304.
Дата поступления в редакцию: 25 сентября 2020 г. Дата утверждения в печать: 22 октября 2020 г.
Introduction
Theoretical and practical significance of the research, the subject area of which is the confessional space of foreign countries and regions, is due to the fact that doctrinal points and ritual side of religions and the legal status of religious institutions largely determine not only the worldview and mentality of the population, but its economic (e.g., consumer) [1], social and reproductive behavior of the population [2]. Aside from that, the predominant religion is one of the important factors in the formation of the region's human capital quantitative and qualitative characteristics [3; 4; 5].
Nowadays, religious organizations actively provide a wide variety of services to the population, which are demanded not only by adherents of religions. First of all, the routes of religious and educational tourism offered by pilgrimage services are in great requisition among a wide range of consumers [6; 7; 8], also services of public catering establishments operating under the brand name associated with a denomination or religion. One may state that despite the obviously marked secularization processes in many countries, religious ideology and the activities of religious organizations have not lost their influence on the most diverse spheres of society. Especially this can be seen in countries where (as in the Philippines) the state has transferred some of its social functions to religious institutions.
Theory. For the processing and constructive functioning of the confessional space elements of Russia, given the socio-political transformations of the last 30 years, the experience of foreign countries, where religious traditions have not been interrupted for centuries, is very important. In this regard, it is customary to refer more to the experience of foreign Europe countries [9] as mentally and geographically close [10; 11; 12]. Meanwhile, the models of Asian countries confessional space organization are also interesting for consideration and can serve as an example for Russia and other states. There are many scientific works related to the religions of the Asia-Pacific region, but most of it are devot-
ed to China and Japan. [13; 14]. Scientists rarely touch upon the Philippines within the bounds of marked subject area. One of the exceptions is a fundamental research of the close of the 20th century devoted to the geoconfessional conflict in the Islamic South of the country [15]. Some problems related to the Philippines confessional space are also discussed in the articles of some experts [16; 17], but the subjectivity and thematic scientific works, with rare exceptions [18], are limited to the history of the development of religious trend, their doctrinal features, and legal aspects of religious activity. Meanwhile, the research of the role of the RCC in the economic and social life of the country deserves special attention.
The Philippines is one of the world's demographic centers of the Catholic denomination of Christianity.
According to 2018 estimates, about 81% of Filipinos declared their affiliation with the RCC. Of these, 41% regularly participated in the sacraments and rites, 24% considered themselves religious, and less than 16% expressed a desire to leave the Church1.
The above data suggest that the role of the RCC for Filipinos is high and the processes of secularization have affected them less than the population of most European countries. Being so widespread, the Catholic religion has a significant impact on the social and economic life of the Philippines. What's more, numerous adherents of the RCC act as users of the religious and social infrastructure of Catholicism and bearers of demand for religiously-conditioned goods and services.
Data and Methods. Methods of statistical analysis, comparative comparison, analysis and synthesis, systematization of theoretical material, and analysis of models for the development of confessional space were used during the research.
1 Julius ^ Leonen. Only 41% of Catholics go to church
weekly. SWS. 2018 URL: newsinfo.inquirer.net/978873/ only-41-of-catholics-go-to-church-weekly-sws (Accessed on September 12, 2020)
The information base of the study was based on data from the official websites of the Roman Catholic Church 2, materials of the annual financial reports of Catholic non-profit organizations published in the public access, as well as the results of in-depth interviews with representatives of the RCC of the Philippines.
Methods for Model includes an integrated approach to studying the structural elements of the confessional space at the national and regional levels.
Results. The history of Catholicism in the Philippines dates back for 500 years - it began to spread in the archipelago from 1521 due to the activities of the Spanish mission and during this period gradually gained a continuous area of distribution and covered the vast majority of the population. At the moment, the RCC has a dense network of primary territorial associations in the country - parishes (more than 3 thousand), which make up 10-25 larger Church-territorial units -deaneries (corresponding to the district level of the administrative division). In turn, several deaneries form dioceses (56) - ecclesiastical administrative divisions headed by bishops that coincide or almost coincide with the borders of the subjects). Finally, at the macro level, the administrative-territorial division of the RCC is represented by metropolitans (16), which include several dioceses. There are also extraterritorial associations headed by bishops. For example, the military Ordinariate, which brings together military chaplains who serve in military units.
The high significance of the RCC for the Philippines population is confirmed not only by the dense network of parishes, but also by the large number of adherents and the regular participation of the latter in religious rites and sacraments. Marked religious organization largely duplicates some of the functions of the state. For example, a marriage in the RCC is legitimate in the country and is an alternative to a civil wedding ceremony. According to official data, it is
2 Librera Editrice Vaticana, 2019. URL: https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/philippines (Accessed on September 24, 2020)
elected by about 60% of the population3 (in 2017 - 242 thousand pairs)4. Comparison of this indicator with the same one in a number of countries of foreign Europe shows that the influence of the traditional Christian religion in the modern society of the Philippines is much higher. For example, only 9% of married couples choose to register their marriage by getting married in the Evagelic Lutheran Church of Latvia5, and 34% - in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland6.
Every year more than 1.5 million people in the Philippines are baptized in the RCC. Of this number, children under 7 years of age account for about 1.4 million people, i.e. 90% of all baptisms, which reflects the strong commitment of Filipinos to the religious traditions of Catholicism, which prescribe this Christian sacrament to be performed on an infant child7. Here, the comparative figures for the time periods close to 2017 of the European countries chosen as an example also look more modest than in the Philippines: slightly less than 20% of the number of people born in the region were baptized in the ELCL in 2018, and in the ELCF in 2017 - 68.7%.
The parishes of the RCC, the primary units of religious infrastructure, carry out most of the socially significant work with the population, including partially duplicating the functions of the state. These include not only registering marriages, but also providing financial assistance to low-income families, family and crisis counseling, organizing thematic lectures, needlework circles, and other events. The high number of adherents of Catholicism leads to an increase in the number of parishes of the RCC, and, as a result, structural transformations at the level of Church units at the regional level. As an illustration of this pro-
3 In the same place.
4 In the same place.
5 Latvia - Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia. URL: https://www.lcms.org/partner-church-bodies/evangelical-lutheran-church-of-latvia (Accessed on September 23, 2020)
6 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. URL: https://evl.fi/ frontpage (Accessed on September 23.10.2020)
7 Philippine Statistics Authority. Philippine Live Births. URL: https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-live-births-2015 (Accessed on September 23, 2020)
cess, the dynamics graphically reflect the indicators of changes in the number of parishes in the Metropolitan area of Manila and in one of the peripheral - Catabato (Fig. 1).
During the period 1980-2002, the number of parishes in the Metropolitan area of Manila was constantly increasing. Their drastic decline in 2003 due to the disaggregation and allocation from its structure of two dioceses (of Novaliches in the North and Zamboanga in the South). After the reorganization, the number of parishes remained stable. As for the peripheral Metropolitan area of Cotabato, there was a slight increase in the number of parishes from 24 to 30 between 1980 and 1990. Then, from 1999 to 2010, it remained unchanged at 28 units, and from 2010 to 2017, there was a slight increase in the number of parishes (from 28 to 32). This process indicates an increase in Catholic adherents in the 300
Philippines or a stable number of them. It will be marked that in many Christian countries of foreign Europe the opposite situation is observed -parishes of national Churches are abolished due to the withdrawal of parishioners from their membership. Sometimes entire deaneries are lost, as was the case in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland [19].
The RCC in the Philippines has a significant social and political power, provides moral and spiritual stability of the Philippine people, influencing the formation of the country's human capital. This is directly reflected in the field of education. According to the official statistical Annual of the Roman Catholic Church for 20178, the number of students enrolled in Catholic educational institutions was 1,783,765 or 4.6% of the youth aged 6-24 years or 45.7 % of the youth attending educational institutions.
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Fig. 1 - Dynamics of the number of RCC parishes in the Metropolitan areas of Manila and Cotabato, in the period from 1980 to 2017 (compiled by the authors 9)
8 Librera Editrice Vaticana, 2019. URL: https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/philippines (Accessed on September 22, 2020)
9 The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church. URL: http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scph1.htm (Accessed on Sep-
tember 12, 2020)
All public primary and secondary schools are fully funded by the state and are free of charge to the public. However, private Catholic schools do not receive state subsidies and have to bear high costs, which means that tuition fees in private schools are high for most of the population. Currently, there are more than 1,525 Catholic schools in the Philippines that provide education that meets the highest quality standards (Philippine Catholic Schools Standards (PCSS))10.
It ought to be marked the active work of the Catholic Church in the implementation of social responsibility in other areas besides education. The non-profit organizations operating within the RCC annually develop and implement targeted programs - "Church and society", "Family life", "Agricultural development", "Urban poverty and governance", etc., aimed at helping the poor, reducing poverty, and increasing understanding of the role of the Catholic Church in Philippine society, with an emphasis on spreading the Catholic faith. These programs contribute to understanding the interaction between the Philippine Roman Catholic Church and society and the implementation of the sustainable development goals.
Revenue yield in the parishes of the RCC and the opportunities for implementing activities in the field of social responsibility have significant territorial differences. The Filipino scientist J. S. Cornelio [20] identifies differences related to the Central and peripheral parts of the country. The author's research is based on a comparative description of the model of work (including social work) with the flock of diocesan priests which parishes are located in rural areas. The author focuses on three issues: economic restrictions, problems of relations with the episcopate, and the inevitability of isolation caused by physical (problems with transport infrastructure) and social (low level of education, tendency to delinquent behavior of the population in the poorest
10 Philippine Catholic Schools Standards. URL: https://ru. scribd.com/document/349005670/PCSS (Accessed on 25, 2020)
areas) distance. A comparison is made between the standard of living of priests living in rural areas and in large cities. Meanwhile, if subsidized from government or institutional sources, RCC parishes in rural areas of the Philippines could provide significant assistance to the population, contributing, as is done in parishes in the Central regions of the country, to the elimination of poverty, ensuring food security, strengthening the family institution, improving the level and quality of education, etc.
The RCC certainly acts as a socio-cultural dominant in the Philippines, influencing not only social processes, but also some sectors of the country's economy. One of the industries where this influence is directly manifested is religious tourism, which has several specialized areas. Pilgrimage and sightseeing and educational religious tourism are components of the practice of the Catholic faith, and since the vast majority of the population of the Philippines are adherents of the RCC, the demand of domestic consumers for tourist routes of this type may be reasonably high.
Outbound religious tourism of an excursion and educational orientation in the country is currently in its infancy, although the prospects for its development were outlined several decades ago. In the modern market of religious tourism services, there is a supply of routes from the Philippines to other countries, but it is very scarce. Before the introduction of restrictions on the movement of tourist flows caused by the 2020 pandemic, a little more than a dozen religious and educational tours were organized annually to Portugal, Italy, Spain, France and some other countries11 (Fig. 2), but it was not in high demand. One of the reasons for this is the remoteness of the country from the historical and demographic centers of Catholicism (Western and southern Europe, Latin America), which inevitably entails high costs to cover transport costs and the formation of an uncompetitive price of a package of tourist
11 The Pilgrims Center. URL: https://pilgrimage.ph/about-us/
(Accessed on September 23, 2020)
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Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 Fig. 2 - Dynamics of the number of foreign tourists who arrived in the Philippines for religious tourism 2015-2018, thousand people (Source: compiled by the authors 13)
Inbound religious tourism has enjoyed a certain demand in recent years, and we can observe a positive trend in this demand (table 1, Fig. 1).
It is worthwhile to say that for the Philippines, tourism is in principle an important sector in the country's economy: in 2015, the share of this industry in GDP was 10.6 %. Excursion routes of religious and educational content, including objects of religious infrastructure, may well be in demand among tourists who came to the country for the purpose of prevailing beach and bathing tourism, because they allow you to get acquainted with interesting parts of the country and the culture of its population.
Analysis of the statistics shown in figures 3 and table 1 revealed that international tourist flows for religious tourism routes to the Philippines increased annually until the 2020 pandemic, when tourist flows were disrupted. So, from 2015 to 2018, the indicators increased by 1.77 thousand people (25%).
12 ABS-CBN News. 2016. CBCP to Voters: 'Reject Morally Reprehensible Bet'. URL: https://news.abs-cbn.com/ halalan2016/nation/05/01/16/cbcp-to-voters-reject-morally -reprehensible-bet (Accessed on September 14, 2020)
13 Department of Trade and Industry Philippines. URL: https://www.dti.gov.ph/resources/statistics/tourist-arrivals#table (Accessed on October 23, 2020)
Table 1 - Number of foreign citizens, arrived in the Philippines 2015-2018 (thousand people) for the purpose of religious tourism14
Top 10 countries 2015 2016 2017 2018
Korea 1,340 1,475 1,608 1,588
China 491 676 968 1,255
USA 779 869 958 1,034
Japan 496 535 584 632
Australia 241 251 259 280
Taiwan 156 176 201 241
Canada 178 229 237 226
England 155 173 183 201
Singapore 181 176 169 172
Malaysia 156 139 144 145
Total 5,361 5,967 6,621 7,128
This direction is promising for the development of domestic tourism. The high importance of Catholic values for most members of society contributes to the fact that many Filipinos traditionally go on pilgrimage all year round to countless sacred places located in different parts of the country. Today, there is a huge variety of domestic pilgrimage tours in the Philippines. The largest concentration of places of worship is in the pilgrimage centers of the Philippines (Metropolitan region-Manila; Central Visayas - Cebu; Western Visayas - Kalibo, Iloilo). The territory of the Capital region has a large number of tourist attractions, and its religious infrastructure can be included in historical and cultural routes and form the basis for the development of religious tourism of an excursion and educational orientation as an independent direction15. In order to analyze the offer on the market of religious tourism in the Philippines, information is systematized and presented that allows us to characterize its features at the present stage (table 2).
14 Department of Trade and Industry Philippines. URL: https://www.dti.gov.ph/resources/statistics/tourist-arrivals#table (Accessed on October 23, 2020)
15 The Pilgrims Center. URL: https://pilgrimage.ph/about-us/ (Accessed on October 23, 2020)
Table 2 - Main characteristics of the most popular pilgrimage tours in the Philippines
16,17
The name of the tour The main points of the visit Duration of the tour Price, $ (USD) Notes (included)
Day Tours
Baguio City Pilgrimage for Marian Devotees Half-Day Tour with Lunch - Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto - Shrine of the Brown Madonna Cave - Our Lady of Atonement Metropolitan Cathedral 4 hours 51.21 - Air-Conditioned Vehicle - English - Speaking Guide - Hotel Pick Up and Drop Off within Baguio City
Pilgrimage Tour | A Visit to Cavite's Churches - St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church - Our Lady of Pillar Parish - Immaculate Conception Parish Church - Our Lady of Assumption Parish - St. Mary Magdalene Parish - Diocesan Shrine of St. Augustine 8 hours 53.53 - Air-Conditioned Ve-hicle - English - Speaking Guide - Hotel Pick Up and Drop Off within Baguio City - Water - Travel Insurance
Iloilo City Pilgrimage Tour - Molo Church - San Joaquin Church - Tigbauan Church - Jaro Metropolitan Cathedral - Guimbal Church - Arevalo Church 10 hours 47.23 - Air-Conditioned Vehicle - Hotel Pick Up and Drop Off within Iloilo City - English - Speaking Guide - Water - Lunch - Tour Insurance
Bohol Pilgrimage Tour | Whole-Day Church Visits - St. Monica Church - St. Joseph the Worker Cathedral - Our Lady of Assumption 8 hours 44.28 - Air-Conditioned Vehicle - English - Speaking Guide - Hotel Pick Up and Drop Off - Lunch - Entrance Fee to Our Lady of Assumption Parish Church
Deepen Your Faith in Pan-gasinan | Visita Iglesia Private Tour - St. Joseph Cathedral - St. Raymond Penafort Parish - St. Joseph the Patriarch - St. Andrew the Apostle - St. Peter the Martyr 12 hours 78.72 - Air-Conditioned Vehicle - English - Speaking Guide - Hotel Pick Up - Souvenir - Lunch
Visita Iglesia Package in Pangasinan | A Journey of Faith - Metropolitan Cathedral of St. John Cathedral - Minor Basilica of our Lady of Rosary of Manaoag - Epiphany of our Lord Parish - Our Lady of Purification Parish - St Peter & Paul Parish - Parish of St. Thomas - Holy Family Parish 12 hours 78.72 - Air-Conditioned Vehicle - English - Speaking Guide - Hotel Pick Up - Lunch and Snacks - Souvenir
Go on a Pilgrimage to Pan-gasinan | Full Day Package with Lunch and Guide - Metropolitan Cathedral of St. John Cathedral - Minor Basilica of our Lady of Rosary of Manaoag 8 hours 78.72 - Air-Conditioned Ve-hicle - English - Speaking Guide - Hotel Pick Up - Souvenir - Lunch
16 Guide to the Philippines. URL: https://guidetothephilippines.ph/trips-and-experiences (Accessed on October 15, 2020)
17 The Pilgrims Center. URL: https://pilgrimage.ph/about-us/ (Accessed on October 23, 2020)
The name of the tour The main points of the visit Duration of the tour Price, $ (USD) Notes (included)
Full-Day Cebu City Pilgrimage Churches Guided Tour with Transfer - Theotokos Shrine - Simala Shrine 8 hours 65.1 - Air-Conditioned Ve-hicle - English - Speaking Guide - Hotel Pick Up - Souvenir - Water
Pilgrimage in Baguio | Marian Devotees Tour - Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto - Shrine of the Brown Madonna Cave - Our Lady of Atonement Metropolitan Cathedral 6 hours 37.02 - Air-Conditioned Vehicle - English-Speaking Guide - Entrance Fees to the Shrine of the Brown Madonna Church Cave - Lunch - Hotel Pick Up and Drop-Off
Iloilo Pilgrimage & Sightseeing Private Guided Day Tour - Miag-ao Church - San Joaquin Church - Composanto San Joaquin - Garin Farm - Tigbauan Church 7 hours 78.7 - English - Speaking Guide - Air-Conditioned Vehicle - Hotel Pick Up and Drop Off - Entrance Fees to Camiña Balay Nga Bato - Entrance Fees to Composanto San Joaquin - Entrance Fees to Garin Farm - Complimentary Hot Chocolate - Lunch
Cebu City Historical Tour with Simala Shrine - Magellan's Cross - Taoist Temple - Basilica Minore Del Santo Niño - Heritage of Cebu Monument - Simala Shrine 10 hours 50.08 - Air-Conditioned Vehicle - Local Driver Guide - Hotel Pick Up and Drop Off - Entrance Fees to Taoist Temple Cebu - Entrance Fees to Basilica Minore Del Santo Niño - Entrance Fees to Simala Shrine - Lunch - Water
Mu ti-day Tours
Pilgrimage to Iloilo, Point of departure -Manila Sta. Barbara Church of San Jose (Iglesia de San Jose de Placer) La Paz Church St. Clements Church San Joaquin Church Church of Saint Thomas of Villanue-va (Miagao Church) Sto. Nino de Arevalo Parish Guimaras Island Tour Our Lady of the Philippines Monastery Jaro Cathedral (Nuestra Senora de la Candelaria) Parish of St. Anne in Molo 4 days Per Person on Twin Sharing: - Based on minimum 30pax 619.9$ - Based on minimum 20pax 665.16$ - Additional for Single Room 121.03$ - Roundtrip economy airfare via Pal Express - Roundtrip airport-hotel transfers by private coach - Airline Taxes - Three (3) nights first class hotel accommodation - Transportation by private air conditioned coach - Sightseeing and entrance fees as indicated in the itinerary - Roundtrip private boat transfers to Guimaras - Services of an English-speaking guide during the tour - Services of a Pilgrimage Chaplain and a Tour Leader - Tips to guide, drivers and waiters - Travel Insurance valid for 4 days only
(for passengers 75 y/o and below) - Meals as stated in the itinerary (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)
Pilgrimage to Bicol, Point of departure -Manila - Penafrancia Basilica Minore in Naga City - Holy Cross Parish - Rizal Beach - Barcelona Church - Greater Parish Church in Bulusan - Bulusan Lake - Bulusan Volcano - Divine Healer Academy - Cagsawa Ruins - Daraga Church (Church of Nuestra Senora de la Porteria) - Cathedral of St. Gregory the Great 4 days Per Person on Twin Sharing: - Based on minimum 30pax 698.61$ - Based on minimum 20pax 763.55$ - Additional for Single Room 206.63$ - Roundtrip economy airfare via Pal Express - Roundtrip air-port-hotel trans-fers by private coach - Airline Taxes - Three (3) nights first class hotel ac-commo-dation - Transportation by private air conditioned coach - Sightseeing and entrance fees as indicated in the itinerary - Roundtrip pri-vate boat trans-fers to Guimaras - Services of an English-speaking guide during the tour - Services of a Pilgrimage Chaplain and a Tour Leader - Tips to guide, drivers and waiters - Travel Insur-ance valid for 4 days only (for passengers 75 y/o and be-low) - Meals as stated in the itinerary (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)
The offer of religious and educational routes in the domestic market of the Philippines is quite wide in subject and variety and includes both one-day tours lasting 4-10 hours, organized mainly in the Central regions of the country, and 4-day tours that require air travel from Manila, but involve in the development of religious tourism cult, hotel, transport and other types of infrastructure of the peripheral regions of the Philippines. Additional services included in the tours (air conditioning, water for drinking, lunch for more than 10 hours) suggest an increased degree of comfort of the trip. The presence of English-speaking tour guide on almost all routes means their focus is not only on domestic consumers but also foreign tourists, who arrived with the purpose of beach tourism, which allows us to diversify the tourism market.
The analysis of the content of religious routes of excursion and educational orientation and the list of additional services offered during their implementation allows us to speak about the multiplicative effect created by the designat-
ed sub-sector of tourism in the Philippines (involving the services of hotels, catering establishments, museums and exhibition complexes, transport infrastructure facilities, guides and guides). One of the factors that attract nontarget tourists to multi - day routes of religious and educational tourism is the inclusion of unique natural objects in their composition: for example, the lake and the Bulusan volcano, which are difficult for unorganized tourists to visit.
Attention is drawn to the rather high cost of one-day tours of religious and educational orientation for the local population with low solvency. The tours offered by the pilgrimage services are primarily aimed at foreign tourists as part of the diversification of the tourist product, as well as at local consumers with an above-average income level. More budget options for religious or pilgrimage routes can be organized by Catholic parishes, but the degree of comfort of travel in this case is much lower.
The Philippines has great potential for de-
veloping religious tourism due to its extensive network of religious infrastructure and long history of Catholicism in the country. Currently, the Department of tourism18 also plans to restore or restore the buildings of Catholic churches that need it, in order to expand the list of objects displayed on thematic religious and educational routes, since they are one of the most important factors in attracting tourists.
Conclusions. In the Asia-Pacific region, the Philippines is a unique example of a country where many economic, social, and even political aspects of the population's life are based on the values, rituals, and doctrinal attitudes of the Roman Catholic Church.
The RCC, having a developed network of religious infrastructure and most of the population as its adherents, influences social and economic processes, partially even performing state functions in the field of civil registration, education, and various types of social responsibility.
Religious tourism is an important and promising economic area for further develop-
ment, where the role of the RCC is directly manifested. The tradition of visiting sacred places in order to worship shrines and expand the religious and cultural horizons is an important part of Catholic culture. The RCC is a religious institution that determines the development of religious tourism in the country. Religious tourism, which is gaining momentum today, has the following prospects: involving Catholic places of worship in sightseeing routes for foreign tourists and introducing the offer of pilgrimage routes for domestic consumers.
Analysis of the offer of religious and educational routes in the market of tourist services in the Philippines has led to the conclusion that their implementation provides comfortable conditions for visiting unique cultural and natural sites, and the content allows you to directly touch and get acquainted with the cultural component of the country's population, so the results of the study can be used in the formation and development of partnerships in the field of tourism in the Philippines.
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