CC BY
8
УДК 1751
Saidova M. U.
Senior teacher Bukhara State University Uzbekistan, Bukhara THE PROBLEM OF EXPRESSING PHONETIC DEVICES
Annotation: The significance, numerous classifications and expression of some phonetic literary devices in monolingual dictionaries were investigated in the article.
Key words: onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, rhythm, graphon, paronomasia, metre, iambic
The English language contains a wide range of words from which to choose for almost every thought, and there are also numerous plans or methods of arrangement of these words, called literary devices, which can assist the writer in developing cogent expressions pleasing to his readers. Even though most prose and poetry today is read silently, it must still carry with it the feeling of being spoken aloud, and the reader should practice "hearing" it in order to catch all of the artfulness with which the writer has created his work. Below we would like to look through some phonetic devices in order to have a better understanding of them, it is useful to look at their definition and examples. Words or portions of words can be clustered or juxtaposed to achieve specific kinds of effects when we hear them. The sounds that result can strike us as clever and pleasing, even soothing. Others we dislike and strive to avoid. These various deliberate arrangements of words have been identified and included in the phonetic devices which we are going to investigate in our research.
Actually the study of literary devices refers to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle (Greek) and Quintilian (Roman) who were some of the first to theorize about the use and function of figurative language. As for categorizing them, it varies from linguist to linguist and as other types of literary devices there are different viewpoints in classifying phonetic devices as well.
Galperin in his manual "Stylistics" published in 1971 divided literary devices into four groups and to the fourth group he included stylistic devices based on the opposition of meanings of phonological and/or graphical elements of the language - graphical and phonetical stylistic means. Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions which in the oral speech are expressed by intonation and stress. Galperin spoke here about the emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a word. Phonetic devices include alliteration, onomatopoeia, rhyme, rhythm, graphon[4, 20-27]. One of the latest classification of figurative language is given by Y.M.Skrebnev in his book "Fundamentals of English stylistics" where he distinguished stylistics into paradigmatic and syntagmatic. Each types was subdivided according the level of language. Thus, paradigmatic stylistics in phonetics includes italics, capitalization, repetition of letters, onomatopoeia and syntagmatic stylistics in phonetics includes
alliteration, assonance, paronomasia, rhythm, meter and rhyme [7, 41-69].
German linguist Jochen Luders used very simple classification of literary devices and distinguished them into four types and one of these types was named as sound stylistic devices where alliteration, onomatopoeia, metre, iambic, rhyme were included. Besides, we referred to encyclopedia and monolingual dictionaries of literary terms. While investigating them inMerriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature we could witness that figures of speech were classified into five major categories and one of them is called as figures of sound which contains alliteration, repetition, anaphora and onomatopoeia [7, 513].
We could see division of literary devices based on the ancient theory of rhetoric in Oxford Dictionary of Literary terms by Chris Baldick, where phonetic devices are known as figures of soundand achieve emphasis by the repetition of sounds, as in alliteration, assonance and consonance[2, 97]. But we could not see these kind of classifications of literary devices in other monolingual dictionaries. A Dictionary of Literary terms and Literary theory by J.A.Cuddon and A Glossary of Literary terms by M. H.Abrams give the explanation of literary devices with examples and their definitions, but do not present any classification to them.
As we can see there is no stability in classification of phonetic literary devices and while investigating them we have come to conclusion that common phonetic stylistic devices are: onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme and rhythm. Further we would like to observe how they are defined.
Onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meanings. In Hear the steady tick of the old hall clock, the word tick sounds like the action of the clock, If assonance or alliteration can be onomatopoeic, as the sound 'ck' is repeated in tick and clock, so much the better. At least sounds should suit the tone - heavy sounds for weightiness, light for the delicate. Tick is a light word, but transpose the light T to its heavier counterpart, D; and transpose the light CK to its heavier counterpart G, and tick becomes the much more solid and down to earth dig.
Example: boom, buzz, crackle, gurgle, hiss, pop, sizzle, snap, swoosh, whir,
zip
Alliteration: Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines. A somewhat looser definition is that it is the use of the same consonant in any part of adjacent words.
Example: fast and furious. Example: Peter and Andrew patted the pony at
Ascot
In the second definition, both P and T in the example are reckoned as alliteration. It is noted that this is a very obvious device and needs to be handled with great restraint, except in specialty forms such as limerick, cinquain, and humorous verse.
Assonance: Repeated vowel sounds in words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines. These should be in sounds that are accented, or stressed, rather than in vowel sounds that are unaccented.
Example: He's a bruisin' loser
In the second example above, the short A sound in Andrew, patted, and
Ascot would be assonant.
Consonance: Repeated consonant sounds at the ending of words placed near each other, usually on the same or adjacent lines. These should be in sounds that are accented, or stressed, rather than in vowel sounds that are unaccented. This produces a pleasing kind of near-rhyme.
Example: boats into the past. Example: cool soul
Rhyme: This is the one device most commonly associated with poetry by the general public. Words that have different beginning sounds but whose endings sound alike, including the final vowel sound and everything following it, are said to rhyme. Example: time, slime, mime
Double rhymes include the final two syllables. Example: revival, arrival, survival
Triple rhymes include the final three syllables. Example: greenery, machinery, scenery
Rhythm: Although the general public is seldom directly conscious of it, nearly everyone responds on some level to the organization of speech rhythms (verbal stresses) into a regular pattern of accented syllables separated by unaccented syllables. Rhythm helps to distinguish poetry from prose. Example: i THOUGHT i SAW a PUSsy CAT.
While investigating phonetic devices we could see some other sounds of words as cacophony, euphony, melopoeia, phanopoeia, logopoeia which play an important role and sound right to the listener even as they delight his ear.
Words or portions of words can be clustered or juxtaposed to achieve specific kinds of effects when we hear them. The sounds that result can strike us as clever and pleasing, even soothing. Others we dislike and strive to avoid. These various deliberate arrangements of words have been identified in our article.
References:
1. Abrams M. H. A Glossary of Literary terms. - Heinle & Heinle, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc., 1999.
2. Baldick Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary terms. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
3. Cuddon J.A. Dictionary of Literary terms and literary theory. - Fourth edition published in Penguin Books, 1999.
4. Galperin I. R. Stylistics. - Moscow: Higher shool publishing house, 1971.
5. McArthur T. The Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
6. Petrosyants E.G. Linguistical terminopoly: structure, semantics, derivation: on English material. - Pyatigors, 2004.
7. Skrebnev Y.M. Fundumentals of English Stylistics. - Moscow, 1994.
8. Merriam Webster Encyclopedia of Literature. - Merriam Webster & Britannica, 1995.
