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15THE PROBLEM OF ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN SHEEP
1 2 3
Bekmuratov A. , Murzabayev K. , Kereyev A.
1Bekmuratov Asylbek - Graduate Student;
2Murzabayev Kenzhebek - Candidate of Veterinary Science;
3Kereyev Abzal - PhD of Science in Veterinary Medicine, DIRECTION: VETERINARY, WEST KAZAKHSTAN AGRICULTURAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER ZHANGIR
KHAN,
URALSK, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: statistical data showed high invasion echinococcosis not only sheep, but also farm animals and primarnih dogs. With an increase in the number of sheep twice and failure to preventative measures, the incidence of farm animals, especially sheep echinococcosis increases, as sheep are more sensitive and more likely to die from this disease. Therefore, to eliminate echinococcosis it is necessary to know the features of the disease and apply more effective methods of prevention and control.
Keywords: invasive diseases, echinococcosis, prevention, control measures, sheep.
One of the reserves to increase production in sheep is the elimination of helminthiasis, in particular, echinococcosis. Echinococcosis-helminthic disease, mainly sheep, cattle, camels, pigs and less often other animals and humans. Its causative agent is the vesicular larval form of tapeworm— Echinococcus granulosus, belonging to the family Taeniidae [1]. Echinococcosis is the most widespread helminthoses causing huge economic losses to sheep and pose a high risk to human health. The economic damage caused by echinococcosis is enormous. Under very strong infestations animals (sheep, cattle and camels) die from him. Sick for years, infected animals are poorly fed, reduce the production of milk, meat and wool. In addition, liver, lungs, and sometimes whole carcasses affected by echinococcal bubbles are confiscated and destroyed in slaughterhouses [2].
Numerous studies of domestic and foreign scientists found that the invasion echinococcosis primarnih dogs ranges from 3.7 to 81%, township - from 0.4% to 65.3% and the city from 2.7 % to 45.2% of all examined dogs. The incidence of echinococcosis in farm animals ranges from 12.3 to 86.7 %. It is known that the increase in the number of sheep doubled, and the failure of preventive measures, the incidence of their shinkarkina may increase up to 50-80%. Only in 1977 At meat-processing plants of the Republic i238,2 thousand sheep affected by Echinococcus were revealed, that made 10,4% to the total number of the livestock subjected to slaughter [3]. In the West Kazakhstan region of the surveyed 570 head of cattle 28.4% were invaded. With increasing age, the affection of animals increased. Thus, young animals at the age of two years were affected by 21.8%, while adult animals at the age of 6-7 years by 45%. In cattle zelocity are found only in isolated cases. 13603 sheep of different ages were studied, 15.8% of them were infected. Invasion of sheep 4 years and older was 27.8%. In the study of 1346 echinococcal liver from sheep 4 years and older, cephalocysts were revealed in 327 (24.2% ) cases [4, 5].
Echinococcus tape is only 2-6 mm long and consists of a scolex and three or four segments. The posterior segment comprises a uterus filled with eggs. Scolex, 0.3 mm wide, equipped with a proboscis with two crowns of hooks, the number from 28 to 50. Larger hooks reach 0.040—0.045 mm in length, and small ones—0.030—0.038 mm.there are four Suckers, with a diameter of 0.13 mm. the First and sometimes the second segment from the scolex is usually hermaphroditic. It contains up to 50 testes, a spirally twisted VAS deferens, a pear-shaped sexual Bursa, a horseshoe-shaped ovary, a body of Melis and a vagina. The last, Mature segment is filled with eggs in an amount of up to 400-800. It reaches 1.5-2.5 mm in length and 0.5—0.6 mm in width. The uterus in the Mature segment is elongated to its length, and branches (protrusion) usually depart from its trunk. The oncosphere (egg),
0.030—0.036 mm in diameter, is covered with an outer radially striated shell. In the intestine of the permanent host, the Echinococcus ribbon Matures within 21/2-3 months and lives for more than 6 months.
The chain of echinococcus parasitizes in the small intestine of dogs, wolves, jackals. Dogs infected with chains of Echinococcus, secrete with feces a huge number of segments and eggs of the parasite. Eggs of Echinococcus get on pastures-on grass, in a stable—on a laying and forage, at places of Parking of cattle—on the earth, at a watering place of animals—in water. The parasite develops with the obligatory participation of the intermediate host, in the body of which the bubble larval form is obtained from the oncosphere. The intermediate owner are sheep, cattle, camels, reindeer, pigs, horses, donkeys, mules, rabbits, various wild animals, as well as people. Echinococcus infects mostly young animals. Oncosphere, once in the stomach of ruminants or other intermediate hosts, exposed to hydrochloric acid. The shell dissolves them, the oncosphere with its six hooks penetrate into the thickness of the walls of the intestine, and from there—into the intestinal blood vessels and blood flow are entered into the liver. In the latter part of the embryo is delayed, and of them are formed echinococcal bubbles. Echinococcus oncospheres that have passed the portal circulation circle, through the right half of the heart enter the lungs and are mostly retained in them. In cases where the oncosphere is bypassed and the capillary network of the lung, they fall into the left heart, aorta, are entered into any organ or tissue and turn there into a vesicular stage of Echinococcus.
According to some authors, the Echinococcus oncosphere can penetrate from the intestinal walls into the lymphatic vessels and then through the thoracic duct into the circulatory system. Most often, Echinococcus affects the liver and lungs, and rarely other organs and tissues. Hydatid bubble develops slowly. After a month it reaches only 1 mm width in 3 months on mm, after 5 months—10 mm. the Growth of hydatid bubble lasts several years (in humans 10-30 years). Echinococcal bladder occurs as a single-chamber or multi-chamber echinococci, the structure of which is different and depends on the age and condition of the body.
Mature segments of Echinococcus, after leaving the intestine with fecal masses, have the property to spread on the grass and climb the stems of plants. Single copies of them remain in the folds of the anus, in prianalnoy region and perineum, causing the dog anxiety and itching. Mature segments, crawling, isolated eggs scattered in the grass, the soil, the dog's coat. Echinococcal it is distributed mainly in areas where a struggle with stray dogs and where little organized control over the slaughter of cattle. Constant contact with dogs contributes to infection of people with Echinococcus.
Echinococcal bladder, developing mainly in parenchymal organs (liver, lungs), its pressure causes tissue atrophy and disrupts their activities. In the presence of a large number of echinococcal bubbles (sometimes up to 50 and even 200), the affected organ can atrophy completely, as a result of which the animal dies (liver, lung echinococcosis). In addition to the mechanical action on the harmful organism and contained in the hydatid usermachine, which often causes shortness of breath, fever, diarrhea, and sometimes death of the animal.
When severe lesions of the lungs in cows observed long-term chronic shortness of breath, a long dry and a very weak cough, which can easily cause artificially, making the animal hard to move. In the initial stage of the disease, the symptoms are little noticeable. Respiratory disorders grow slowly and consistently. Percussion in various places of the lungs reveals foci of limited resistance, which are characterized by a weakening or complete absence of vesicular respiration. Sometimes, especially with the rupture of the echinococcal bubble, the General condition of the animal deteriorates sharply, it quickly weakens and dies with the phenomena of asphyxia.
Eating disorder is accompanied mainly by severe liver damage. Significant changes in the organ Deplete the animal. In such cases, the cows are observed sluggish gum and often this was caused (jaundice is rare). Hepatic dullness often passes over the last rib. Pressure
and feeling of this area causes pain. With a sharp increase in the volume of the liver, the right half of the abdomen increases. With weak invasions, noticeable disorders in cattle are usually not noted. Sheep are more sensitive and more likely to die from echinococcosis than cattle (it should be borne in mind, however, that cattle are mostly slaughtered in a timely manner). Significantly infested sheep are poorly nourished, their hair is tousled and often falls out; there is a characteristic cough, and sheep after an attack of his fall to the ground.
In dogs the clinical effects when echinococcosis (tape palovaara-Lee forms) are poorly understood. Experimental infection with a large number of scolexes causes them to increase the abdomen, poor appetite and sometimes death after 11/2-2 months. In the intestine of dogs when opening a huge number (thousands) mites tapeworm. The diagnosis in ruminants with intensive infection can be made on the basis of clinical signs. There are cases when in cattle echinococcosis was taken as a General inflammation of the lungs, and the error was detected only after the slaughter of the animal. For a more accurate determination of echinococcosis in sheep and cattle, a skin reaction of the Cauldron is used.
In dogs, the diagnosis of echinococci (tapeworms) confirms the presence in the feces of Mature segments of Echinococcus or their eggs by the method of scherbovich. Fight against Echinococcus is based on the destruction of stray dogs and wolves, mandatory registration of service and guard dogs and their deworming in a certain period of time (4 times a year). For deworming is used inside (not under the skin) arecolin at a dose of 0.002 per 1 kg of body weight, giving it through the mouth, Kamala dose 5-10 g, feeding it with bread (in the test) or milk, and male fern extract at a dose of 1.0—5.0 g (General rules deworming dogs— see page 93). It is also very important to prevent dogs from entering the territory of slaughterhouses and not to use parenchymal organs affected by echinococci for their feeding; such organs are thoroughly boiled and only then released for feeding animals (pigs). Food and facilities animals are protected from contamination by dog feces. Corpses of sheep and other animals buried in the ground or disposed of.
It should be remembered that Echinococcus is often infected by people, mainly hunters, shepherds and other persons who often come into contact with the dog. For personal prevention, it is recommended to protect yourself from such contact.
References
1. Parasitology and invasive diseases of farm animals / K.I. Abuladze [et al.]. Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1990. 464 p.
2. Parasitology and invasive animal diseases / M.Sh. Akbaev [et al.]. Moscow: Kolos, 2000. 743 p.
3. Kereev Ya.M. Echinococcosis of animals. Monograph. Uralsk, 2010. 197 p.
4. Shalmenov M.Sh. Biology of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786). Features of epizootiology and prevention of echinococcosis in Western Kazakhstan: Author's abstract. dis. Cand. wet sciences. M., 1987. 26 p.
5. Kereev Ya.M. Features of the pathogen biology, pathogenesis, pathology and economic damage in experimental echinococcosis of sheep: Author's abstract. dis. Cand. wet sciences. M., 1983. 23 p.
