Научная статья на тему 'THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPING AND ADOPTING A FOREIGN POLICY DECISION OF THE STATE'

THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPING AND ADOPTING A FOREIGN POLICY DECISION OF THE STATE Текст научной статьи по специальности «Политологические науки»

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world politics / foreign policy / foreign policy decision-making / decision-making mechanism / levels of foreign policy analysis / individual factor in foreign policy decision-making

Аннотация научной статьи по политологическим наукам, автор научной работы — Khikmatov F. Kh.

The foreign policy of modern states is a complex multi-level process, and, accordingly, for its detailed study, it is necessary to analyze each of the levels included in it. Its basis is the adoption of a foreign policy decision. And it depends on many factors: the location of the state, military and economic potential, as well as cultural and historical factors. And another type of socio-political system of society and the individual characteristics of its leader are considered important to teach when studying the process of making an external political decision

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Текст научной работы на тему «THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPING AND ADOPTING A FOREIGN POLICY DECISION OF THE STATE»

UDC 32

Khikmatov F. Kh.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Political Sciences University of Journalism and Mass Communications of Uzbekistan Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan

THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPING AND ADOPTING A FOREIGN POLICY DECISION OF THE STATE

Abstract

The foreign policy of modern states is a complex multi-level process, and, accordingly, for its detailed study, it is necessary to analyze each of the levels included in it. Its basis is the adoption of a foreign policy decision. And it depends on many factors: the location of the state, military and economic potential, as well as cultural and historical factors. And another type of socio-political system of society and the individual characteristics of its leader are considered important to teach when studying the process of making an external political decision.

Key words:

world politics, foreign policy, foreign policy decision-making, decision-making mechanism, levels of foreign policy analysis, individual factor in foreign policy decision-making.

Introduction. On the basis of the Westphalian peace treaty, international relations were formed in the form of "anarchy" (these ideas are also advanced by representatives of the realist school), according to which countries are independent and sovereign, develop their own foreign policy, that is, determine their attitude to the outside world, as well as the main directions of their activities. .

Formulation of foreign policy is a very complex process. Its basis is the development and adoption of foreign policy decisions, which depend on many factors. This includes the country's geographical location, military and economic potential, cultural and historical traditions, and at the same time, the form of the country's political system plays an important role in this process, the social structure of society, and the individual characteristics of political leaders are also important factors.

The foreign political decision made can affect not only the country that made it, but also the fate of the entire humanity. This was evident in the Cuban (Caribbean) crisis of 1962, during which Soviet missiles were deployed in Cuba, in response to which the US blockaded Cuba.

At that time, the decision of the leaders of the United States or the Soviet Union to launch a nuclear attack could have irreparable consequences. Taking into account this argument, the question of the process of making foreign political decisions in conflict situations and times of crisis is one of the current topics in scientific research.

Today, a number of directions and schools have been formed that deal with the problem of making foreign political decisions and increasing the effectiveness of this process. These schools and areas "cross over" to a certain extent, so it is difficult to categorize them on a single basis.

In such a situation, it would be more correct to consider some aspects of the topics that are in the center of researchers in our article. For example, the Austrian author R. Richardson (R. Richardson) distinguishes five main theoretical directions in this regard.

- reasonable choice;

- psychological;

- institutional;

- interactive;

- systematic [1, p 314-315].

The theory of rational choice (ingl.: rabional chotce) has a great influence on the consistency of the goal in the problem of making foreign political decisions. This approach recommends defining tasks in a systematic manner.

This second approach focuses on national interests and political goals in making rational choices. Authors conducting their research around this approach make extensive use of the work of T.Schelling (T.Sholling) [2, p 74 ]. The second theoretical direction is psychological.

It arose as an opposition to excessive rationalism. Therefore, according to its main rule, the decision made in the situation of conflict and crisis is irrational.

These points are directly related to political decision-makers. Because they are stressed like everyone else. In conflict and crisis, the stress factor becomes more important. Holsti (O. Holsti) clearly shows the example of the First World War.

This approach places great emphasis on the issue of conceptualizing the problem. R. Jervis (R. Jervis) in his work "Perception and Errors of Perception" seeks to cover this issue more theoretically, and the work was published in 1976[3, p 73].

In the conditions of the international crisis, the process of making foreign political decisions becomes extremely delicate. American researchers U. Yuri and R. Smoak examines its political aspects and identifies 4 factors that influence decision-making in such situations: In the first factor, participants place high stakes in solving the problem. There is more to lose in crisis conditions than in normal conditions, or conversely, more to be gained. In crisis situations, the problem affects the vital aspects of the participants. Therefore, if one of the participants is relieved, he is irrevocably separated from his property or position. On this basis, U. Yuri and R. Smouk believe that the Berlin crisis of 1958 and 1961 was equated by the West not with the loss of half of the city, but with a serious threat to NATO, which was assessed as a threat to the vital interests of the entire West.

The second factor is lack of time. When making decisions in crisis situations, political figures may have a problem of lack of time. International crises are characterized by the fact that they happen very quickly. For example, the Caribbean (Cuba) crisis in 1962, 1967, 1973, 1982, 2010 - 2018 in the Middle East and a number of other international crises was the same. Political leaders should be able to quickly respond to the development of the situation. There is almost no time to analyze the situation. In addition, thoughts about the development of the crisis do not reach them quickly. For example, during the Caribbean crisis, the Americans repeatedly checked information on the number of missiles placed in Cuba, and only then sent it to the president.

The next factor indicated by U. Yuri and R. Smoak is the high level of uncertainty in crisis situations. This situation is caused by the fact that the participants in the crisis do not have complete information about each other's real goals and plans. In addition, in crisis situations, plans or actions are made on the basis of extremely high secrecy, obtaining information is complicated. In other cases, policy makers may have a great deal of information about the conflict and its other participant, but this information comes from different sources and is of conflicting nature.

The last factor, according to U. Yuri and R. Smoak, is the limitation of alternatives. This also has a significant impact on the decision-making process of political figures during a crisis [4, p 115]. Political decision-makers are constantly narrowing the range of choices. The existence of many options is ignored by them. For example, at the end of the first day of the Caribbean crisis, the American administration considered the options of either a blockade of Cuba or a military attack on it. Only after that, other options were considered: is the support of the UN or the support of other countries necessary, or can the problem be solved without them? In addition, the emphasis on military operation was great, as the fight against communism was equated with survival.

Foreign policy decisions are often made by a small, limited group of people. Group decision-making often creates a series of situations in crisis situations, about which more detailed information can be found in "Victims of Groupthink" by the American researcher I. Jitnis. This situation is called group thinking. One of the most important signs of this situation is related to the exits from the topic that will be in the competition. That is, if

some in the group offer firm positions, others, on the contrary, offer completely different options. In other words, a collective decision is more questionable. According to many researchers, the result of questionable decisionmaking is related to the psychological state of group members. Because it is assumed that the decision is everyone's responsibility. If the decision was made individually, responsibility and accountability would increase, so the person making the decision would approach this issue with care.

Another important situation is that the group cannot evaluate the information correctly. The data can be contradictory, and it is very difficult to analyze them in a group. As a result, the group moves away from reality.

Personal qualities of political figures are also in the focus of researchers. For example, according to R. German and M. German, many aspects accepted by political figures before the start of the First World War were related to their personal qualities.

The values and beliefs of a political leader are important in shaping his character. Therefore, the foreign policy projects put forward and implemented by them are carried out in their name, for example, the Nixon doctrine, the Carter doctrine, the Brezhnev doctrine.

Issues of organization of the political decision-making process are analyzed within the framework of the institutional direction. Its final option will depend on many indicators. For example, J. Rosenau distinguishes the following traditionally studied group indicators;

1. State size (large countries and small countries);

2. Level of economic development (rich or poor);

3. Type of political system (democratic or authoritarian) [5, p 128].

Recently, other factors affecting the adoption of foreign political decisions are widely analyzed, for example, the level of development of information technologies.

In order to understand how the foreign policy of a specific country is formed, it is first necessary to understand the standards of operational processes. (visual standard operating procedures). This is primarily related to the development and adoption of foreign political policy decisions.

The institutional direction studies the behavior of state structures involved in the process of developing and adopting foreign policy decisions; it includes the head of state, apparatus, parliament, ministry of foreign affairs, other foreign political ministries and committees. G. Allison published in 1971 "The nature of decision-making [6, p 115];

Analysis of the Cuban missile crisis" (Essence of decision the Cuban missile crisis) was able to show that foreign policy decisions are made based on the conflict and agreement of the interests of different groups, this work is considered as a classic research work in this direction. In this situation, formal and informal groups are formed, each of them ensures the advancement of their own decision, that is, they justify the decisions that are beneficial to them and lead the movement for their adoption.

Interest groups have a great influence on foreign policy decision-making. Among them, social, ethnic, professional and others can be mentioned. For example; At the beginning of 1990, the French government had to take into account the interests of farmers in the disputes between the EU and the USA on the issue of import/export of agricultural products. Based on one or another interest, some groups in the state and legislative bodies protect them or oppose them firmly, which causes corruption.

The military industrial complex is also one of the important indicators that can influence foreign policy decision-making. This situation was especially evident during the Cold War. In the early 1960s, US President D. Eisenhower noted that the military industrial complex could play an important role in his country and negatively affect democracy[7, p 46].

Another important factor influencing the adoption of foreign policy decisions is the mass media, because they shape public opinion on this or that event. For example, the media played a big role in stopping the war in Vietnam.

Recently, the problem of information noise is considered urgent by many researchers. With the advent of

the Internet, the development of electronic, audio-visual and other means of information increases information and contrasts it. In order to deliver information quickly and first, mass media do not always check their accuracy. P.M. Tatlor gives an interesting example [8, p 97].

The mass media spread information that Saddam Hussein accepted the UN resolution No. 660 and agreed to the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait, but in reality this was not the case. As the information noise increases, the question of sorting and rechecking information becomes more relevant.

As a result, the role of analytical departments and services, which are engaged in the preparation of foreign policy decisions, will increase.

The interactionist approach emphasizes the interaction of two parties. It focuses on how one participant's decision affects another participant. For example; the unkind attitude of one country causes another country to behave in the same way towards it. In addition to these, great attention is also paid to the decisions made by the participants of international relations, and to what extent states are dependent on them.

In particular, according to M.Deutsch, the US was forced to continue the war in Vietnam by the decisions made just before this. As a result of such actions, the parties fall into the "escalation pisteria", from which it is difficult to get rid of: the conflict grows stronger and promotes its own logic of development [9, p 115].

And finally, according to the fifth systematic direction, decisions made by political leaders are derived from analyzes based on international relations and world politics. This theoretical direction not only analyzes the decision, but also examines the place of this decision in the world political system and how it can influence the participants of international relations. In its structure, for example, the following issues are studied: how the adopted decision affects the behavior of a country, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, internal regions of the country, TNC, etc.

In recent decades, as a result of globalization and the increasing interdependence of the countries of the world, foreign policy decisions have started to gain global importance.

That is why the tendency to regulate foreign political activity in world politics has increased. This situation is implemented at different levels and through different channels, including the "Big Eight", the International Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, various international organizations, etc.

Conclusion. In short, it can be said that the state's foreign policy is a complex process, and in this process, the issue of making political decisions is of particular importance. It would be appropriate to study foreign policy as a systematic process.

References

1. Лебедо ва М.М. Мировая политика. Учебник М. Аспект — Пресс. 2007 с. 314-320

2. Rerseption and Misperseption in International Politics"1976 p73.

3. Snyder R., Bruck H., Sapin B. Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics. -Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954. 120 p.

4. Sprout H., Sprout M. Man-Milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956. 101 p.

5. Rosenau J. The Study of World Politics: Theoretical and Methodological Chal- lenges. N.Y.: Routledge, 2006. P. 171-197.

6. Waltz K. Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis. N.Y.: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 2001. 263 p.

7. Singer D. The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations // World Politics. 1961. № 1. P. 77-92.

8. Hudson V. Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory. Lanham: The Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Group, 2007. 234 p.

9. Богатуров А.Д., Косолапов Н.А., Хрусталев М.А. Очерки теории и политического анализа международных отношений. М.: НОФМО, 2002. 384 с.

© Khikmatov F. Kh., 2024

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