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38'Oriental Art and Culture" Scientific-Methodical Journal - (3) III/2020
ISSN 2181-063X
THE PECULIARITIES OF LITERARY HERO IN COMPARISON WITH WALTER SCOTT AND ABDULLA KADIRIIS WORKS
MohiraSafarova, MakhliyoUmarova
UzSWLU
Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of western and eastern point of views of literary heroes by comparingWalter Scott and Abdulla Kadirii who arethe founders of historical novel genrein western and eastern literature. This article gives a chance to realize the highest importance of literary heroes ’role in revealing a nation's culturewith the help of investigating their works. Furthermore, in this article peculiar features of literary hero and Abdulla Kadirii and Walter Scott's influence to writing historical novel are discussed, confirmed and emphasized by western and eastern scientists and researchers.
Key words: Literature, literary hero, comparison, historical novel, peculiar features of literary hero, eastern and western culture elements.
The importance of literary heroes in literary works is significantly high. In any play anyauthor tries to show his feelings and understandings through his/her heroes. Aliteraryherois a fictional character who is looked upon as having great strength and courage. Afictionalcharacteris often used to describe the protagonist of the story. A protagonist is the main character in a literary piece. The plot revolves around them and the audience is intended to empathize with them.A legendaryleadstands out in the story, overcomes personal obstacles and always reaches their goal. A storybookidolcan also be the anti-hero in the story. Ifthemythicalsupermanis the antihero in a story then they must face hardships, overcome them, and find a way to take control of their life. In this article I would like to investigate and contrast two great leaders of writing historical novels in eastern and western literature. Abdulla Kadiriiwho was born in Uzbekistan is the great founder of writing historical novel in eastern literature history, while Walter Scott who is from Scotland is the enormous representative of writing initial historical novel in western literature history. As well as, they have their unusual ways of writing in literary contents. In fact, fictitiousstarsare created by author's imagination and feelings. So, through Walter Scott and Abdulla Kadirii'sinteraction to literary life, we expose some peculiar features of literary heroes.
According to Alabama University's Professor John Kuriakose“Walter Scott drew from the poets and philosophical historians of the past, assimilated the fictional world of romance with the realistic world of history, added to it a dramatic element and the fictional worlds of sentiment, tragedy, comedy, picaresque and satire, and
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thus created a highly composite fictional world’^Scott’s new form of fiction won admirers and followers all over the world. Under Scott’s influence, novelists of the nineteenth century, all over the world, tried their hands at the historical novel. Scott’s method of paying close attention to minute details found its way into the works of Balzac, Zola, Flaubert, Tolstoy. Scott’s novels were in great vogue in France. Legouis remarked in 1971: “If recognition is measured by the debt contracted, that of our country to Scott has no superior. ... A whole chapter of our literary history is to be placed under his name”2 Victor Hugo called Scott “a man of genius,” and creator of “a genre, without model, and ... as yet no rivals.”Balzac wrote his first signed novel under the banner of Scott, and Alexander Dumas said: he was “thunderstruck on reading Ivanhoe.” According to Legouis, Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris, Delavigne’s Louis XI, Balzac’sLes Chouans, Merimee’sChronique du Temps de Charles IX, and Dumas’ Les Trois Mousquetaires are indebted to Scott. George Sand's Mauprat as a historical novel is found to have “marked resemblances to Scott”3Vigny, Merimee, Keratry, Sismondi, Nodier, Soulie, Eugene.
According to Mark Reese, the Director of the Center for Regional Studies at the US Naval Academy, the Uzbek writer Abdulla Kadirii, is a true cult work of early Uzbek realism. According to M.B.Ibragimova Abdulla Kadirii also reveals the reasons for the Uzbek people's enslavement over the past several centuries. This is ignorance that Uzbek people lived in mutual conflict and jealousy, were surrounded by dreary traditions through ignoring that colonialism was on the country's borders”[9]. Another well-known scientist, NaimKarimov about his great work “Bygone days”, makes the following comment on the main idea of the work: "It is wonderful that the barrier facing Otabek is not the only thing that attacks his happiness. No matter how difficult this barrier may be, Otabek overpowers it. However, it is unlikely that he goes through another barrier called "Parent's Dream." He stumbles there and loses the happiness he has earned. The writer's intentions to write this work and the importance of it are shown here.
In literature any author tries to show their thoughts and feelings through his/her literary heroes. For that he/she has to be reliable descriptive for drawing main hero's portrait. Characteristics of literary hero is an identifier to show main problem and position of a play and through this a researcher can find some findings about main idea and importance of a play. For progressing of a play cultural views play main role in literature. The culture of a public or a nation be influenced by the environments, the morals and beliefs that they are brought up upon. Therefore, diverse parts of the world piece dissimilar arts that differ very much from one another. Today, the cultures of the world can be divided into two main parts such as the Eastern and
1International Journal of Language and Literature June 2016, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 219-227 international Journal of Language and Literature June 2016, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 219-227 3 Yost, George (1985). ‘Scott and Sand: Novelists of the Rustic’, Comparative Literature Studies 22. 3. 317-328.
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Western culture. Yet, throughout the years, the two have come to influence one another constantly due to globalization, and shaping and molding one another in the procedure.
Eastern culture encourages its people to gain control over their emotions and state of mind through meditation and practices the principal of virtue in all aspects of life. It is also a culture that is built upon community and collectivism as Eastern culture believes that a human being is a social creature and is an integral part of the society. Western culture continued to develop with Christianity during the middleages, nourished by the experiments of Enlightenment and discoveries of science and spread itself throughout the world between the 16 th and 20th centuries as a result of globalization and human migration. Eastern culture believes that a human being is an integral part of the society as well as the universe and practices collectivism. In Western culture, individualism is stronger, believing that a human being has an individualistic and is an independent part of the society and the universe. Due to this conceptions eastern views eastern culture uses the spiritual and missionary approach of searching inside oneself for answers through meditation whereas western culture takes on a pragmatic and emotional approach in searching outside oneself through research and analysis. These conceptions try to open literary hero's views in the universe through literature.
It is proved that an author's character moved to his literary hero's character. As my dissertation is relevant to this topic I conducted some investigations on the theme. While investigating this theme I read some eastern author's plays and read about their biography and lifestyles. As a result, I found that the author's behavior relocate his main hero's behavior properly. It is clear that every nation's point of view and its mentality, attitude to problems, solution to them is differ from each other. That is why, the issues and their solutions are various in western and eastern literature. Eastern literature's view depends on spiritual pureness of a body whereas western literature's view shows material means. Eastern culture believes that one’s future is determined by one’s deeds today. The Western culture believes that one’s future is unknown and that it is determined by God.
Walter Scott's influence as a novelist was profound. He established the form of the historical novel and his work inspired such writers as Bulwer-Lytton, G. Eliot, and the Brontёs. Scott’s amiability, generosity, and modesty made him popular with his contemporaries. He was also famous for entertaining on a grand scale at his Scottish estate, Abbotsford and there is also a significant revival of critical and scholarly interest on Scott.For his power of characterization, Scott was now frequently compared with Shakespeare, with particular praise reserved for Baillie Nicol Jarvie and Andrew Fairservice, Frank's shrewd but cowardly manservant. The only substantial complaint on this count came from Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh
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Review, who perceived improbabilities in Scott's portrayal of Diana Vernon. Her manners, maturity and firmness of character, he argued, were unlikely given the society she grew up in. Readers, however, were enchanted by her boldness and wit. The novel was a tremendous commercial success, the original print run of 10,000, a huge figure for the time, being bought up in two weeks.
According to experts, Abdullah Kadiri's novels are characterized by structural features of historical romance known in Europe as the "Walter Scott" novel. The Walter Scott Sculpture, by its very essence, portrays a historical event, not a historical one, at the center of the novel. There are groups of images moving in it, like fiction or national folklore and poems, and serve as poetic means to illuminate historical reality.
The same is true in the first example of an Uzbek novel that begins its work in historical romance. In his epic portrayal of the historical period, "the worst and darkest period of the past, the time of the last khanates", Abdullah Kadiri used the traditions of European and Russian romance V.Scott, A.S.Pushkin, L.N.Tolstoy to create national romance. In short, the story of “Tohir and Zuhra”, “Farhod and Shirin” and “Chor Dervish”, which existed in the national epic thinking, was shaped by A. Kadiri. Such romantic plot traditions have changed their art form with historical events, such as Atabek, Kumush, Yusufbek Haji, Images of Mother Mother, Homid, historical figures such as Khudoyarkhan, Muslimqul, NormuhammadKushbegi.
"We do not deny", the scientist wrote in his conclusion. There are a number of novels that have been widely praised by world-class literary critics and have been popular for centuries in European, American, Russian, Ukrainian, Turkish, Arabic, Iranian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and other nations. But none of this can be compared to the A.Kadiri novel, as measured by the celestial and universal criteria that we have set out. Indeed, this original plot is based on the millennial Oriental-Islamic traditions, in particular the spiritual resources of the Uzbek people” [2, p.164].4
Before investigating this topic, I would think historical novels are somehow unattractive and dull to the young. It is clear thatmodern young mostly pay attention to modern, detective, romantic novels and,certainly, these types of novels can grab any reader's attention because ofsuitability to any time of period. However, now, while looking into this subject I absolutely changed my mind. For the first reason is historical novels are factual life of certain century, also this genre is force any kind of writer to find much more information about historical events and they introduce consequence of some wars. And this process improves writers' skills and logical thinking abilities. As well as, the writers of founders of any kind of genre are the
4Anglisticum Journal (IJLLIS),Volume: 8 | Issue: 12 |
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great honorable authors in literary field. Because they began in the first place and there were not any kind of evident or examples to guide them. Certainly, it is not an easy way to begin and go on, but they didn't avoid for advance difficulties. For this reason, their names are the most honorable names for young generation and researchers. In my point of view, especially historical novel writers are worth to applause for their hard work. Reason is they investigate facts belong to the period when they didn't live. With pleasure I do appreciate their contribution to literature and history subjects and I would like to explore their works and peculiar and similar features in them and also to explicit the writers' personalities and their interaction to their plays.
In conclusion, this articlehas clearly shown that contrasting of these two authors works we can find some similarities and differences in their works. Both authors are great representatives of the period of their life in literature. While exploring their life and works we can come across some similarities in their works. Both of them are fatherfoundersof historical novel in their period. About their peculiar features, these writers have their own way to express their inner interaction to literary work due to religion and historical position of their period. Furthermore, Walter Scott is a great representative of romanticism, on the contrary Abdulla Kadirii is aa true unusualeffortof early Uzbek realism. As uzbek poet Abdulla Oripov emphasized it is difficult to understand the western literary works than the eastern literary works. All in all, a true and iconic literary hero grabs a hold of your soul and it never, ever, let's g°.
References
1. Among memoirs, see, for example, Qodiriy (1974, 98, 99), Yuldashbaeva (1972, 92) and Saidnosirova (1994, 121).
2. Barker, Earnest (1957). The History of the English Novel, Vol. 6. New York: Barnes and Noble.
3. Honore de Balzac, Illusions perdues (Paris: Garnier Flammarion, 1990) 236. This statement is taken from Daniel d’Arthez’s comments on Lucien’s novel in the section entitled “Un grand homme de province a Paris.”
4. M.B.Ibragimova. research of Uzbek literature by English scientists. International Scientific Journal /№ 5, 2016. - p.39
5. Kerr, James (1989). Fiction against History: Scott as Storyteller. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
6. http://www.jstor.org/stable/458180
7. https://voicesoncentralasia.org/the-uzbek-modernist-abdullah-qodiriy-a-writer-and-his-novel/
9. Karimov B. Abdulla Qodiriy: tanqid, tahlilvatalqin. - Toshkent: Fan, 2006
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