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ISSN 2522-1841 (Online) ISSN 0005-2531 (Print)
AZ9RBAYCAN KIMYA JURNALI № 4 2018
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UDC 541.13.544.65
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF THE BISMUTH IONS
V.A.Majidzade
M.Nagiyev Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry, NAS of Azerbaijan
[email protected] Received 22.02.2018
The electrochemical reduction of the bismuth ions has been investigated in the tartaric electrolyte. Kinetics and mechanism of the process and the effect of various factors on the electroreduction process of the bismuth ions have been studied according to cyclic and liner polarization curves drawn on the Pt electrodes. According to data, the value of effective activation energy has been calculated. The results of the calculation indicate that the electrochemical reduction process of the bismuth ions is accompanied by electrochemical polarization.
Keywords: electroreduction, polarization, bismuth ions, tartaric electrolyte.
Recently, the increasing interest in synthesis of thin films from various semiconduc-tive materials for their application in many areas of technology has been observed: in solar cells, sensors, optical storage devices ets. [1-7].
Among other metallic sulfides bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) is one of attractive materials that are widely used in Schottky diode [8], supercapacitor electrodes [9], solar cells [10], sensors [11], pho-todetectors [12], thermoelectrical devices [13] and photoanodes for photoelectrochemical solar cells. It is related to its width of energetic forbidden zone that has values from 1.25 to 1.70 eV, and it gives possibility to form effectively solar energy [14-18]. On the other hand, Bi2S3 belongs to ecologically nonhazardous material.
In addition, at present, much attention is paid to the unique electrical, physical and chemical properties of bismuth. Thin bismuth films exhibit high magnetoresistance, thermoelectric efficiency and interesting quantum effects. They are used in electrochromic devices and for the formation of contacts on semiconductors. All this stimulates the search for new Bi(III) complexes and the development of electrolytes based on them to produce metallic bismuth with nanometric and submicron sizes [19, 20].
To obtain thin films of semiconductor materials by the electrochemical method, the first step is to study the kinetics and mechanism of the electroreduction process of the components separately. Therefore, the aim of our work is to study the kinetics and mechanism of the elec-
troreduction process of bismuth ions from a tartaric solution and to determine the range of potentials under which these ions are deposited.
In the references, there are a number of works about the study of the electroreduction of bismuth ions from various electrolytes [21-25].
According to the voltampermetric data [19], it has been found that the acceleration of the electroreduction process of the thiocarbamide complexes Bi(III) is observed in the solution on a polycrystalline bismuth electrode when thio-cyanate ions (10-4 ... 10-1 M) are added into the solution. The role of the NCS~ ion as an electron bridge with the formation of a transition state is considered: the electrode surface - the adsorbed particle - the reducing complex.
The effect of water activity on the mechanism and kinetics of the electroreduction of Bi(III) ions on a dropping mercury electrode (DME) in chlorates (VIi) was studied in [21, 22] using voltampermetric and impedance methods. In the concentration range of 4-8 mol/dm , the values of transfer coefficients and standard rate constants increase significantly, whereas the activation energy values decrease that demonstrates an increase in reversibility of electroreduction of the Bi(III) ions. The nature of the rate constants varies depending on the potential points in the multistage electroreduction process of the Bi(III) ions. With increasing concentrations of chlorate(VII), the standard rate constants ks for all solutions affect catalytically on the electroreduction process of Bi(III). The mul-
tistage process is confirmed by the non-linear function 1n kf=f (E).
The electroreduction of Bi(III) ions on a bismuth electrode from solutions containing nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid was studied by cyclic voltampermetry [23]. It was concluded that the cathodic wave is related to the reduction of nitrate ions catalyzed by electrode-posited bismuth.
Thin bismuth films [24] have been obtained by an electrochemical method on «-GaAs (110). Bismuth films up to several hundred nanometers have a strong texture (018), however, thicker films are polycrystalline. The height of the energy barriers of «-GaAs (018)/Bi contacts is 0.62 eV, about 0.2 eV lower than for electro-deposited bismuth films on GaAs (100).
In [25] bismuth is electrochemically deposited from trilonate solutions. The study of the kinetics of the process shows that electro-deposition is a catalytic electrode process following by a sequential first-order chemical reaction. It was found that the properties of the coatings depend on the structure of deposits. As the size of the grains decreases, the micro-hardness of the coatings increases.
Experimental part
Electrolyte for electroreduction of bismuth was prepared as follows: background so-
Fig. 1. The cyclic polarization curve of electroreduction of the bismuth ions from tartaric electrolyte. Electrolyte (M): 910-4
lution is prepared dissolving tartaric acid in water. Then Bi2O3 ("p.f.a.") was dissolved in the background solution. The electrolyte had the fol-
lowing composition: (910"5-1.310~3) M Bi2O:
•v3\
2O3
+
0.007 M C4H6O6.
The polarization curves were drawn in the potentiostat IVIUMSTAT Electrochemical Interface. An electrochemical triode cell with a capacity of 100 ml was used. The working electrode was Pt with an area of 0.22 cm2. The reference electrode was a silver chloride electrode, and the auxiliary electrode was a platinum plate with an area of 4 cm . The universal ultratermo-stat UTU-4 was used to regulate the temperature within cell.
Results and discussion
The kinetics and mechanism of the electrochemical reduction process of the bismuth ions, the influence of various factors on this process are studied by a potentiodynamic method in tartaric electrolyte.
As is seen from Figure 1, the electrochemical reduction of bismuth ions on the Pt electrode occurs in two stages within a potential range of 0.5—-0.35) V. In our opinion, the electrochemical reduction of bismuth ions proceeds according to scheme below:
Bi(III) ^ Bi(I) ^ Bi(0).
Bi203 + 7-10"; 0.02 V/s.
C4HfiOfi; T = 293 K, EV =
Fig. 2. The effect of temperature on the electroreduction process of the bismuth ions on the Pt electrode, K: 1- 293, 2 - 313 , 3 -333, 4 - 353. Electrolyte (M): 910-4 Bi203 + 7-10"3 C4H6O6; Ev = 0.02 V/s.
A3EPEAH#^AHCKHH XHMHHECKHH ^YPHAH № 4 2018
Then, the kinetics of the electroreduction process was studied with using the temperature-kinetic method of Gorbachev [26]. For this, the influence of the temperature was studied by the potentiodynamic method within the 293-353 K intervals (Figure 2). The results show that as the temperature of the electrolyte increases, the electroreduction potential of the bismuth ions slides to the positive side.
As is seen from Figure 2, the beginning of the reduction at 293 K occurs at -0.15 V, and for the 353 K temperature at 0.05 V potential. Using these polarization curves, the function between lgzk and 1/Г was constructed (Figure 3).
From the obtained straight lines shown in Figure 3 tga is calculated. The value of the effective activation energy obtained by the equation Aeff = -2.3Rtga shows that the electrochemical reduction of bismuth ions from tartar-ic electrolytes is accompanied by electrochemical polarization (Figure 4).
The influence of various factors on the electroreduction of bismuth ions from tartaric electrolytes has also been studied. At first, the effect of the concentration of bismuth ions on the electrochemical reduction process was studied (Figure 5).
Fig. 4. The effective activation energy as a function of catodic potential.
Fig. 3. The function between lg/k and 1/T at various potentials E (V): 1 - (-0.03), 2 - (-0.05), 3 - (-0.075), 4 - (-0.1), 5 -(-0.12).
Fi g. 5. The effect of the concentration of bismuth ions on the electrochemical reduction process on the Pt electrode. Electrolyte (M):
1 - 9 10-5, 2 - 2.2 10-4, 3 - 3.4 10-4, 4 - 5.6 10-4, 5 - 9 10-4, 6 - 1.3 10-3 Bi203 + 7-10-3 C4H6O6; EV = 0.02 V/s. T=293 K.
As can be seen from Figure 5, the polarization curves of the electroreduction process of the bismuth ions, with increasing its concentration in solution slide to the positive side from -0.125 to 0.0 V. In addition, the change of the concentration of the bismuth ions in the electrolyte affects the rising of the current spent for the process.
The influence of the scanrate on the elec-troreduction process of the bismuth ions on the Pt electrode has been also studied.
Figure 6 shows the polarization curves drawn in a linear way. As can be seen, with
increasing of the scanrate the rising of the current of the electroreduction process is observed. Since, current at 0.005 V/s is -1.052-10-4 A, and at 0.2 V/sis -4.064-10-4 A.
From explaining the kinetics and mechanism of the process of electroreduction of bismuth ions, a relationship is also constructed be-1/2
tween ip-E (Figure 7). As can be seen there is a straight line relationship between them. That is, as the scanrate increases, ip also increases. This also proves that the electroreduc-tion process is accompanied by electrochemical polarization.
_—-' i--
m'^ZJi v/ /' --———4—--
Jj /
51
б*-
potential
Fig. 6. The influence of the scanrate on the electroreduction process of the bismuth ions on the Pt substrates. Electrolyte (М): 9 10-4 Bi203 + 7-10-3 C4H6O6; Т = 293 К, potential sweep (V/s.): 1 - 0.005, 2 - 0.01, 3 - 0.02, 4 - 0.04, 5 - 0.08, 6 - 0.2.
АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКИЙ ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ № 4 2018
Conclusion
Electrochemical reduction of the bismuth ions on Pt electrodes in tartaric electrolytes was studied by the voltampermetric method of polarization. During the study of kinetics and mechanisms, it was revealed that the polarization would be accompanied by electrochemical kinetics. That is to say, the effective activation energy decreases with sliding of potential to positive side in the limiting stage.
The results of all the done experiments show that the concentration of bismuth ions, the temperature, and the scanrate affect on the elec-troreduction process of the bismuth ions from tartaric electrolyte. Thanks to the experimental studies, the optimal regime and composition of the electrolyte for the electroreduction process of bismuth ions were selected. Electrolyte: 9104 M Bi203 + 7-10-3 M C4H6O6, the electroreduction mode is T = 293 K, the scanrate is 0.02 V/s.
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BiSMUT iONLARININ ELEKTROKlMYOVi REDUKSIYA PROSESlNO MÜXTOLiF
FAKTORLARIN TOSlRl
V.A.Macidzad3
Taqdim olunan tadqiqat i§inda gaxir tur§usu elektrolitlarindan bismut ionlannin elektrokimyavi reduksiya prosesi tadqiq edilmi§dir. Polyarizasiya ayrilarinin gakilmasi ila Pt-elektrodu üzarinda bismut ionlarinin elektroreduksiya prosesinin kinetika va mexanizmi, hamginin müxtalif amillarin prosesa tasiri öyranilmi§dir. Olda edilan naticalara asasan elektrokimyavi reduksiya prosesinin effektiv aktivla§ma enerjisi hesablanmi§dir. Hesablamalar göstarir ki, tartrat mahlullarindan bismut ionlarinin elektroreduksiyasi elektrokimyavi polyarizasiya ila mü§ayiat olunur.
Agar sözbri: elektroreduksiya, polyarizasiya, bismut ionlari, gaxir tur§usu elektroliti.
ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ НА ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ
ИОНОВ ВИСМУТА
В.А.Меджидзаде
Исследовано электрохимическое восстановление ионов висмута из виннокислого электролита. Снятием циклических и линейных поляризационных кривых на Pt-электродах изучена кинетика, механизм процесса и влияние различных факторов на электровосстановление ионов висмута. По полученным данным рассчитана эффективная энергия активации. Результаты вычисления показывают, что процесс электровосстановления ионов висмута из тартратных растворов сопровождается электрохимической поляризацией.
Ключевые слова: электровосстановление, поляризация, ионы висмута, виннокислый электролит.
AЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКИЙ ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ № 4 2018
