CC BY
40
Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2020, pp. 76-79 ISSN 1997-0838 Original Text Copyright © 2020 by Shahrajabian, Khoshkharam, Sun and Cheng
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
OPEN /71 ACCESS
The Impact of Manganese Sulfate on Increasing Grain Yield, Protein and Manganese Content of Wheat Cultivars in Semi Arid Region
Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian1,2,3*, Mehdi Khoshkharam1, Wenli Sun2,3, Qi Cheng2,3
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
2Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
3Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Building C4, No. 555 Chuangye Road, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
*E-Mail: [email protected]
Received December 21, 2019
Wheat is the most important staple food crop in the world. Micronutrients are vital components for balances both growth and development in plants. An experiment was designed in order to survey the effects of manganese sulfate on yield and quality parameters of wheat cultivars in Isfahan in 2017. A split plot layout with a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted. Main plots were manganese sulfate (contains 28% pure manganese) (20, 40 and 60 kg/ha), and sub-plots were winter wheat cultivars (Pishtaz, Shiraz and Marvdasth). Manganese sulfate influence was meaningful on the number of fertile spikes, the number of grains in spike, a thousand grain weight, grain yield, protein and manganese contents of grain. Cultivar had significant influence on number of fertile spikes, a thousand grain weight, grain yield and protein content. The highest values of fertile spike, number of grain, a thousand grain weight, harvest index, grain yield, grain protein and the content of grain manganese was achieved in application of 60 kg manganese sulfate per ha. In addition, the highest number of fertile spikes, number of grains per spike, grain yield and the content of grain manganese was related to Marvdasht cultivar. On the basis of the results, cultivation of Marvdasht cultivar and application of 60 kg Mn sulfate per ha is recommended for the semi-arid region of Isfahan.
Key words: Manganese sulfate, Grain protein, Wheat, Manganese content of grain, stress
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important stable food in the world, especially in Iran (Shahrajabian et al., 2013; Shahrajabian et al., 2017a,b). It plays a special role in nutrition of people (Riaziat et al., 2012; Shahrajabian et al., 2017c; Soleymani and Shahrajabian, 2017). Small amounts of Cu, Zn, B, Fe, Mo and Mn are essential for growth and quality of the crop as they control most of the physiological activities of the crop by interrupting the level of chlorophyll content in leaves, which ultimately influence the photosynthetic activity of the plant (Kanwar and Randhawa, 1967; Graham et al., 2001). Manganese (Mn) is an important micronutrient in most organisms. In plants, it plays a vital role in the structure of photosynthetic, proteins and enzymes. Its deficit is dangerous for chloroplasts as it affects the water splitting system of photosystem II (PSII), which provides the necessary electrons for photosynthesis (Buchanan et al., 2000). But, its excess may also lead to damage the photosynthetic apparatus (Mukhopadhyay and Sharma, 1991). Micronutrient elements are needed relatively small quantities for adequate plant growth and plant production (El-Shazly and Dris, 2004). El-Shazly and Dris (2004) reported that Mn foliar application gives the best result to obtain suitable yield. Sainju et al. (2003) found that the deficiency of tomato can be reduced by spraying MnSO4 at 6 kg ha-1 several times during tomato growth. Application of manganese sulfate positively affects thousand seed weight of sunflower (Farzanian et al., 2010). Setia and Sharma (2004) conclude that the use of fertilizer is a good agronomical strategy for achieving the object of enhanced productivity. Mn has two roles in the plant metabolic processes: as an essential micronutrient and as a toxic element when it is in excess (Kochian et al., 2004; Ducic and Polle, 2005). In this research, our goal was to determine the effects of application of manganese sulfate on yield and quality parameters of wheat in semiarid part of Isfahan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An experiment was designed in order to survey the effects of manganese sulfate on yield and quality parameters of wheat cultivars in Mahmoodabad Experimental Field in Isfahan in 2017 (Latitude 32°40' N,
longitude 51o48' E, and 1570 m elevation). A split plot layout with a randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Main plots were manganese sulfate (contains 28% pure manganese) (20, 40 and 60 kg/ha), and sub-plots were winter wheat cultivars (Pishtaz, Shiraz and Marvdasth). One week before sowing, soil sample was taken at 0 to 30 cm. The soil texture was clay loam (Table 1). Long term average precipitation was 150 mm. Seed plantation was done on Nov 1th in 2017. On the basis of soil analysis, 80 kg per ha, potassium sulfate, 60 kg per ha ammonium phosphate, 40 kg per ha Zn sulfate, 40 kg per ha Fe sulfate and 20 kg per ha Cu sulfate before seed plantation was used. Each experimental plot had 10 rows with 6 m length. The plant density was 400 plants per m2. 120 kg N per has from urea source at tiller stage and 120 kg N per ha at stem elongation was used. The protein content was calculated after the determination of the total nitrogen according to the Kjeldahl method. Mn content was determined according to Carter (1993). Analysis of variance of the data was carried out using MSTAT-C software. Duncan s test was applied to compare means of each trait at p<0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The influence of manganese sulfate was significant on the number fertile spikes, the number of grains per spike, a thousand grain weight, grain yield, grain protein and manganese content of grain. Cultivar had significant influence on the number of fertile spike, the number of grain weight, grain yield and grain protein. The number of fertile spikes and number of grains per spike were significantly increased from application of 20 to 60 kg N/ ha. There was no significant difference between three treatments of manganese sulfate application. The highest grain yield and grain protein were obtained in application 60 kg manganese sulfate per ha. The direct effects of grain yield with the number of fertile spikes were positive, indicating that increasing number of fertile spikes directly associated with increase in number of spikes. Manganese content of grains also significantly increased by application of manganese sulfate fertilizer (Table 2).Temiz et al. (2009) noted that crop production can be improved through improving nutritional status of crop plants. Marvdasht had obtained the highest number
Shahrajabian et al.
78
of fertile spikes. Marvdasht cultivars obtained the maximum number of grains per spike, and there were significant differences between all experimental cutlviars. It may therefore be concluded that number of grains per spike is a reliable measure of higher yield and can be used as a criteria for selecting the appropriate cultivar (Mohsin et al., 2009). The maximum and Table 1- Soil analysis of experimental station at 0-30 cm.
minimum of a thousand grain weight was related to Pishtaz and Marvdasht cultivars, respectively. There was no significant difference between cultivars in harvest index. The highest grain yield and grain protein was related to Marvdasht and Shirza, respectively, and there were no meaningful differences in manganese content of grain between all cultivars.
S K P N OC TNV PH EC SP Soil
(%) a.v.a (mg/kg) a.v.a (mg/kg) (%) (%) (%) (ds/m-1) texture
47 397 40.2 0.09 0.89 38 7.65 1.0 55 Clay
loam
Table 2 Mean comparison of experimental characteristics.
Treatment Number Number of A Harvest Grain Grain Manganese
of fertile grains per Thousand index (%) yield protein content of grain
spikes spike grain (kg/ha) (%) (ppm)
per m2 weight (g)
Manganese
sulfate
(kg/ha)
20 560.3c 38.67c 38.8c 45.66a 8150c 9.78c 56.33a
40 579.3b 39.92b 39.8b 45.86a 8799b 11.54b 63.92a
60 609.8a 41.58a 41a 46.16a 9604a 12.91a 76.92a
Cultivar
Pishtaz 588.83b 36.3c 42.5a 47.22a 9039b 11.45b 60.92a
Shiraz 553.42a 39.5b 40.17b 46.54a 8316c 11.95a 65.42a
Marvdasth 609.55c 44.4a 37c 46.99a 9791a 11.12c 65.72a
Common letters within each column do not differ significantly.
CONCLUSION
The nutritional values of wheat is extremely important, as it takes an important place among crop species, being extensively grown as stable food sources. The results of this trial clearly shown that application of manganese sulfate fertilizer resulted high values of a thousand grain weight, harvest index, grain yield, grain protein and manganese content of grain. Besides, it is clear that selecting appropriate wheat cultivar gave best result in achieving appropriate grain yield and grain protein. It is recommended to use Marvdasht cultivar and application of 60 kg mn sulfate per had for semi-arid region of experimental station.
REFERENCES
Buchanan, B., Grusen, W. and Jones, R. (2000). Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants.
American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, pp: 1367.
Carter, M.R. (ed.). (1993). Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science, Lewis Publishers, London, Tokyo.
Ducic, T. and Polle, A. (20050. Transport and detoxification of manganese and copper in plants. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 17: 103-112.
El-Shazly, S.M. and Dris, R. (2004). Response of Anna apple trees to foliar sprays of chelated iron, manganese and zinc. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 2(3-4): 126-130.
Graham, R.D., Welch, R.M. and Bouis, N.E. (2001). Addressing micronutrient malnutrition through enhancing the nutritional quality of staple foods: Principles, perspectives and knowledge gaps. Adv. Agron. 70: 77-142.
Farzanian, M., Yarnia, M., Javanshir, A. and Tarinejhad, A.R. (2010). Effects of microelement application methods on seed yield components in Alestar sunflower hybrid. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 8(3-4): 305-308.
Kanwar, J.S. and Randhawa, N.S. (1967). Micronutrients research in soil and plants in India. Review Indian Counsil of Agric. Res. New Delhi.
Kochian, K., Hoekenga, O. and Pineros, M. (2004). How do crops plants tolerate acid soil? Mechanisms of aluminum tolerance and phosphorus efficiency. Annu. Rev. Plant Biology. 55: 459-493.
Mohsin, T., Khan, M. and Nasir Naqvi, F. (2009). Heritability, phenotypic correlation and path coefficient studies for some agronomic characters in synthetic elite lines of wheat. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7(3-4): 278-282.
Mukhopadhyay, M. and Sharma, A. (1991). Manganese in cell metabolism of higher plants. Bot. Rev. 57: 117-149.
Riaziat, A., Soleymani, A. and Shahrajabian, M.H. (2012). Changes in seed yield and biological yield of six wheat cultivars on the basis of different sowing dates. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 10(1): 467-469.
Saniju, U.M., Dris, R. and Singh, B. (2003). Mineral nutrition of tomato. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 1(2): 176-183.
Setia, R.K. and Sharma, K.N. (2004). Effect of continuous cropping and long-term differential fertilization on profile stratification of DTPA-extractable micronutrients. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 2(1): 260-265.
Shahrajabian, M.H., Xue, X., Soleymani, Ogbaji, P.O. and Hu, Y. (2013). Evaluation of physiological
indices of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments using weighing lysimeter. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2(24): 1192-1197.
Shahrajabian, M.H., Soleymani, A., Ogbaji, P.O. and Xue, X. (2017a). Impact of different irrigation managements on soil water consumption, grain yield, seed protein, phosphorus and potassium of winter wheat. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 3(171): 5-13.
Shahrajabian, M.H., Soleymani, A., Ogbaji, P.O. and Xue, X. (2017b). Survey on qualitative and quantitative traits of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments using weighing lysimeter in North China plain. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 15(4): 1-11.
Shahrajabian, M.H., Soleymani, A., Ogbaji, P.O. and Xue, X. (2017c). Evaluation of crop coefficient, cumulative and dynamic evapo-transpiration of winter wheat under deficit irrigation treatments in weighing lysimeter in Beijing, China. Applied Science and Innovative Research. 1(1): 38-62.
Soleymani, A. and Shahrajabian, M.H. (2017). Assessment of ET-HS model for estimating crop water demand and its effects on yield and yield components of barley and wheat in semi-arid region of Iran. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 4(172): 37-49.
Temiz, M., Kenan Koca, Y., Aydin, F. and Karahan, E. (2009). Effect of foliar potassium and micronutrients additions on yield and fiber quality of cotton (Gossypoium hirsutum L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7(1): 118-122.
