51Original Scientific Paper UDC: 338.487:658.626
doi: 10.5937/menhottur2001025F
The impact of consumers' traveling and media activities on consumer behaviour towards purchasing global brands
Jovana Filipovic1*, Srdan Sapic1
1 University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Economics, Kragujevac, Serbia
Abstract: The main objective of this research is an analysis of the impact that consumer travel and the presence of global brands in the media have on the attitudes and intentions which consumers have regarding the purchase ofthese brands. In order to analyse previously mentioned relationships between the variables, an empirical study was conducted as well as statistical analysis ofthe obtained data. Testing of hypotheses and relationships between variables was performed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The research results indicate that consumer travel and media activities of global companies have a positive and statistically significant impact on attitudes which consumers have regarding the purchase of global brands, and that attitudes have a very strong and positive impact on consumers' intentions regarding future purchases of global brands. In addition, it has been found that female consumers, younger and middle-aged consumers, as well as consumers with higher levels of education are more prone to form intentions regarding the purchase of global brands. The study contributes to the existing scientific literature in the field of international marketing and brand management, since there are a certain number of papers in the field of global branding in the foreign scientific literature, while in the domestic scientific literature the mentioned area is relatively unexplored.
Keywords: global brand, consumer travel, media activities, attitudes and behavioural intentions
JEL classification: M31
Uticaj putovanja potrosaca i medijskih aktivnosti kompanija na ponasanje potrosaca prema kupovini globalnih brendova
Sazetak: Predmet ovog radajeste analiza faktora koji ostvaruju uticaj na stavove i namere potrosaca prema globalnim brendovima. Shodno tome, osnovni cilj ovog istrazivanja jeste analiza uticaja putovanja potrosaca, kao i prisustva brendova u medijskim aktivnostima, na stavove i namere potrosaca u pogledu kupovine globalnih brendova. Radi analize prethodno spomenutih veza izmedu posmatranih varijabli, sprovedeno je empirijsko istrazivanje, kao i statisticka obrada dobijenih podataka. Testiranje hipoteza i utvrdivanje veza izmedu varijabli izvrseno je putem modela strukturalnih jednacina (SEM). Rezultati istrazivanja ukazuju da faktori putovanja potrosaca i medijske aktivnosti globalnih kompanija imaju pozitivan i
* jovanagolo@kg.ac.rs
** The article was presented in the previous version at a scientific conference of the Serbian Marketing Association in the form of an oral announcement (under the same title).
statisticki znacajan uticaj na stavove koje potrosaci imaju u pogledu kupovine globalnih brendova, kao i da stavovi imaju veoma jak i pozitivan uticaj na namere koje potrosaci imaju u pogledu buduce kupovine globalnih brendova. Pored toga, utvrdeno je da su potrosaci zenskog pola, potrosaci mlade i srednje starosne grupe, kao i potrosaci sa visim nivoom obrazovanja skloniji formiranju namera u vezi sa kupovinom globalnih brendova. Istrazivanje predstavlja doprinos postojecoj naucnoj literaturi iz oblasti marketinga i brend menadzmenta, s obzirom da u stranoj naucnoj literaturi postoji odredeni broj radova iz oblasti globalnog brendiranja, dokje u domacoj naucnoj literaturi navedena oblast relativno neistrazena.
Kljucne reci: globalni brend, putovanja potrosaca, medijske aktivnosti kompanija, stavovi i namere potrosaca JEL klasifikacija: M31
1. Introduction
Globalization is result of factors including "worldwide investment, production and marketing, advances in telecommunication technologies and the internet, increases in world travel and the growth of global media" (Alden et al., 2006, p. 227; Holt et al., 2004). Some authors (e.g., Hannerz, 1990; Levitt, 1983) have claimed that "these trends cause the formation of a global consumer culture" (Alden et al., 1999, p. 76). This culture is described as "interest in global products and brands and by global consumer segments with similar interests in products and consumption activities that associate similar meanings with certain places, people, and things" (Nijssen & Douglas, 2011, p. 114). In accordance with that, in the marketing literature since the 80's onwards, there is an emphasized homogenization at the global level of consumers' needs, desires and tastes (Levitt, 1983). Consequently, multinational and global companies are increasingly offering standardized, global products and services (Keillor et al., 2001). Global companies develop global brands, which, "fro m supply side, can create economies of scale and scope in research and development, manufacturing, sourcing, and marketing for these companies, and from demand side, global brands, with their consistent positioning, may benefit from a unique perceived image worldwide" (Ozsomer & Altaras, 2008, p. 1).
Global brands can be defined as the "brands that consumers can find under the same name in multiple countries with generally standardized and centrally coordinated marketing strategies" (Ozsomer, 2012, p. 72; Schuiling & Kapferer, 2004; Steenkamp et al., 2003). Similarly, global brands are defined as "those t hat have widespread regional/global awareness, availability, acceptance, and demand and are often found under the same name with consistent positioning, personality, look, and feel in major markets enabled by centrally coordinated marketing strategies and programs" (Ozsomer & Altaras, 2008, p. 1). Also, global brands are defined as "brands that use the same marketing strategy and mix in all target markets" (Levitt, 1983; Schuiling & Kapferer, 2004; Yip & Hult, 2012). "While most researchers agree that wide availability and recognition are the key features of global brands, universal relevance, global image, standardization, esteem, high quality, and social responsibility are important as well" (Ozsomer, 2012, p. 72).
Based on the relevant literature in the field of international marketing, we determined a research framework which includes the factors that influence consumers' attitudes and intentions towards purchasing global brands, and which are not frequently analysed. The purpose and aim ofthe conducted research is to analyse the impact that consumers' traveling and brand presence in media activities make on attitudes which consumers have regarding global brands, but also to analyse the impact that attitudes make on consumers' purchase
intentions. Having in mind the very pronounced influence and presence of multinational and global companies in the modern business surroundings, it is very important to explore the reasons why consumers buy these companies' brands.
2. Theoretical framework 2.1. Consumers' traveling
When people travel outside their home country and have contact with foreign cultures, they gain knowledge of other cultures and their values. Such experiences influence people by reducing ignorance, misunderstanding and mistrust on a global level and foster social integration (Appadurai, 1990). From the marketing point of view, exposure to foreign cultures through migration and travel leads to greater openness and willingness of consumers to try new and foreign products, which they cannot find in their domestic market. Different types of travel and migration globally, influence the creation of positive attitudes and reactions which consumers have towards foreign products and services, when compared to domestic alternatives (Beckmann et al., 2001; Nijssen & Douglas, 2011).
"Due to reducing barriers on a global level, the advancement oftechnology and easier access to fast and cheap means of transportation, mass migration of people has become a hallmark of today's world, resulting in direct and indirect contacts between members of different cultures" (Cleveland & Laroche, 2007, p. 252). This is happening not only because of business trips and tourism trips but also because of the increasing number of people who are moving abroad for their jobs, people visiting family members and friends in foreign countries and international movement of students (Wilk, 1998). Appadurai (1996) categorizes all "mass migrations into three types of cross -cultural interactions: 1) all types of traveling to foreign countries, 2) social contact with friends, family, and other people who have been abroad for some time, and 3) social contact with foreigners" (p. 147). He points out, in fact, that through all these types of migration, and most of all through travel, it is possible to spread the so-called global culture and to increase its distribution.
Numerous studies have shown that consumers who have more experience with foreign cultures, through various forms of international travel, also have a more positive attitude towards global alternatives regarding products and services (Alden et al., 2006; Cleveland et al., 2011; Nijssen & Douglas, 2008; Nijssen & Douglas, 2011; Wilk, 1998). Implications of these findings can be of great importance from the perspective of tourism sector, given the increasing migration, travel and the reduction ofbarriers between countries, on a global level (Pavlek, 2000). Thus, companies from the tourism sector, who invest in their brand and have a recognisable and widespread multinational and global presence and awareness, can have important benefits from the segment of consumers who travel frequently. Bearing in mind that frequent travellers are generally cosmopolitan-oriented and appreciate world-famous and omnipresent brands, it can be assumed that they will want to use the services of world -renowned restaurants, hotels, transport companies, etc. (Sapic et al., 2019). These consumers often choose recognizable international and global brands (such as McDonalds, Starbucks, or franchise hotels), due to their standardized service offerings and quality, wide spread presence in many countries and consumers' familiarity with them. Keeping in mind all given theoretical assumptions, results ofprevious studies, and that attitudes refer to the "positive or negative feelings which a person has regarding object behaviour" (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975, p. 216), but also an enduring, general assessment ofpeople, objects, advertisements or social issues (Baron & Byrne, 1987), we defined the first general hypothesis:
H1: Consumers' travels have a positive and statistically significant impact on consumers' attitudes towards purchasing global brands.
2.2. Media activities of global companies
"Exposure to the global mass media and marketing activities of multinational and global companies is one of the main factors which have a positive influence on consumers' attitudes towards the global consumer culture, whose main carriers are precisely global brands" (Cleveland et al., 2016, p. 1092). "Access to television and other forms of mass media around the world has helped to create a global culture of consumption. European, Asian, and especially American television shows and films are getting increasingly available worldwide" (Cleveland & Laroche, 2007, p. 252). "If consumers largely choose the mass media (films, television and magazine content) from foreign countries, they are likely to be exposed to multicultural experiences and, with increasing knowledge, they should develop a more positive attitude towards consumption alternatives which are outside their home environment" (Alden et al., 2006, p. 231).
In addition to this, Walker (1996) "concluded that the access to television worldwide has led to the creation ofa global consumer culture, which he calls a global shopping mall" (p. 42). Similarly, Appadurai (1990) and Alden et al. (1999, p. 75) have argued "that mass media content, primarily of American descent, plays an important role in the creation, learning, and sharing of consumers' symbols (including, for example, product categories, brands, and consumers' activities)". For those living in a relatively homogeneous environment, the omnipresent global media provides an opportunity for imagining contact with outside cultural groups. The marketing and media activities which multinational and global companies implement collectively bear a great responsibility for spreading the global consumer culture (Peñaloza & Glly, 1999).
Given that many contemporary brands are more concerned with the transfer of meaning and less with product features, media activities are of great importance for the international and global success of these brands, by influencing the attitudes and intentions of consumers. This is of particular importance to the services sector, such as the tourism sector, in which the intangible elements of the brand and service offering are emphasized (Anholt, 1999). Multinational and global companies in tourism sector (such as hotel and restaurant chains) usually have brands that are well known in the international or global level, which consumers can find in many markets, as well as standardized marketing mix. Therefore, many hotels, restaurants and transport companies, especially international and global ones, use media campaigns as a means of influencing the attitudes and intentions of their consumers in different markets on a global level. Furthermore, in today's competitive environment, global companies in tourism sector use different media activities, such as social networks and online distribution channels to improve their business performance, through their influence on consumers' attitudes and intentions (Vrkljan & Bognar, 2017). Based on the all previous statements and results of previous studies, hypothesis H2 can be defined:
H2: Brand presence in the media has a positive and statistically significant impact on consumers' attitudes towards purchasing global brands.
2.3. Attitudes and intentions towards global brands
Attitudes refer to the "positive or negative feelings (affective judgment) which a person has regarding object behaviour" (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975, p. 216). Therefore, the consumer will probably engage in some form ofbehaviour ifhe or she evaluates it positively. Attitudes are formed based on cognitive factors, such as needs, expectations and values. As a
consequence, attitudes influence the intensity of individuals' intentions (Atkinson, 1964). A similar opinion is shared by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), who "argue that intentions are strongly influenced by the attitudes of individuals, with response and action as the ultimate results of this". Behavioural intentions are defined as "the strength of an individual's intention to commit a particular type of behaviour" (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975, p. 288). In addition, intentions influence actual behaviour of consumers, which indicates that its more probable that certain behaviour will be performed, if intentions regarding this behaviour are strong.
While designing the research and conceptual model, we incorporated certain elements ofThe Theory of Reasoned Action - TRA (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour - TPB (Ajzen, 1991), which imply that "consumers' attitudes and assessments determine their behavioural intentions, and those intentions determine actual consumer behaviour". A similar approach has been used in numerous earlier studies (Zeugner-Roth et al., 2015). In line with the theoretical claims stated above, the third hypothesis of this research can be defined.
H3: Consumers' attitudes have a positive and statistically significant impact on consumers' intentions towards purchasing global brands.
3. Research methodology
Empirical survey was conducted with the purpose of testing previously established hypotheses. In the survey, the total number of 185 questionnaires was collected. The sample structure is such that the biggest percentage ofrespondents are women (52%), and members of the younger and middle generations, with high-school education (62.8%). The survey was conducted during May and June 2019 on the territory of the city of Kragujevac. The data were obtained by distributing the questionnaire personally, whereby the statements in the questionnaire were rated on a seven-point Likert scale (where 1 means - strongly disagree, 7-strongly agree) by the respondents.
The variables used were measured through statements that were taken from relevant scientific studies and adapted for the purposes ofthis research. The statements regarding the travel variable were taken from a study conducted by Cleveland and Laroche (2007). The statements regarding the variable brand presence in media activities were also taken from a study by Cleveland and Laroche (2007). Statements related to the variable of consumers' attitudes towards global brands have been taken and adapted from the studies by Sharma (2011), followed by Yoo and Donthu (2005), as well as Nijssen and Douglas (2004). The statements regarding the variable related to consumers' intentions were taken from the studies conducted by Sharma (2011) and Yoo and Donthu (2005).
Statistical processing and analysis ofdata were performed by using SPSS software package (21.0) and AMOS software (23.0). The confirmatory factor analysis was used for the measurement of the model validity, with adequate indexes. After this, the analysis of the impact of variables from the model on consumers' attitudes, and also the influence of attitudes on consumers' intentions concerning the purchase of global brands, was performed using the structural equation modelling (SEM). In this way, we performed the testing of the hypothesis. At the end ofthe analysis, the influence of control variables on the dependent variables in the research model was examined.
4. Results and discussion
The validity indicators for the research model are shown in Table 1. Having in mind that the value ofthe indicator x2 / df should be less than 3 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988), it can be observed that this condition is met. The IFI, CFI and TLI index values should be above 0.9 (Byrne, 1998), so it can be concluded that the model meets these validity conditions as well. In the end, the recommended value of the RMSEA indicator is lower than 0.08 (Hair et al., 2006), which is also a condition met in the model.
Table 1: The validity indicators for the research model
Indicators Research model
x2/df 1.625
IFI 0.946
TLI 0.933
CFI 0.945
RMSEA 0.072
Source: Author's research
Conducted confirmatory factor analysis, which is presented in Table 2, indicates that the values ofthe average variance extracted (AVE) for all analysed variables are above the 0.50, which is the recommended value in the literature (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). Therefore, the model meets the requirements for convergent validity. Furthermore, all variables in the research model have a higher value than the recommended level of 0.7 with regards to composite reliability (CR) values (Fornell & Larcker, 1981).
Apart from that, the analysis of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient revealed that variables in the model had adequate values, which are higher than the recommended value of 0.7 (Nunnally, 1978). In addition to the above-given results, it should be noted that the largest number of findings has very high values offactor loading (higher than 0.7), while for one statement, the value offactor loading exceeds 0.5, which is considered acceptable (Hair et al., 2006). Based on the values ofthe calculated squared correlations between the observed variables, and also on the values of the AVE for each variable, it is determined that the model meets the requirements for discriminant validity. More specifically, AVE value for every variable is higher than the squared values of the correlations between the given variable and other analysed variables in the model.
Table 2: The results of confirmatory factor analysis
Statements Factor loading Cronbach's a AVE CR
Consumers' traveling 0.737 0.527 0.813
I prefer spending my vacation in a foreign country to spending it in my country. 0.625
I have travelled a lot outside my country. 0.677
Traveling and visiting foreign countries are some of my favourite activities. 0.913
I often think about visiting foreign countries and about traveling in general. 0.651
Media activities of global companies 0.779 0.531 0.815
Global brand ads are everywhere and they are very common. 0.698
It is very common to see commercials for global brands in domestic media. 0.895
There are a lot of ads for global brands in the newspapers and magazines I read. 0.723
When I watch TV, it seems like there are many more commercials for global brands than for domestic ones. 0.561
Attitudes towards purchasing global brands 0.911 0.701 0.903
Purchasing global brands is a good idea. 0.835
Purchasing global brands is an attractive idea. 0.752
Purchasing global brands is a wise idea. 0.904
In my opinion, it is preferable to purchase global brands. 0.851
Intentions regarding the purchase of global brands 0.946 0.795 0.951
I intend to purchase global brands in the near future. 0.912
I am going to purchase global brands in the future. 0.927
In the future, I intend to purchase global brands for most of my needs. 0.913
I believe that my interest in purchasing global brands will increase in the future. 0.851
I will strongly recommend purchasing global brands to other people. 0.851
Source: Author's research
The SEM was applied to analyse the relationships in the established model. Based on the results presented in Table 3, it can be observed that all three hypotheses were accepted. Consumers' traveling has a statistically significant and positive impact on attitudes which consumers have towards purchasing global brands (P = 0.421, p <0.001), thus confirming hypothesis H1. Also, the presence ofbrands in the media activities of companies (P = 0.202, p <0.05) has a statistically significant and positive impact on attitudes which consumers have towards purchasing global brands, based on which the hypothesis H2 can be confirmed. It should be noted that consumers' travels have a much stronger impact on consumers' attitudes than the p resence ofbrands in the media activities of global companies. Finally, consumers' attitudes have a very strong and positive influence on their intentions regarding the future purchase of global brands (P = 0.801, p <0.001), thus confirming hypothesis H3.
Table 3: Testing the relationships between variables (SEM)
Hypothesis Assessment Conclusion
H1: Consumers' Traveling ^ Consumers' Attitudes towards buying Global Brands 0.421*** Accepted
H2: Brand Presence in Media Activities ^ Consumers' Attitudes towards Buying Global Brands 0.202** Accepted
H3: Consumers' Attitudes towards Buying Global Brands ^ Intentions towards Buying Global Brands 0.801*** Accepted
Control variables
Gender ^ Consumers' attitudes 0.106ns Gender ^ Consumers' intentions 0.109**
Age ^ Consumers' attitudes 0.024ns Age ^ Consumers' intentions 0.124***
Education ^ Consumers' attitudes -0.031ns Education ^ Consumers' intentions 0.135***
Employment status ^ Consumers' attitudes 0.052ns Employment status ^ Consumers' intentions 0.081ns
Note: *** - significant for p<0.001; ** - significant for p<0.05; ns- not significant Source: Author's research
The obtained results indicate that gender, age and education, as control variables, have a positive influence on intentions which consumers have towards the purchase of global brands. Specifically, it has been found that female members, younger and middle-aged consumers, as well as consumers with higher levels of education (college education) have higher tendency to form intentions regarding the purchase of global brands. The control variables mentioned above do not have a statistically significant influence on attitudes which consumers have towards purchasing global brands.
5. Conclusion
The purpose of conducted empirical study was the analysis of the variables which have an impact on the attitudes and intentions of consumers towards global brands. More specifically, factors which are analysed in this study are consumers' traveling and media activities of global companies. Empirical research has shown that consumers' traveling and media activities of global companies have a statistically significant and positive impact on attitudes which consumers have towards purchasing global brands. Similar results have been obtained in previous studies (Alden et al., 2006; Cleveland & Laroche, 2007; Cleveland et al., 2016; Nijssen & Douglas, 2008; Nijssen & Douglas, 2011). In addition to that, consumers' attitudes have a very strong impact on their intentions for the future purchase of global brands, which justifies the use ofthe Theory ofplanned behaviour and the Theory of reasoned action as the theoretical basis for the research model. These results indicate that all three research hypotheses are confirmed. In addition to the previously mentioned results, the research concerning the influence of control variables revealed that female members, consumers ofthe younger and middle-aged groups, as well as consumers with higher levels of education have a higher tendency offorming intentions regarding the purchase of global brands .
The conducted research contributes to the scientific literature in the field of marketing and international brand management. Even though there are some papers in the field of global branding in the foreign scientific literature, in the domestic scientific literature the aforementioned area is relatively unexplored. Additionally, the results that we obtained can be very important for the management ofmarketing activities of domestic and international companies, especially when it comes to understanding the importance ofthe analysed factors for consumers' decision making regarding the purchase of global brands.
Such knowledge can be ofparticular importance to the tourism sector, because factors like media activities encourage the use of well-known and established hotels and restaurants brands, which are usually owned by global companies and operate on foreign markets through franchises (such as Hilton, Radisson, Starbucks, McDonald's, etc.). In fact, many hotels, restaurants and transport companies, especially international and global ones, use
media campaigns as a means ofinfluencing the attitudes and intentions oftheir consumers in different markets globally. Furthermore, consumers who enjoy traveling tend to be more familiar with such global, ubiquitous hotel and restaurant brands, which can lead to their use of the services ofthese brands. These consumers often choose recognizable international and global brands (such as McDonald's, etc), due to their standardized service offerings and quality, widespread presence in many countries and consumers' familiarity with them. This implies that this segment of consumers is especially important for these types of companies and brands. Therefore, insights from this research can contribute to the creation of communication and customer relationship management strategies, as well as the market segmentation of companies.
Apart from this, the conducted research has some limitations. The basic limitation of the study is that other variables which may influence consumers' attitudes towards global brands, such as brand prestige, materialism, consumers' animosity, are not included in the research model. Future research may include analysing the influence of additional variables, such as brand prestige, quality, animosity, ethnocentrism, and other variables on consumers' attitudes and intentions regarding the purchase of global brands.
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Received: 14 February 2020; Sent for revision: 19 March 2020; Accepted: 9 April 2020
