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127
УДК 81-26
ИСТОРИЯ ПЕРЕВОДА THE HISTORY OF INTERPRETING
Голушко А.В.
Южно-Российский институт управления - филиал Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы
Golushko A.V.
South-Russia Institute of Management - branch of Russian Presidential
Academy of
National Economy and Public Administration
Аннотация: В данной статье подробно рассмотрены факторы становления и развития профессии переводчика. Рассмотрены предпосылки появления переводчиков и причины , по которым эта профессия стала необходимой. В статье говорится о возникновении таких видов перевода как синхронный и последовательный.
Ключевые слова: Перевод, история перевода, синхронный перевод, последовательный перевод, рабочие языки.
Annotation: In this article factors of becoming and developing job «interpreter» are considered. Emergence preconditions of interpreting and reasons why this job became so much important are reviewed. In the article we talk about uprise of such types of interpreting like simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpretation
Key words: Interpreting, history of interpreting, simultaneous interpreting ,consecutive interpretation.
Interpreting has been in existence ever since man has used the spoken word. It has therefore always played a vital role in the relationships between people of different origins since the beginning of mankind. However, there is a lack of hard evidence pinpointing the time of the creation of interpreting due to the fact that interpreting, unlike written translations, leaves behind no written proof. The first written proof of interpreting dates back to 3000 BC, at which time the Ancient Egyptians had a hieroglyphic signifying "interpreter".
The next widely known use of interpreting occurred in Ancient Greece and Rome. For both the Ancient Greeks and Romans, learning the language of the people that they conquered was considered very undignified. Therefore, slaves, prisoners and ethnic hybrids were forced to learn multiple languages and interpret for the nobility. Furthermore, during this era and up until the 17th century, Latin was the lingua franca, or the language of diplomacy, in Europe, and therefore all nations had to have some citizens who spoke Latin in order to carry on diplomatic relations.
Throughout the centuries, interpreting became more and more widely spread due to a number of factors. One such factor is religion. The people of many different religions throughout history have journeyed into international territories in order to share and teach their beliefs. For example, in the 7th and 8th centuries AD, many Arabs were in West Africa in order to trade. Along with commerce, however, the Arabs introduced Islam to the Africans, and Arabic, the language of the Koran, became ever more important. Interpreters assisted in spreading the word of the Koran to the local villages. Another religion that has always yearned to expand its borders is Christianity. In 1253, William of Rubruck was sent by Louis IX on an expedition into Asia accompanied by interpreters. [1]This was one of the very first large-scale pure mission trips; William's sole purpose was to spread the word of God.
Another factor that played a large role in the advancement of interpreting was the Age of Exploration. With so many expeditions to explore new lands,
people were bound to come across others who spoke a different language. One of the most famous interpreters in history came out of the Age of Exploration, specifically the early 16th century. This interpreter was of Mexican descent, and served Cortés on his crusades. Her name was Doña Marina, also known as "la Malinche." La Malinche serves as good example of the feelings held toward interpreters in the Age of Exploration. Because the interpreters that helped the conquerors were often of native descent, their own people often felt that they were traitors, regardless of the circumstance and whether or not they were interpreting voluntarily. On the other hand, however, these people served as a connection between the native population and the explorers. The explorers therefore treasured these go-betweens. Furthermore, interpreters enabled many pacts and treaties to occur that otherwise would not have been possible; they have played a large role in the formation of the world that we know today.[1]
The profession of conference interpreter developed at the United Nations in parallel with the organization's language policies, and the introduction of new technologies. These allowed for new modes of interpretation. Consecutive interpretation was the first mode of interpretation widely used at international meetings. By the end of the First World War, when the League of Nations was established, English had achieved parity with French as a diplomatic language. In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter takes notes on the speech being delivered and - only after the speaker has completed the speech - the interpreter renders the speech into another language. This is called consecutive interpretation because the interpreter waits for the speaker to finish, and then proceeds. [2]
The next main advances in interpreting came more recently, in the 20th century. In particular, at the International Labour Conference in Geneva, Switzerland in 1927, simultaneous interpreting was used for the very first time.
The First World War, however, negotiators requested the possibility to also use other languages and ended up employing the services of consecutive
interpreters. The time between the two World Wars saw the speedy evolvement of a considerable number of large international institutions including the League of Nations and the International Labour Organisation ILO. This naturally translated into a larger number of high-level international meetings thus multiplying the need for interpreters and their services. At first consecutive interpreting was chosen, i.e. interpreters made notes in a specifically developed type of shorthand while the speaker was still going on and rendered the statements in the target language from a rostrum after the speaker had finished. Needless to say that in doing so they took almost as long, which extended meetings unbearably and ridded them of all spontaneity. Soon efforts were made to develop a new interpreting method that would be less time-consuming and more advantageous for everyone involved - simultaneous interpreting. Simultaneous interpreting was developed almost at the same time both in the US and in the Soviet Union providing a direct connection between speakers and interpreters who in turn render the translation simultaneously for the audience. in 1934 The interpreters were sitting right next to the accused working in three teams of 12 each according to a strict schedule: while Team A would do a 45 minute stint, Team B was listening in in the room next door. After a break roles were reversed. Team C meanwhile had half a day off. Simultaneous interpreting not only made it possible to considerably cut the time required in the process, but also greatly improved the quality and exactness of the information delivered. That was the beginning of the triumph of simultaneous interpreting over consecutive which it has almost completely replaced. By now consecutive interpreting is limited to very special occasions only, such as dinner speeches or special events where no interpreting systems are available or can be installed.[5]
In the first "Rules of procedure concerning languages"2, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish were named as official UN languages, but only English and French were to be working languages. Speeches could be delivered
in any of the five official languages, but were only interpreted in consecutive into English and French. This was time-consuming, as any speech given on the floor had to be interpreted consecutively into French or English or both, according to the language spoken, taking longer to interpret than the original.[4]
The European Union offers simultaneous interpreting in all of its 23 official languages, which translates to a couple of hundred possible language combinations and makes conference planning a highly tricky affair, often to be managed only by computers. As for interpreting itself, efficient though they may be, computers can never really understand language in all its nuances and subtle variations. Languages are the living expressions of cultures, of social settings, traditions and the history of the peoples who speak them, a reflection of the characters and moods of the speakers, their social backgrounds, and their intentions. [3]
Список литературы:
1. Sharon Stephens/ «A Brief History of Language Interpretation»/ « The interpreter diaries» 2012.
2. Dorte andres/ History of interpreting /Wiley online library / November
2012.
3. Андреева Л.Г. Воспитательный потенциал кафедры общегуманитарных дисциплин и иностранных языков в формировании социальной компетентности студентов // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2009. № 3. С. 78-85
4. Казарян А.Н. Специфика Языковой Политики В Национальных Регионах Российской Федерации: Проблемы И Противоречия // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2013. № 4. С. 177-182
5. Казарян А.Н. Положение русского языка на постсоветском пространстве в контексте оптимизации государственной языковой
политики России // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2013. № 2. С. 168-173
