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78ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
THE EFFORTS OF IMAM JAAFAR AL- SADIQ IN THE SPREAD OF SCIENTIFIC CULTURE IN THE ABBASID ERA Nada Moussa Abbas
Nada Moussa Abbas - Candidate of Historical Sciences, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FOR HUMANITIES DIYALA UNIVERSITY, DIYALA, IRAQ
Abstract: who can deny the role and impact of the bright thought of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him), his exceptional mentality, talent and distinguished scientific instinct of God, in the establishment of scientific school that expanded in the Abbasid era and extended its impact throughout historical periods till now. The establishment of an intellectual renaissance conscious of the importance of science and an active movement in support of continuous renewal based on a dialectical approach inspired by the Koran and the sciences of the people of the house (peace be upon them) inherited Imam from Imam. Hence Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) the minds and minds of his students in all science and human wisdom.
The genius of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) represented to the world and the generations to follow an approach civilized pioneer in the face of those in doubt of doctrine, from the door that came out of it from faith in God and the Hereafter, it has these the existence of true science tempt action, which does not need to guide nor the bearing doubt it to get the certainty which promised Greek philosophers. But Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) was contrary to those Greek philosophers, as he encouraged his students and all Muslims on scientific research, according to the Quranic approach Qur'an, which stimulates the mind of man to contemplation and reflection in the realities of the universe and life.
Thus close Imam Sadiq peace be upon him all the ways, to the intellectual and ideological deviation, which threatened the Islamic nation, seriously in the post specifically for the second century AH.
Imam Sadiq has been characterized style in the income of his arguments and facts supplied by a calm and sober, betrays a high and original creation, approach sublime above all intolerance or a psychological barrier; came his views in a very objective; there is no misrepresentations and Not insulting and not beyond reason.
Imam AL-Sadiq (peace be upon him) established his school, especially in the Abbasid era, science and virtuous ethics that believe in dialogue, jurisprudence and justice equality, as a basis for building the Islamic edifice and Imam Sadiq [peace be upon him), was able to raise thousands of scholars who are committed to the principle of constructive dialogue for the unity of Muslims and adherents With the pillars of true religion and the heritage and sciences of Ahl al-Bayt.
Introduction:
There is no doubt that the debates, dialogues and responses of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) (80 - 148 AH / 702-765 AD) have a significant impact in the spread of science and awareness of cultural and intellectual, in various fields of diverse and multiple and different sciences, in an era where intellectual conflict and sectarianism and suspicions. Add to it the friction of the Roma and access to their scientific and intellectual heritage and philosophy inherited from Greece, including its views and controversies in many issues of life.
Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him lives with nine of the kings of Bani Umayyad (1) And two of the kings of Bani Abbas (2). The transformed Era was characterized by the
influx of controversial questions and misguided and skeptical views in religion and ignorance of the truth of science.
Imam AL-Sadiq (peace be upon him) has created through his disciples, relatives lovers and admirers of his knowledge, jurisprudence, and piety, a wide base of various doctrines, religions, boredom and bees and from diverse environments, for both carrying thought and opinion of science and knowledge of that era. They are proud of this discipleship by gathering the spirit of e the unionism of valid the religious and the scientific.
We have research focused on two important issues on the basis of the spread of science and to expand their idea when Imam Sadiq (is the first is the literature and debates dialogue when Imam Sadiq (AS), and urged by his disciples and his companions and followers of scientific ethics and Islamic great. The second issue is the rules and foundations of rational, scientific, cognitive and jurisprudential debates when Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him), systematic nature of the systematic and accurate and prolific article.
First: the literature of dialogue and debates
1. Humanity trend and free thought:
This stage Characterized by boards of debates Imam Sadiq refined humanism, and free thought in the discussion of views and ideas, by the mentality of the official teacher who reveals to the people of ideas and opinions are valid and corrupt. It was the freedom to express opinion, the most important features and characteristics of his school and the general nature of it, in the dialogues and debates of Imam Sadiq and one of the reasons for its spread of news. The first step to uncover the facts and the beginning of touching the method of science; the questioner to object and question and criticize and does not impose on him after this opinion and does not demand compliance and intolerance. And long minded and tolerance and patience and how is not:" Free is free at all conditions that his deputies impatient for her, and that the calamities did not break it did not harm his freedom to enslave and conquer and capture and replaced easily difficult, as was the friend Joseph faithful (3).
2. The high scientific ethics
A- Cope with
Known for Imam al- Sadiq known by the advantage of orbits for the most adversaries the atheists heretics offenders with religion thought and opinion, the debates deepened of Imam Sadiq with all those relations from whom it became followers; and some of them were joined by Imam Sadiq their hopes and their pain; they became disciples by his hands as brothers with all his disciples collaborators are constantly on his visit. This is because of the cope with Imam Sadiq based on understanding of the diverse and different nature of human beings was Abu Hanifa Numan (4) He says: "Isn't it that I teach people to teach them different people (5).
The cope with Imam Al-Sadiq of the adversaries, classifying and categorizing them, while meeting his cope with for them, did not prevent him from addressing all of them at the same pace and in one way, that is, equality and justice in dealing with them. Without that harms reality or distort the facts ; the stick on principles has not paid to the defense violently or cruelty, so that his belief and faith go forth from the bias of God Almighty strongly, you pay to the line - up to the right side and is what drives Ptlamivh for to move away from the ignorant fanaticism that is Of the branches of disbelief and adhere to the certainty of truth, which is a branch of faith. In it he said:" the world if aware of a n is not aware if the taunts and not disdains". (6).
B. Affection and respect:
The relations of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) with whom he meant, whoever was based on love, affection and mutual respect, he stands with right with all firmness and strength, did not prevent him from taking into account the calm and beautiful manners with his strongest opponents and enemies; he did not want to insult the opponent or contempt or distortion And do not follow the method of sophistry, hype and fallacy. In that says Malik bin Anas (7) I used to enter the sincere Jaafar bin Mohammed, and he gives me a pillow,
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and he knows me a lot and says: O Malik, I love you, I was so pleased and praised by God" and said: "What I saw my eyes better than Jaafar bin Mohammed as well as science and pious, and was not without One of the three qualities: either fasting or standing and either mentioned, and was one of the greats of the country and the greatest of the ascetics who fear their Lord, and had a lot of good talk Majlis many benefits; if he said: The Messenger of Allah... [it] science former Almkramat, and the door of evil deeds, And the door of good deeds. G was not Yaba nor Spapa nor Skhaba, neither greedy nor deception nor Nmama nor Zmama nor Akula nor calves nor blamed neither Mkthara nor loquacious nor Mhmara (8).
C. Merits of his ethics:
His students reached more than four thousand scientists (9). He was known by urge his disciples to the virtues of morality and adornment; including the famous saying and do not be bed, tell people well, keep your tongues, and stop curiosity and ugly to say." (10) Among other things, the Imam was calling on him to urge him to stay away from injustice, which corresponds to the credibility of his work in science as saying (peace be upon him): "It is not our Shiites who injustice people" (11).
D. The uninterrupted intention for science:
That which attracts to the school of Imam AL-Sadiq is the faithful of stable souls of the truth and science, fresh statement aimed by the facts and the essence of knowledge; he says, Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) to his students: "Seek learning even to go to deeps construction (12). His saying I do not like to see the youth of you, but only two cases: either a scientist or an educator, if he did not do hyper, the overgrowth was lost, and that is sin, and that the sin of the dwelling of fire, which sent Muhammad by right" (13).
E. Humility and Dream:
It has been confirmed by Imam Sadiq upon his students that scientific integrity is nominated and distancing themselves from vanity, as saying:" Kings rulers on people, and the rulers and scholars of kings (10). The Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) said: "Enough with the fear of Allah" (11). It is taken from the words of my mother t believers Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him): "Sufficient from knowing that the fear of God is sufficient from ignorance to admire your knowledge" (1). And saying: "Seek knowledge, and adorn it with dream and dignity" (8).
It is not surprising that the Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) established the school of his grandfather, the Commander of the Faithful Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him), and embodied it well embodiment, has left him an ideal model in-depth freedom of thought and opinion, we recall them when a man raised his voice in his address To him: "O plaintiff what does not know and imitator does not understand I am the questioner answered... And here the owners of the faithful jumped to him ... But he rivered them saying to them: Let him not haste, the recklessness is not done by the arguments of God or by showing the proofs of God, and then turn To the man and said to him: Ask all your tongue and in your sides I answer (10).
F. The remote from the love of the world and the presidency:
Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) was preoccupied with sciences. Ibn al-Jawzi pointed out when he described Imam al-Sadiq by saying: "He was busy on worship away of love of the presidency (5). He believes that love of presidency Alri Lhasa reason to claim science and the cause for the prevalence of ignorance and misguidance as his saying to Abu Hanifa : "What you see in a man who was having a servant Get married, and the marriage of his servant in one night, then traveled and made two women in one house and bora two children. The house fell on them and the two women were killed. Which is owned and which is the heir? Which is inherited, Abu Hanifa also declared his incapacity, saying, "I am the owner of a border sincere the following question: what you see in the blind man 's eye Bursting true, and cut a man 's hand held them how much, Imam Abu Hanifa said: I am a man of the world of the prophets. Then Imam Sadiq asked him: Tell me about God's saying to Moses and Aaron when he sent them to Pharaoh (perhaps he remembers or fears). Perhaps you doubt? He said: Yes. Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq said to him: As well as God's doubt,
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he said: Perhaps?! He said: I do not know, then Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq said: You claim that you are the advise book of God, and not one of his heirs, and claim that you are the owner of measurement, and the first of the devil measured the curse of God and did not build the religion of Islam to measure and claim that you are the opinion of the Messenger, and the opinion of the Messenger of Islam (Peace be upon him and his family) right and without error, because God said: (I judge them, including what I see God) did not say that to others. Allegedly, you are the owner of the limits, and it was revealed to him first of its knowledge from you and claim that you know the world of the prophets and the seal of the prophets know the best of them. If it is not said that the income of the Messenger of Islam (peace be upon him and his family) did not ask him for something I asked you about something. Hatch if you are measured. Here Abu Hanifa told Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq: I do not speak opinion and measurement in the religion of God after this Council. Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq replied: No, the love of the presidency is not leaving you as it did not leave those who were before you'' (2).
G. The commandments of the Imam
One of the most important places that show the characteristics and literature of seeking knowledge when Imam Sadiq are the commandments of his students, including this commandment of one of his disciples Ibn al-Nu'man al-Ahwal nicknamed the believer of energy (2). O Ibn al-Nu'man , you and the the argument, it represses you, and you and the many discounts, it keeps you from God. Those who were before you are learning silence, and you are learning to speak. One of them, if he wanted to worship, was learning silence before. It survives the prolonged silence of obscenity, and patience in the state of falsehood to harm, those truly loyal and loyal elites, the believers. O son of al-Nu'man, if you want to describe to you the affection of your brother, do not slap him And do not tell your friend of your secret only if it was seen by your enemy did not harm you, the friend may be your enemy one day. O al-Nu'man, rhetoric is not the sharpness of the tongue, nor the delirium, but the injury of meaning and the purpose of the argument. O Ibn al-Nu'man, do not seek knowledge for three: to show him or to show off. And do not let him to three: a desire for ignorance and testimony in science, and shyness from the people" (6).
Imam AL-Sadiq sends his general commandments with his companions, and he is obliged to inform the companions by his saying: "I command you to fear Allah Almighty and devout in your religion, diligence to God and sincerity speech performance of honesty, and the length of prostration and good neighborliness, so this came Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family). Lead the Secretariat to those entrusted to it by honest, the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family) was ordering the thread and sew. contact with your families, and take note funeral, and go back their patients, and performed their rights if the man devout in his religion and sincerity of the modern and led the Secretariat, and good moral with people and it was said that Jafari, pleased me that enters the pleasure, this was said literature Jafar, and if otherwise entered Scourge and shame" (4).
Second: Rules and Bases for Dialogues and Debates:
1. Inherited Science:
Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) inherited the science and knowledge of his ancestors as the school of the Prophet Mustafa Mukhtar (peace be upon him). Which was characterized by comprehensiveness of the purposes and the long approach impact. School grandfather , and the school of the Faithful Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) the door of the city and the closet to Prophet may Allah bless him and his family) and the school of his father Imam Mohammad Baqer Science (peace be upon him) who divided the science and demonstrated. Imam Sadiq has pointed out that by saying:" that we do not need with him for people, and that people need for us, and that we have a book dictated by the Messenger of Allah (him and his family the best prayer and delivery (5).
2. Mental talent and religious scientific thought:
ImamAL- Sadiq mental talent and intelligence in the way innovative put forward issues and his way inimitable in responses to inquiries and issues general issues, and the followers of Imam al- Sadiq reason and science, religion and proper approach in Includes the facts of
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science, knowledge and jurisprudence, and can be shown to you through some examples of debates, dialogues and responses.
3. Heavy scientific subject:
Conversation of Imam al- Sadiq un covered the debates, what possessed of scientific and cognitive potential of heavy material, and in that saying:" Science is not by learning, but it is a light located in the heart of those who want to Almighty God to guide him; the wanted science first ask yourself the fact Slavery, I seek knowledge of its use and I ask God to understand you (6). He said: "The pillar of the human mind, and the mind of acumen, understanding, conservation and science; if the support of his mind from the light was a savvy intelligent world understanding. The mind completes and is his guide and vision and the key to his command" (7). And saying: "God created the mind of four things: from science and ability light and the will of the matter, making it a permanent science in the Kingdom (8).
4. Emphasis on the collection of science:
AL-Sadiq Often pointed out the importance of science and knowledge. As saying: "God does not accept a work only by knowledge, and knowledge only by work, who knew his knowledge of the work, and did not know that there is faith in each other (9). This saying is based on the hadith: " Seek knowledge, it is the reason between you and God" (10). In the Hadith God Almighty says to his creatures of Resurrection you're a scientist, the said yes, he said to him: Would not worked as science t but said: I was ignorant, he said to him: do you not learned even work (11).
5. Keeping the science and maintenance it;
As Imam Sadiq) stressed on confirmed restriction of science to preserve the heirs and spread as saying: "Keep your books you will need them (12). And the saying (peace be upon him) to the favorite bin Omar: "Write and spread your knowledge in your brothers, if you die Forth your books, it comes a time of playfulness, what they forget it only by their books" (3). And saying (peace be upon him):" Just write and keep no keep until write down (4). And saying (peace be upon him) to his disciples, to restrict its sciences and Omalih: "has been authorized and sanctioned what Roeth you and your brothers and your brothers to tell me all what Roeth, or classified from other books and novels and ear jazz for those who is going to be born to me males and girls after these times; it has authorized them Also in the novel about me for all what I authorized you in his novel to spread God's mission and thank you for his grace" (5).
6. Good logic and approach in display
Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) was known for good logic and distinctive smooth manner and the splendor of his expression and presentation of information. Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) was simplifying the idea very easily.
7. Mastered of languages:
Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) mastered a number of languages that were spoken fluently Km like Nabatieh, Hebrew, Syriac, Persian, Abyssinian and Alsalqbip. And he knew the language of the animal also would like the rest of the imams before him.
8. Containing multiple sciences:
Imam Sadiq masterful in all the sciences of his time, which helped him to stand against every science touched upon and questioned, and in the interpretation of Koran, Sunnah, the unification, the Imamate, asceticism, doctrines, in jurisprudence, Sharia, the judiciary, in the Arabic language and literature, medicine, chemistry, astronomy and interpretation of dreams And unseen knowledge.
Imam Sadiq described of the human body with the utmost precision, when asked by a doctor Christian for a breakdown of the body, an individual by Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) said:" The Almighty God created man on the twelve parts, and two hundred and forty -six bones, And the sixty-three veins that water the body, the bones hold it, the fat holds the bones, the nerve holds the flesh and put in his hands eighty-two bones in each hand and
forty-one bones, of which in his palm thirty-five bones, and in his forearm two, and in his one and in his shoulder three, As well as other.
10. Method of asking questions:
Imam Sadiq's approach was to ask several questions to his address. The questions of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) put question marks in front of minds and alert and puzzled, and longing and arouse scientific curiosity. The grandfather of the faithful Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib was famous for saying: "Ask me before you lose me (7). It is the words of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) in his assertions on the importance of questions in the collection of science as saying (peace be upon him): "But people perish because they do not ask" (8). He also (peace be upon him) said: "This flag has a lock and the key issue" (9). As well as saying (peace be upon him):" people can not even ask and agree and know their imam and can take what he says, even if pious" (10).
11. Approach Ala s because I logical sequence repartee and the strength of the argument:
Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) knew his followers of the rational approach in his dialogues as well as the presence of his intuition in the reply and the facts he reported, which strengthened his method of persuasion and reinforcement , by matching the provisions and teachings with human instinct. It has appeared so clearly in all sciences, particularly in the topics of existence and the worship of God and monotheism, as well as the logical sequence was followed by Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) to put forward arguments that can be touched by the researcher in all Analects of Imam al- Sadiq (peace be upon him) and the debates, questions and answers, In all fields of science and knowledge.
Sources point to those men belonging to different teams who came to Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) and their headmaster, and refuted many of their opinions, and he (peace be upon him) was investigating who emerged from them for fear of heightened danger and exacerbated his command, if he did not come like the rest of the owners of teams and beliefs and ideas who They mean to speak and debate, and directed his friends and recommended them in a way of preaching and the method of speech that pertains to this aspect Vaidmahi in their workshops and lessons on that way and that approach , and his intention of the owners of teams and sayings after hearing what spoken by stirrups and tongues by the knowledge of the Imam Sadiq, received from the Imam sincere , Bright and clear proofs does not have a human with them but Asoub to his senses or trying to convince himself or Opinionate, it is necessary to identify the most important Islamic sects, which originated in his time, or preceded, without briefing or verbiage in the statement.
Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) entered a man from Yemen looking stars. Peace be upon the Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him), the imam replied, saying: Hello, Saad! Al-Yamani said: This name was named by my mother and what less knows me; Imam (peace be upon him) said: ratified, O Saad! Yamani said: I made Fdak this title I was nicknamed! ... Imam said to him: What is your industry, Saad? Yamani said: I made the Fadak people of the house look at the stars, it is not said that anyone knows the stars of us. Imam said: How much more sunlight on the moonlight degree? Yamani said: I do not know. Imam said: ratified, how much moonlight more than the light Jupiter degree? Yamani said: I do not know Imam said: ratified! How much does Jupiter's light increase on Mercury's light? Yamani said: I do not know. Imam said: ratified! How much light Mercury exceeds the light of Venus? Yamani said: I do not know!
Imam said: ratified! He said: What is the name of the star, which came up if the cow came up? Yamani said: I do not know! Imam said to him: ratified he said: What is the name of the star who 'came up harassed dogs? Yamani said: I do not know! Imam said: ratified in your words do not know! What Saturn do you have in the stars? Yamani said: star unclean Imam said: Do not say this is the star of the faithful prayers of God is the star of the guardians (peace be upon them), a piercing star that God said in his book. Yamani said: What is the meaning of piercing? Imam said: The seventh heaven in the familiar, it lit up the hole in its light heaven; it is then God called the star piercing" (3).
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Then the imam said to him: "O Arabs, do you have pain? Yamani said: made Fdak e n Yemen, some people are not as one of the people in their knowledge. Imam said: What is the science of their world? He said the Limani: that their world to Azjr birds and Aagafo effect in one hour a month march to the passenger inductor. Imam said: The world of the city is better than the world of Yemen. Yamani said: What is the flag of the city world? He said: The flag of the world of the city ends until the trail does not stand, and the bird does not restrain and knows what at the moment the march of the sun.
12. Consideration and inference:
Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) trained his pupils himself, and then turn the path to the smartest pupils to train junior pupils.
The students of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) come back to show them his opinion and his view, at the end of each dialogue they hold between them or with any opponent, as in saying in this example: "O Hamran are talking on the impact and hit and turned to Hisham bin Salem said: You know, and then turned to the squint, he said: Vogue measuring broken broken falsehood, but your falsehood showed.
Conclusions:
Imam AL- Sadiq (peace be upon him) proved through his dialogues and debates that he was a professor and scientist in various sciences, he established a scientific and ideological base and expanded their dimensions and introduced them in new innovative and creative fields. The students start and students of science, literacy and Almstsiden from his knowledge and even skeptics it, despite all the pressure and blockade harsh by the ruling clique of the Umayyad and then the Abbasid, scoring leadership and uniqueness in his approach and its Sciences jurisprudence of scientific and of the knowledge of the humanitarian.
At the time the emergence in which both atheists in Mecca and Medina and spread the ideas of Sufism and poets fatalism and algebraic and poets holograms and he abused his students of his and his students and loyal like water Albumin.
The school of Imam Sadiq, a bitter struggle, in order to spread science and call him and urge him, and on two fronts; the former was heresy and atheism and misguidance, ignorance and deviation, and the second between them and the ruling junta, and so this front very enmity and the gravity and hostility great end This made the school vulnerable, but nevertheless withstood those attacks, which were operating with all their oppression, unjust power and might, to wipe the school out of existence. Its message was performed perfectly and its impact remained personal throughout history for the benefit of the Islamic nation.
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