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Geology • Geography
Dnipro university bulletin
Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua
ISSN 2313-2159 (print) ISSN 2409-9864(online)
Dniprop. Univer.bulletin. Geology, geography., 26(1), 33-40.
doi: 10.15421/111804
Olexandr V.Hladkyi, Tetiana V.Mirzodaieva Dniprop. Univer. bulletin, Geology, geography., 26(1), 33-40.
The development of recreation science as the main theoretical fundamental of tourism integrations
O.V. Hladkyi, T.V. Mirzodaieva
Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine, e-mail: A lexander.gladkey@gmail.com
Abstract. The essence of recreation investigations is disclosed. The definition of recreation term is substantiated. The recreation system definition is proposed. The recreation system components are explored. The different types of recreational structures are highlighted. The different impact of environmental factors on the development of specialized recreation territories are presented. The influence of physical factors such as therapeutic mud, ozocerite, naphthalane, sand, clay, bischofite, metals, stones and minerals with therapeutic effect, therapeutic factors of fauna and its representatives on natural treatment is disclosed. Different types of natural treatment factors by treatment-physiological activity and pathogenesis are systemized. Types of natural treatment factors such as cryogenic influence, mud, naphthalane, mineral wax, clay, sand, paraffin, balneal factors by mechanism of treatment-therapeutics influence are explored. At once, the different types of natural treatment factors by mechanism of treatment-therapeutics influence as well as types of natural therapeutic factors by methods of physical effects on human organism are investigated. The formalized methods of complex recreation potential of the territory estimation are proposed. The different types of human recreation activities in recreation systems are defined. The different groups of most important social functions of recreation activities are revised. The most common cultural and spiritual needs of recreated person are systemized. The specific features of recreational activities that include recovery and development functions are observed. The main factors that effect on the development of recreational activities such as natural, demographic, socio-economic ones as well as social and psychological factors are investigated. The different factors of recreational system economic-geographical location are researched. The different internal factors of recreational activities development are disclosed. The main practical goal of the recreational activities is substantiated. The main models of recreational system regional development proposed by I.V. Zorin, E.A. Staroselets, B.I. Melnikas, E.S. Oleynikov, A. Pentz, V. S. Preobrazhenskyi etc. are described. The different models of optimal placement of recreational systems at different hierarchical levels are observed. The model for optimal allocation of resources for implementation of the recreational system development projects is substantiated. The programming model for the optimal organization of the recreational system functioning as well as model of recreational value is disclosed. The different principles of the state policy in the recreology sphere and resort development are characterized. The essence of resort and its role in recreation concept development is explored. The division of resorts at recreation-preventive ones, rehabilitation or health improvement as well as at medical for treatment ones is proposed according to their health improvement specifics.
Keywords: recreation; recreology; recreation fundamentals; factors of recreation; recreation system, tourism investigations.
Розвиток рекреацшно? науки як головний теоретичний фундамент туристично! штеграци
Received 17.01.2018
Received in revisedform 07.02.2018
Accepted 09.02.2018
О.В. Гладкий, Т.В. Мирзодаева
Кигвсъкий нацюналъний торгово-эконом1чний ушверситет, Knie, Украгна, e-mail: A lexander. gladkey@gmail. com
Анотащя. Розкрито суть рекреацшних дослщжень. Обгрунтовано визначення термшу вщпочинку. Запропоновано визна-чення рекреацшно"! системи. Розглянуто компоненти системи вщпочинку. Видшено рiзнi типи рекреацшних структур. Показано рiзний вплив факторiв навколишнього середовища на розвиток спецiалiзованих рекреацшних територш. Розкрито вплив фiзичних факторiв, таких як терапевтичш гряз^ озокерит, нафталан, тсок, глина, бшофщ метали, камеш та мшерали з тера-певтичним ефектом, терапевтичш фактори фауни та ix представниюв на природне лшування. Систематизовано рiзнi типи природних факторiв лшування на основi ix лшувально^зюлопчно1 активносл та патогенезу. Дослщжуються типи природ-них факторiв лшування, таких як крюгенний вплив, грязь, нафталан, мшеральний вюк, глина, тсок, парафш, фактори баль-неологй' за мехашзмом терапевтичного впливу. Дослщжуються рiзнi типи природних факторiв лшування за допомогою меха-шзму терапевтичного впливу, а також типи природних лшувальних факторiв методами фiзичного впливу на оргашзм людини.
Запропоновано формалiзованi методи оцiнювання комплексного рекреацшного потенциалу територи. Визначено рiзнi види рекреацшно! дiяльностi в системах вдаочинку. Переглядаються рiзнi групи найважливших соцiальних функцiй рекреацшно! дiяльностi. З'ясовано найбшьш поширенi культурнi та духовш потреби вiдгворення здоров'я людини. Окреслеш окремi осо-бливостi рекреацшно! дiяльностi, що включають функцп вiдновлення та розвитку. Доалджуються основнi чинники, що впли-вають на розвиток рекреацшних заходiв, так! як природнi, демографiчнi, соцiально-економiчнi, соцiальнi та психологiчнi. Вивчаються рiзнi чинники економiко-географiчного положення рекреацшно! системи. Розкриваються рiзнi внутрiшнi чинники розвитку рекреацшно! даяльност! Обгрунтовано основну практичну мету рекреацшно! даяльност! Наведено основнi моделi регiонального розвитку рекреацшно! системи, !х запропонували рiзнi вченi: I. В. Зорiн, Е. А. Староселець, Б. I. Мель-никас, Е. С. Олiйников, А. Пентц, В. С. Преображенський та. Визначено рiзнi моделi оптимального розмщення рекреацшних систем на рiзних ieрархiчних рiвнях. Обгрунтовано модель оптимального розподшу ресурсiв рекреацшно! системи. Розкри-ваеться модель програмування оптимально! оргашзаци та функцюнування рекреацшно! системи, а також моделi рекреацшно! цiнностi територи. Охарактеризовано рiзнi принципи державно! полiтики в галузi рекреаци та розвитку курортав. Дослiджено сутнiсть курорту та його роль у розробленш концепцп вдаочинку. Запропоновано подiл курортiв на рекреацшно-профшак-тичнi, реабiлiтацiйнi та оздоровчi, а також на лжувально-профшактичт вiдповiдно до особливостей !х методiв оздоровлення. Ключовi слова: вiдпочинок; рекреащя; основи вiдпочинку; чинники вiдпочинку; система вiдпочинку, до^дження туризму.
Urgency of the research. The article deals with essence and theoretical fundamentals of recreation sciences. Recreation sciences correspond with a field of knowledge about the reasons and direction of tourism activities development as an integral part of human and society life as well as about socio-cultural, economic and ecological mechanisms of such activities and its consequences. Investigation of recreation sciences and its influence off theory and methodology of tourism investigations is actual nowadays.
Target setting Recreation sciences allow making fruitful investigations of tourism development in different destinations and regions. Recreation theory make possible to implement new methodological approaches in tourism sciences using multiple factor's model and recreation system model. These theoretical fundamentals become more urgent in tourism investigations nowadays.
Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Such well-known scientists as A. Mazaraki, T. Tkachenko, N. Vedmid, M. Boyko, O. Beydik, O. Lubitseva, D. Nikolaenko, V. Stafiychuk, S. Melnichenko has made a significant contribution to the development of the theory and methodology of recreation and tourism sciences investigations. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The problems of recreation system model as well as model of recreation factors implementation into theory and practice of tourism investigation is still un-investigated nowadays.
The research objective. We'll try to investigate new ways of recreation science implementation into theory and methodology of tourism investigations. The statement of basic materials. Recreation sciences investigates the same named systems as an objective and social formations that includes recreation persons, natural systems, technical infrastructure, service sector, production sector, labor as well as settlement system. Therefore, recreational system - is a complex geosystem that combines social, technological and natural systems and plays an important role in human psychological and physiological forces re-
production. There are general properties of recreational system: integrity (coordinated interaction of all subsystems and environment system), universality (ability to every needs satisfaction), hierarchy (different level of formation and development), efficiency optimal proportion of incomes and outlays), specialization (ability to specific needs satisfaction), dynamism (adequate response on external influence), variety (the possibility of dividing the set into subsets), comfort able (level of correspondence with recreation persons' needs), resistance (the ability to resist against external influences) selectivity (mul-tichoice alternative), capacity (the ability of recreation persons' comfort creation without detriment to ourselves) and also control reliability (long-lived functioning).
The "recreation" term is etymologically derived from the latin "receratio" (anew creation, recovery, break to relax in school lessons as well as apartments for students leisure) and French "recreation" (leisure, relax, operations modification that exclude working activities) (Gumenyuk, 2016). A notion of 'recreation' includes: expanded reproduction of physical, intellectual and emotional strengths and decorum by purification, regeneration and creation of the environment (rivers, parks, forests, landscape phenomenon, natural reserve); expanded reproduction of physical, intellectual and emotional strengths and decorum by conserving localities of cultural significance (monuments of architecture, archeological sites) (Queensland Government, 2009); any game or leisure used for restoration of physical and intellectual strengths; the largest and rapidly developing segment of the leisure industry providing active recreation for population on the open air at the weekends or holidays; alteration of the human organism and human populations providing opportunities for active functioning under various conditions and changes of the environment (Vedmid, 2013).
Recreation system structure includes: hierarchic structure is typical for a complex recreational system where there is a division of sets of constituent elements into subsets of various levels - subsystems
manifesting integrity, a certain degree of self-regulation, and connected by multi-stage relations of subordination of subsystems of lower levels to subsystems of higher levels and territorial structure is a set of regional links between elements of the system. Territorial structure, for example, includes: layout structure of the resort; territorial structure of tourist flows; territorial organization of recreational activities; territorial organization of tourist services; territorial structure of tourists' demand; territorial structure of the tourist market etc (Mazaraki et al., 2014).
We have different types of recreational structures. One of them is medicinal type - is characterized by the primary function of treatment, which is based on natural factors: mineral waters, mud, climatic conditions. There are: climate therapy, balneotherapy, muds therapy, ozokerite therapy, hydropathic, phytocuring parts. Health-improving type of recreation structure is characterized by the basic functions of the recreation and development of physical and mental potentials, by prevention of different diseases, by working, everyday nervous and physical exhaustion relieving. This type is divided into bath-coastal and walking parts. Sport type of recreation structure is characterized by the main function of physical development. It's composed of physical training group with coaching mode: sports games and competitions, mountaineering, hunting, fishing (Rechner, 2010). Additional role is belonging to walking, swimming, sun and air baths, excursions. This type is divided into fishing-hunting, emulative
and touristic parts. At last, cognitive type is characterized by the primary function of human mental development with the perception of cultural and natural values (Breslow, Ballard-Barbash, Munoz and Graubard, 2001). This information and impressions are consumed, not only the substance or energy. The leading function in cognitive recreation systems is belonging to cultural-historical and natural-historical tourism. This type is divided into cognitive-cultural and cognitive-natural parts (Derzhavne ahent-stvo Ukrayiny z turyzmu ta kurortiv, 2016.).
L.D. Tondiy, L.Ya. Vasilyeva-Linetska estimate different impact of environmental factors on the development of specialized resorts presented in tables 1-4 (Gladkey, 2016). In these investigations the influence of physical factors such as therapeutic mud, ozocerite, naphthalane, sand, clay, bischofite, metals, stones and minerals with therapeutic effect, therapeutic factors of fauna and its representatives on natural treatment is disclosed. Different types of natural treatment factors by treatment-physiological activity and pathogenesis are systemized. Types of natural treatment factors such as cryogenic influence, mud, naphthalane, mineral wax, clay, sand, paraffin, balneal factors by mechanism of treatment-therapeutics influence are explored. At once, the different types of natural treatment factors by mechanism of treatment-therapeutics influence as well as types of natural therapeutic factors by methods of physical effects on human organism are investigated (Gladkey, 2016).
Treatment and physical factors Treatment methods
Climate and its different components Climate therapy
Aerotherapy
Heliotherapy
Thalassotherapy
Landscapetheurapy
Aromatherapy
Phytotherapy
Speleotherapy
Waters Water therapy
sweet water Hydrotherapy
mineral water Balneotherapy
Therapeutic mud Mud therapy
Ozocerite Ozokerite therapy
Naphthalane Naphthalane therapy
Sand Psammotherapy
Clay Clay treatment
Bischofite Bischofite therapy
Metals, stones and minerals with Metal and mineral therapy
therapeutic effect
Therapeutic factors of fauna and its Faunotherapy
representatives Apitherapy
Kumiss therapy
Hirudotherapy
Table 1. Types of natural treatment physical factors and treatment methods (by L. D. Tondiy, L. Ya. Vasilyeva-Linetska)
Table 2. Types of natural treatment factors by treatment-physiological activity and pathogenesis (by L. D. Tondiy, L. Ya. Vasilyeva-Linetska)
Antiinflammatory
- cryogenic influence The acute stage of inflammation
- Mud, naphthalane, mineral wax - clay, sand, paraffin - balnealfactors Subacute and chronic stages of inflammation
Anti-edematous
- cryogenic influence
Vasoactive
- mud, ozokerite - clay, sand, paraffin - variable atmosphere pressure - balneal and hydrologic factors
Detoxication stimulation
- peloids -mineral waters
Antianxiety
- balneal factors -climate
Muscle (neuromuscular) relaxant
- mud, ozokerite - clay, sand, paraffin - cryogenic influence - balneal and hydrologic factors
Table 3. Types of natural treatment factors by mechanism of treatment-therapeutics influence (by L. D. Tondiy, L. Ya. Vasilyeva-Linetska)
Mechanism of sanogenesis Treatment factors
Restitution and reparation - mud, ozokerite, naphthalane
Compensation - peloids
- balneologic factors
Immunity Lower р02
Aerosol NCI
Aeroions, climate
Balneal factors
Table 4. Types of natural therapeutic factors by methods of physical effects on human organism (by L. D. Tondiy, L. Ya. Vasilyeva-Linetska)
Classification parameters Treatment factors
4.1 Zone of Micro zone of acupuncture Mechanical vibrations
Influence points Metals and stones with therapeutic effect
Zone of pathological inflammation Mechanical vibrations Thermofors
and reflex-segmental area Cool influence Peloids Bischofite Metals and stones with therapeutic effect
Total surface of the body Climate Peloids Waters ultra-violet rays Mechanical vibrations, created by masseur's hands Air space factors
4.2 Influence Subthreshold (low) Metals and stones with
activity therapeutic effect
Middle Mechanical vibrations Artificial air environment Air space factors Climate Peloids for local methods
High Peloids for general influence methods Showers of high pressures Balneal factors Treatment massage of general influence methods
4.3 Influence regime Impulse Periodical changes of atmospheric pressure
Unceasing Waters Peloids Climate
Scientists' allow estimating complex recreation potential of the territory (table 5). It contain such indices as aesthetic quality of the territory, mineral water deposits and forest indices, climate and water area, natural reserves potential, historical and cultural potential, transport accessibilities, san-atorium-and-spa institutions, recreation load potential estimation, etc. Most of them have their own formula for estimation.
We can make any conclusions about historical and cultural estimation using such formula:
Ehc =Ki/S (1)
when K - number of historical and cultural objects, S - square of the territory (km2).
Estimation of transport accessibilities (E) is going on using such formula:
E = L3 + LaB / Sterr (2)
when L3 -railroads length (km); LaB - autoways length (km); Sterr - square of the territory (km2).
Sanatorium-and-spa institutions estimation (Ess) can be done using such formula:
Ess =K/ Sterr 100 (units/km2) (3)
when Kc - number of sanatorium and spa institutions (sanatorium, dispensaries, relaxation houses, etc.).
Estimation of recreational resources efficiency:
EX (n) = El + E2 + E3 + E4 + E5 + E6 + E7, (4)
when EX (n) - economic efficiency per 1 year; El
- productions increase per 1 unit of Gross Domestic Product created by employees as a result of their temporary disability reduction within a year after recovery; E2 - reduction of sick-funds for temporary disability of employees within a year after recovery; E3 - increase of Gross National Product created by employees connected with increasing of labor productivity within a year after recovery; E4
- increase of Gross National Product created by employees connected with increasing of capacity for
work within a year after recovery; E5 -reduction of inpatient treatment funds within a year after recovery; E6 - reduction of out-patients treatment funds within a year after recovery; E7 - Gross National Product growth related with reducing of the number of medical institutions visits during working hours within a year after recovery.
Human has different types of recreation activities in recreation system. According to State Agency of Ukraine for Tourism and Resorts (Pro kurorty, 2006.), recreation activities are characterized by functional versatility manifesting in fre-
There are 3 groups of most important social functions of recreation activities. Medico-biological functions of recreation are implemented through sanatorium-and-spa treatment and health improvement and should be considered in the aspects of treatment (health recovery after illness) and health improvement (mitigation of occupational and non-occupational psycho-physiological fatigue) (Mazaraki, A.A., Tkachenko, Melnichenko et al., 2013).
Cultural and spiritual needs are based on the need in knowledge. Recreation has enormous opportunities for their satisfaction facilitating harmonic
quent change of recreational activities and a possibility to perform several activities in one territory simultaneously provided that a vacationer experiences positive emotions; possibility to combine its types considering replaceability, interdependence and mutual exclusion of one or another recreational activity (efficiency of the recreational activities is determined by a variety in combining various forms of the recreational activities satisfying more recreational needs for a time unit); cyclicity as a consecutive making a switch of recreational activities in a certain period of time (Beidik, 2011).
development of an individual (Bruce C. Daniels (1995). This is the way of performing social and cultural functions of recreation. Currently one observes a combination of cognitive and developmental functions of recreation, mutually complementing each other. The main economic function of recreation is simple and expanded reproduction of labor; formation of services and ties with other sectors of economy; development of certain areas and expansion of employment; increase in foreign currency to the budget. Specific features of recreational activities include recovery and development functions. The first one (psychophysiology) includes food,
Table 5. Complex estimation of recreation potential of the territory
Index 3 2 1
Estimation of aesthetic quality of the territory, Ea Picturesque landscapes, high level of exotic and a high degree of uniqueness, contrast Low level of exotic and a low degree of uniqueness, contrast Plain, density urbanized territories
Mineral water deposits estimation, Mv More 1000 m3/days/km2 100-1000 m3/days/km2 100 m3/days/km2
Forest estimation, Ef 60%-40% 15-40%; more 60% less 15%
Climate estimation, Ec more than 100 days with>15 °C 80-100 days with >15 C less 80 days with >15 °C
More than 110 days with 1 <0 °C 100-110 days with <0 °C less 100 days with <0 °C
Water area estimation, Ew a large number of clean water areas suitable for universal using Suitable for bathing and paddling Limited usage
Natural reserves estimation, Enr More that 5% of the territory 3-5% 3%
Historical and cultural potential estimation, Ehc More than 18 objects/100km2 8-18 objects/100 km2 Less than 8 objects/100 km2
Transport accessibilities estimation, Et More than 0,42 km/km2 0,29-0,42 km/km2 Less than 0,29 km/km2
Sanatorium-and-spa institutions estimation, Ess More tan 3 per 100 km2 1-3 per 100 km2 Less than 1 per 100 km2
Recreation load Estimation, Erl Highlands undulating ground Plain, low-lying lands
sleep and movement. They serve as a simple recovery of psychophysiological parameters. They differ on 2 parts: 1.) recreation and medicinal functions include specific training system than defined by methods of spa treatment; 2) recreational and treatment functions include walking, swimming, air and sun baths, games, picking mushrooms and berries, hunting, passive recreation (Tkachenko, 2009).
Development functions (mental and intellectual) include: rehabilitation, cognition, communication. They also differ on 2 parts: 1) recreation and sports functions mainly focused on the development of human physical energy; 2). recreational and cognitive functions sessions focused on intellectual development of individuals (Stafiychuk, 2008). There are the main factors that effect on the development of recreational activities. 1. Natural factors: the natural territory of human settlement, geographical location (related to the sea, mountains, forests, deserts etc.). 2) Demographic factors: urbanization; nationality; birth and death rate; sex and age structure; family composition and size; settlement features; 3. Socio-economic factors: level of productive forces development; level of consumer goods production; level of recreation and tourism development; real incomes of the population; prices of goods and services (recreation); level of transport infrastructure development; duration of the vacations; development of advertising and information system on recreational areas and tourist routes; social and professional structure of population; level of culture development; mobility of population; national traditions. 4. Social and psychological factors: communication skills; type of cultural life; the influence of fashion; value orientation of different personalities. 5. Medical and biological factors: health status of population (Kuskov, Golubeva, Odintsova, 2005).
One of the most important external factors is economic-geographical location. Its includes: 1) location of recreational territory close to recreational flows development based on size, direction and structural (social, age, etc.) parameters; 2) transport and geographical location illustrates the level of communication on the recreation territory as well as the level of transport accessibility; 3) location close to supply bases of consumer products; 4) location close to populated area where additional labor resources are present; 5) location close to other recreational areas that has the same specialization, first of all (Thomas, Yukic, 1970).
There are 4 internal factors of recreational activities development: 1) level of development and territorial structure of the material and technical bases of recreation and tourism connected with serving industries; 2) level of economic development of the territory. It has a double meaning; the high economic development leads to environmental pollution
growth; 3) labor and human resources; 4) settlement system (McLean, Hurd, Rogers, 2005).
The main practical goal of the recreational activities consists in development of the recreation tour program. Using of the recreation model allows simplifying and accelerating specific implementation of the recreational activities considerably. Recreation modeling is a variation modeling of recreation programs and systems that serve them regarding the recreation requirements (Stafiychuk, 2008).
Model for location of the recreational system by I.V. Zorin using the Steiner-Weber method is characterized by minimal time consumption for movement in the recreational subsystem from the identified centers of demand. E.A. Staroselets and B.I. Melnikas proposed a model of optimal placement of the country recreational centers for the population from a large industrial center. In this case, the region is considered as consisting of m territorial zones in which it is possible to organize recreation for inhabitants of the nearby industrial center. Minimum allowable space for recreation and the maximum area that can be allocated for recreation are known for each zone. Total demand in the areas for short-term and long-term recreation in the region is also known. Using this model we can calculate their qualimetric values of recreation in each of the region (Nikolaenko, 2001).
E.S. Oleynikov proposed models of optimal placement of recreational systems at different hierarchical levels (aggregate reduced expenditures are taken as the efficiency criterion); M. Hill and M. Schechter offer a model for optimal allocation of resources for implementation of the recreational system development projects; A. Pentz used a linear programming model for the optimal organization of the recreational system functioning. R. Meyer used a linear programming model for recreation by introducing the concept of recreational value, characterizing the opportunity and quality of recreation.
We have different principles of the state policy in the recreology sphere and tourism development. They are: legal regulation of conditions and procedures for organizing the resorts activities; providing availability of spa treatments for all citizens, especially for the disabled, war and labor veterans, combatants, people affected by Chernobyl Nuclear Plant accident, children, women of reproductive age suffering from gynecological diseases, tuberculosis patients and patients with injuries and diseases of the spinal cord and spine; taking into account the population demand for specific types of spa services in the development and adoption of the national and local programs for development of the resorts; economical and rational use of natural medicinal resources and provision of their proper pro-
tection; promoting transformation of the spa and resort complex in Ukraine into highly competitive sector of the economy (Stafiychuk, 2008).
There are different types of resorts: 1. by treatment factors: climate, balneologic, mud, kumiss therapy and mixed. 2. by functional usage: mainly treatment; treatment, recreation and tourism; mainly leisure, tourism (Parent et al., 2010). According to their health improvement specifics the resorts are divided into: recreation-preventive for health improvement and prevention of diseases in practically health people; rehabilitation or health improvement of people after diseases; medical for treatment of patients with diseases of GIT, respiratory system. Conclusions: Therefore, recreation sciences investigate the basic scientific categories that disclose essence and development principles of recreational systems. There are: recreation, recreational cycles, recreational time, recreational space, recreational classes, recreational resources, resorts etc. The main objectives of the recreation sciences research are called to assess recreational resources and efficiency of their use; determine recreation capacity of the territory and the maximum permissible recreation loads; determine ecological well-being of the environment under research; analyze the socio-cultural environment with its customs and traditions, specifics of economic and households activities together with different objects: nature, cultural heritage, ethnographic objects, arts and crafts, applied and decorative arts centers; technical areas and structures; develop and implement a package of measures aimed to enhance recreational potential of the territory; study domestic and foreign demand for the recreational services; project development and optimization of tourist and recreation industry functioning.
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