CC BY
12УДК 577
The Biomass of Macrophytes at Several Sites of the Upper Reaches of the Yenisei River
Tatiana A. Zotina*
Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences,
Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk Russia 1
Received 1.09.2007, received in revised form 1.12.2007, accepted 15.01.2008
The composition and biomass of aquatic plants have been investigated near several settlements at the upper reaches of the Yenisei River: from Krasnoyarsk city to the Angara River mouth. Submerged aquatic plants mainly represented the aquatic flora. The phytomass consisted mostly of plants from the deep-water zone of the river. The mean biomass ofplants in the deep-water zone was 410 g/m2, the impact of Potamogeton species in the deep-water biomass was 64-100 %. P.lucens dominated at the majority of deep-water sites (53-98 % in terms of dry biomass)
Keywords: macrophytes, biomass, Yenisei River
Introduction
Plants are the essential component of aquatic ecological systems. Macrophytes are capable to accumulate man-caused pollutants in their biomass (Lukina and Smirnova, 1988; Gudkov et al., 2002; Cecal et al., 2002; Bolsunovsky, 2004) and thus, to play the role of a biological filter.
Mass development of aquatic plants is observed in the Yenisei River, in the influence zone of Krasnoyarsk industry and power complex. The previous research of the Yenisei vegetation was carried out on the site from Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station up to the Angara River mouth in 1985 (Priymachenko et al., 1993), the biomass of aquatic plants being not estimated.
Up-to-date data on the structure and biomass of the river vegetative cover is necessary for the estimation of the Yenisei ecological state, for the
* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]
1 © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
calculation of self-purification rates, as well as for the assessment of the role of aquatic plants in the migration of man-caused pollutants in the river ecosystem.
Therefore the purpose of this work was the estimation of an aquatic plants biomass in the Yenisei River.
Methods
The samples of aquatic plants were taken in the Yenisei River in September 2003 and 2004 along the right bank on the site from the village Yesaulovo (45 km from Krasnoyarsk) up to the settlement Strelka (330 km from Krasnoyarsk) (Fig. 1). The quantity indicators of the vegetative cover were investigated on seven sites near three settlements: villages B. Balchug (98 km from Krasnoyarsk), Zaharovka (276 km); Strelka (330 km) (Fig. 1).
Fig.1. The map-scheme of the upper reaches of the Yenisei River. Plant sampling sites are marked by an asterisk
The plants biomass samples were taken manually and also with rakers withing the frameworks of 0.5 m2. For a phytomass estimation there was used only the above-ground part of the plants. On each site the plants were sampled along the river bank in a strip of plants thickets in the shallow zone (on the depth of 0.4-0.7 м) and the deep-water zone (on the depth of 1 meter and more). In each zone 3-6 samples were taken, approximately equally spaced. Extent of sampling sites was 200-800 m.
After sampling the phytomass was washed in the running river water, then it was delivered to the laboratory where plants were sorted, dried in the air, and then dried at the temperature 80^ up to the constant weight and it was weighed.
For identification of taxons the keys were used (Beglijanova et al., 1979; Lisitsyna et al., 1993; Dobrochayeva et al., 1999; Gubanov et al.,
2002).
Results
In the research of a vegetative cover 14 species of higher aquatic plants have been noted, among them 8 taxons (7 species and one hybrid) of Potamogeton genus, one representative of aero-aquatic flora (Butomus umbellatus), as well as one form of a water moss (Tabel 1).
The submerged macrophytes thickets have been met along the coastal line (including islands), and also in branches and creeks up to the depth of 3-4 meters. The length of P.lucens specimen reached 4.2 m. The width of a plants thickets strip
Table 1. Aquatic flora of the Yenisei River
Family* The latin name
Ceratophyllaceae Ranunculaceae Haloragaceae Callitrichaceae Alismataceae Butomaceae Hydrocharitaceae Potamogetonaceae Fontinaliaceae Ceratophyllum demersum L. Batrachium kauffmanii (Clerc) V. Krecz. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Callitriche hermaphroditica L. Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Butomus umbellatus L. Elodea canadensis Mich. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. Potamogeton friesii Rupr. Potamogeton gramineus L. Potamogeton x nitens Web. (P.gramineus L. x P.perfoliatus L.) Potamogeton natans L. Potamogeton lucens L. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw.
* - the order of families according to (Dobrochaeva, et al., 1999)
in the deep-water zone was 6-40 m, in shallow-water zone - 3-5 m (Tabel 2).
In the shallow-water zone the macrophyte vegetation was the most diverse in terms of species (up to 10 species on a site). The most part of a biomass here comprised E.canadensis and P.pectinatus, and also B.umbellatus near the settlement Strelka (Tabel 2). B.umbellatus has been noticed only in the submerged form. Potamogeton species contribute essentially to the plants biomass in the shallow zone (39-98 % of phytomass).
In the deep-water zone of the river the dominating species were P.lucens (53-98 % of plants biomass) on the majority of sampling sites (Tabel 2), or Potamogeton x nitens (on one site near Zakharovka village).
Thus, such taxons as E.canadensis, P.lucens, P. x nitens and P.pectinatus can be distinguished as the most frequently found and included in the number of dominants on the sampling sites (at least on 4 sites out of 7) (Tabel 2).
The plants biomass in the deep-water zone differed from that in the shallow zones of the river (Fig. 2). In the deep-water zone the dry biomass of plants varied within 310 - 470 g/m2 (Fig. 2), in the shallow zone - 70 - 360 g/m2. On a site in the deep-water zone (except channels) the phytomass on the area of 1 m2 2.5-6.2 times exceeded the biomass of the plants collected from the same area in the shallow-water zone (Fig. 2). In the channels (near B.Balchug village and Zaharovka village) the biomass values varied within the range determined by sampling accuracy error.
The estimating calculation of the stock of aquatic plants dry biomass on the sampling sites has been made in view of the area of plants thickets and a biomass on 1 m2. For three sampling stations the total plants biomass of deep-water and shallow zones was from 2600 up to 9400 kg / km in recalculation on running kilometer (Fig. 3), the impact of plants biomass in a deep-water zone was 85-99 %.
Year, sampling site Depth zone The size of thickets, (length x width), m Quantity of samples Total biomass, g/m2 Biomass dominants (%) Number of species (Potamogeton species) Amount of Potamogeton, % of total biomass
2003, s. Strelka, left bank, Shallow 260x5 6 169 ± 90 Butomus umbellatus (26.6) Elodea canadensis (25.4) Potamogetonpectinatus (23.1) 6(3) 45
i. Lopatin Deep-water 260 x 10 4 473 ±182 Potamogeton lucens (92.2) Potamogeton pectinatus (4.1) 6(3) 98
2004, s. Strelka, Shallow 260x5 5 71 ±23 Elodea canadensis (41.8) Butomus umbellatus (20.6) 10(3) 39
left bank, i. Lopatin Deep-water 260 x 15 5 438 ± 131 Potamogeton lucens (98.4) 8(3) 99
2003, v. Zakharovka, Shallow 350x3 3 79 ±9 Potamogetonfiliformis (80.7) Potamogeton x nitens (11.3) 3(1) 92
left bank, i. Zhuravlev Deep-water 350x40 3 196 ± 13 Potamogeton x nitens (80.3) Potamogeton filiformis (19.7) 2(2) 100
2003, v. Zakharovka, the branch Shallow 20 x 15 3 223 ±21 Potamogetonperfoliatus (66.0) Potamogeton pectinatus (24.8) 4(2) 91
2004, v. Zakharovka, the branch Shallow 20 x 15 3 259 ±61 Potamogeton perfoliatus (77.8) Potamogeton x nitens (18.7) 7(4) 98
2004, v. Zakharovka, the branch Deep-water 500 x 10 3 312 ±208 Potamogeton lucens (92.4), Potamogeton pectinatus (6.4) 6(2) 99
2004, v. Zakharovka, right bank of the Yenisei R. Shallow 800x3 3 99 ±42 Potamogeton pectinatus (74.2), Potamogeton x nitens (18.7) 3(2) 93
2004, v. Zakharovka, right bank of the Yenisei R. Deep-water 800x6 3 379 ±132 Potamogeton lucens (95.3), Potamogeton pectinatus (4.4) 5(2) 100
2004, v. B. Balchug, stream entrance Shallow 500x5 3 67 ± 16 Potamogeton filiformis (98.2) 4(1) 98
2004, Shallow 30 x 10 1 362* Elodea canadensis (99.0) 4(1) 0
v. B.Balchug, i. Berezovyi stream Deep-water 100 x 15 4 465 ±156 Potamogeton lucens (53.4), Elodea canadensis (13.9) 6(2) 64
* the framework was taken in one of the numerous monodominant “spots” with total area of 35 m2
Tatiana A. Zotina. The Biomass of Macrophytes at Several Sites of the Upper Reaches of the Yenisei River
v.Zakharovka, the branch
v.Zakharovka, right bank, Yenisei R.
v.B.Balchug, the branch entrance
■ deep-water □ shallow
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Dry biomass, g/m2
Fig.2. Dry biomass of plants on the area of 1 m2 (mean value ± sd) in shallow (white columns) and deep-water (black columns) zones of macrophytes thickets
s.Strelka, left bank, Island Lopatin
v.Zakharovka, left bank, Island Zhuravlev
v.Zakharovka, right bank, Yenisei R.
■ deep-water □ shallow
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Dry biomass, kg/km
Fig.3 Total dry biomass of aquatic plants (kg) in deep-water (black columns) and shallow (white columns) zones of macrophytes thickets with calculation on running kilometer
0
Discussion
The previous research of the Yenisei vegetation on the same site was carried out in July, 1985 (Priymachenko et al., 1993). The researchers noted poor development of vegetation. In the vegetative cover aero-aquatic plants prevailed. According to our observation, in July the submerged plants are almost not developed. The submerged macrophytes biomass in the
river Yenisei reaches maximum in September, in the period of seeds maturing. On the basis of the data for six sampling sites (Fig. 2), the maximal plants biomass in the deep-water zone of the river was 410±61 g/m2 (m±sd, n=6). In V.G Papchenkov’s opinion (Papchenkov, 2003а), in the estimation of the biomass production of submerged macrophytes the maximal biomass should be multiplied by 4 which is caused by
intensity of abscission. According to the review of the above cited author this factor essentially varies for different plants species. The abscission intensity evidently depends on local hydrological conditions and climate. For the conditions of Siberia this coefficient will probably be lower than in the European part of Russia because of the shorter vegetation period.
In this research attention has been paid only to those aquatic plants which were found on the sites of radio-ecological monitoring of the Yenisei River. The purposeful research of aquatic flora of the Yenisei will probably allow revealing a greater number of macrophyte species. Thus, the previous researchers (Priymachenko et al., 1993) noted more species of water mosses, and also a number of aero-aquatic plants. Since the first third of the 20-th century all previous researchers also marked a high variety of Potamogeton species in the Yenisei River. Among other macrophytes the genus Potamogeton is known as the most exposed to interspecific hybridization (Papchenkov, 2003 a,b; Fant and Preston, 2004; Bobrov, Chemeris, 2004). Probably, in thorough research including modern methods, the list of representatives of this genus in the Yenisei River can be enlarged and first of all due to hybrid forms.
Conclusion
The research has shown that the vegetation of the Yenisei River on the site from Krasnoyarsk up to the Angara River mouth is represented basically by the submerged higher
aquatic plants. Such species as P. lucens, P x nitens, P.pectinatus and E. canadensis can be considered as the most frequently founded and making essential contribution to the vegetative cover biomass.
The main part of a macrophytes biomass of the upper reaches of the Yenisei River is made up by the plants of a river deep-water zone. On the majority of sites of this zone Potamogeton lucens dominates, therefore, being a frequently met, dominating, easily determined component of aquatic vegetation, it can be used as the indicator while monitoring man-caused pollution of the Yenisei River.
On the basis of the data obtained it’s possible to calculate the flow of man-caused pollutants through aquatic plants of the Yenisei River on the investigated site.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Dr. E.A.Ivanova (Siberian Federal University) and Dr. A.A.Bobrov (Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of RAS) for the help in identification of some taxons, the reviewers for the valuable remarks and useful additions, the staff of Laboratory of Radioecology (IBP SB RAS) for the help in sampling and processing of material. The research was supported by the Lavrent’ev’s Grant of SB RAS №82; the grant of the President of Russia № MK-5961.2006.4; the grant of RF Ministry of education and sciences and CRDF № Y2-B-02-16, the Russian Science Support Foundation.
References
Begljanova M.I., Vasiljeva E.M., Kashina L.I., Koltzova V.G., Koropachinsky I.Yu., Krasnoborov I.M., Nekoshnova T.K., Smirnova V.A., Cherepnin V.L., Yudina E.M. (1979) Keys for plants of the South of Krasnoyarsk region. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 672 p. (In Russian)
Bobrov A.A., Chemeris E.V. (2006) Notes about river pondweeds (Potamogeton L., Potamogetonaceae) of the upper reaches of the Volga River. In: Egorova T.V. (ed.) Novosti systematiki vysshykh rastenyi (Systematization News of the Higher Plants), V. 38, p. 23-65. (In Russian)
Gubanov I.A., Kiseleva K.V., Novikov V.S., Tihomirov V.N. (2002) Illustrated keys for Middle Russia plants. V.1. Ferns, horsetails, club mosses, gymnosperms, angiosperms (monocotyledons). Scientific Editions Association КМК, Technological Research Institute, Moscow, 526 p. (In Russian) Gudkov D.I., Zub L.N., Derevets V.V., Kuzmenko M.M., Nazarov A.B., Kaglyan A.E., Savitsky A.L. (2002) Radionuclides 90Sr, 137Cs, 23SPu, 239+240Pu and 241Am in macrophytes of Krasnensky flood-plane: species-specificity of concentration and distribution in phytocenosis components. Radiation Biology. Radioecology 42 (4): 419-428. (In Russian)
Dobrochaeva D.N., Kotov M.I., Prokudin J.N. (1999) Keys for Ukraine higher plants. Phytosociocentre, Kiev, 548 p. (In Russian)
Lisitsyna L.I., Papchenkov V.G., Artemenko V.I. (1993) Flora of the Volga basin reservoirs. Gidrometeoizdat, S.-Petersburg, 220 p. (In Russian)
Lukina L.F., Smirnova N.N. (1988) Physiology of higher aquatic plants. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, І88 p. (In Russian)
Papchenkov V.G. (2003a) Aquatic macrophytes production and methods for the studies. In: Hydrobotany: Methodology and Methods. Proceeding of School on Hydrobotany (Borok, April, 8-12, 2003). Open Society «Rybinsk Publishing House», Rybinsk, p. 137-145. (In Russian)
Papchenkov V.G. (2003b) Aquatic macrophytes production and methods of its studying. In: Hydrobotany: Methodology and Methods. Proceeding of School on Hydrobotany (Borok, April, 8-12,
2003). Open Society «Rybinsk Publishing House», Rybinsk, p. 82-91. (In Russian)
Prijmachenko A.D., Sheveleva N.G., Pokatilova I.L., Pyrina I.L., Belavskaya A.P., Bazhenova O.P. (1993) Productional-hydrobiological researches of the Yenisei River. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 197 p. (In Russian)
Bolsunovsky A. (2004) Artificial radionuclides in aquatic plants of the Yenisei River in the area affected by effluents of a Russian plutonium complex. Aquatic Ecology 38 (1): 57-62.
Cecal A., Popa K., Potoroaca V., Melniciuc-Puica N. (2002) Decontamination of radioactive liquid wastes by hydrophytic vegetal organisms. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 251 (2): 257-261.
Fant J.B., Preston C.D. (2004) Genetic structure and morphological variation of British populations of the hybrid Potamogeton x salicifolius. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 99-111.
- 10S -
