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Prosody: metre, rhythm, rhyme and verse pattern (UDC 801.6)
DOI: 10.18454/RULB.7.22 Монахов С.И.
Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет «ОСЕННЯЯ ВОЛЯ» А. А. БЛОКА: ЕЩЕ РАЗ К ВОПРОСУ О ПОДРАЖАТЕЛЬНОМ ПОТЕНЦИАЛЕ
СТИХОТВОРНОГО РИТМА
Аннотация
В статье, на примере разбора ритмического устройства стихотворения А. А. Блока «Осенняя воля», поднимается вопрос о необходимости пересмотреть традиционный подход к проблеме семантического ореола стихотворного метра, а именно: учитывать только те тексты, в которых совпадение размера, комплекса мотивов и синтаксических формул носит не случайный, а ритмически обусловленный характер.
Ключевые слова: метр, смысл, ритм, сематический ореол.
Monakhov S.I.
St. Petersburg State University "THE AUTUMN WILL" BY A. BLOK: ONCE MORE TO THE QUESTION OF IMITATIVE POTENTIAL OF
POETIC RHYTHM
Abstract
This article considers the necessity to rethink the traditional approach to the problem of semantic halo of the poetic metre based on the study of the rhythm of Alexander Blok's poem "The Autumn Will". Namely, it deals with the necessity to take into account only those texts where the metre, the motives and the syntactic formula coincide and are of rhythmically conditioned nature rather than accidental.
Keywords: metre, meaning, rhythm, semantic halo.
Почта авторов / Author Email: sergomon@gmail.com
The problem of "the metre and meaning", the pioneer of which is K.Taranovsky [4], (although the definition itself was coined in the well-known book by M.Gasparov [3]), has been of great interest to prosody researchers for almost half a century. E. Hvorostyanova dedicated an article to this topic - "Metre and Meaning: Problem and the History of its Study". In it she states that almost all scientists who addressed this question, regardless of whether they proved organic or historical conditioning of a semantic halo, followed the same methodological pattern: they moved from metre to meaning trying to "discover one or more stable motives in texts with the same metre"[5].
In this paper, we (following Hvorostyanova's example) decided to change the common argumentation; we transferred the research of the problem to the micro-level, i.e. we tried to establish the presence or absence of a connection between a particular lyrical theme and the rhythmic structure of the text. We have chosen Blok's poem "The Autumn Will" as the main object for consideration since it is written in the same poetic tradition using 5 stress foot trochee, which was started by Taranovsky in his research.
Taranovsky dedicated a whole paragraph to Blok's text which emphasizes its importance for the scholar. Here is a relevant quote, "Already in young Blok's poetry (1898-1903) we find a number of poems written in 5 stress foot trochee, which develops or touches upon the topic of the path. You can find rhythmic-syntactic figures with verbs of motion in opening lines, few poems contain them in the first line, e.g. "Табор шел. Вверху сверкали звезды"(1898); "Ты уходишь от земной юдоли" (1901); "Восходя на первые ступени // Я смотрел на линии земли..." (1901); "Инок шел и нес святые знаки // На пути, в желтеющих полях." (1902); "Возвратилась в полночь. До утра // Подходила к синим окнам зала///" (1903). There are certain links that make us associate Blok's poetry with Lermontov, though they are not always easily traced. However, in "The Autumn Will" (1905) this connection becomes more obvious than ever; it is emphasized in the first line, "Выхожу я в путь, открытый взорам". Lermontov's "кремнистый путь" ("gravelly path") corresponds to Blok's "каменный путь"
("stone path"). Bunin's poem "Вьется путь" which also contains the motive of the path and the motive of the path in Blok's poems is combined with the theme of the motherland -"пьяная Русь" ("a drunken Rus" (perhaps an echo of Lermontov's "Motherland"): "Нет, иду я в путь никем не званный, // И земля да будет мне легка! // Буду слушать голос Руси пьяной, // Отдыхать под крышей кабака." In the abovementioned Bunin's poem only the wind yearns for his homeland in the middle of the empty plains. Blok senses his sad native landscape very deeply, "Над печалью нив твоих заплачу, // Твой простор навеки полюблю". However, the poet does not dream to "забыться и заснуть" ("forget and go to sleep"); he dreams of disappearing in the vast expanses of his homeland, to become one with them, to melt down into them, "Приюти ты в далях необъятных! // Как и жить и плакать без тебя!" The last motive will be later used by Andrei Bely".
In this passage, which we considered necessary to provide entirely, it is clearly visible that there are three components that make up, according to Taranovsky, the semantic halo of the metre:
• the actual body of poetic texts, written in this metre;
• a certain set of motives, repeated in these texts, and
• syntax formulas which ensure the introduction of these motives.
Obvious shortcomings of the proposed model were pointed out by K. Vishnevsky in his article "Expressive Halo of Trochaic Pentametre". He rightly stated that we can, on the one hand, find many examples of texts written in the same metre, but not containing this complex of motives and such syntax formula; on the other hand, it is possible to come across such motives and syntactic figures in poems written in a completely different metre [2]. After the publication of Vishnevsky's article serious scientific debate took place concerning the question of imitative potential of the metre. However, this issue was practically removed from the scientists' scope of interest and until very recently it has not been discussed at a serious level. Meanwhile, as shown by recent studies, including the ones already mentioned in Hvorostyanova's article, the problem of synaesthetic perception of poetic speech is not a scientific fantasy; the
decisive role in its study belongs to the study of a poem's Here is the text of the analyzed poem. rhythm. Our further arguments are intended to serve as an illustration of the this idea.
Осенняя воля
Выхожу я в путь, открытый взорам, Ветер гнет упругие кусты, Битый камень лег по косогорам, Желтой глины скудные пласты.
Разгулялась осень в мокрых долах, Обнажила кладбища земли, Но густых рябин в проезжих селах Красный цвет зареет издали.
Вот оно, мое веселье, пляшет И звенит, звенит, в кустах пропав! И вдали, вдали призывно машет Твой узорный, твой цветной рукав.
Кто взманил меня на путь знакомый, Усмехнулся мне в окно тюрьмы? Или — каменным путем влекомый Нищий, распевающий псалмы?
Нет, иду я в путь никем не званый, И земля да будет мне легка! Буду слушать голос Руси пьяной, Отдыхать под крышей кабака.
Запою ли про свою удачу, Как я молодость сгубил в хмелю... Над печалью нив твоих заплачу, Твой простор навеки полюблю...
Много нас — свободных, юных, статных -
Умирает не любя...
Приюти ты в далях необъятных!
Как и жить и плакать без тебя! [1]_
The Autumn Will (translation by Lyudmila Purgina)
I step to a way, all opened out, The wind is bending the thin bushes around, The rocks alongside on the slopes are lying. The yellow clay is on the ground.
Autumn raged in the moist valleys, Uncovered the earth of cemeteries, From afar the mountain ash is reddening While I travel in the nearby villages.
Here my fun is dancing And ringing, ringing, in bushes hidden! And at a distance there is seen Your motley, coloured sleeve.
Who has enticed me to this known way, Who has grinned to me in the prison's window? Or is that a beggar, by the stone path Carried away singing the chorals?
No, I'm going on the path without any invitation. Let the earth be light for me! I'll listen to the drunken voice of Russia, And will rest under the roof of tavern.
Well, would I sing about my failure, Or how I had ruined my youth in drinking... I'll sob at the grief of your meadows; I'll love your open spaces forever.
How much of us - so free, young, beautiful,
Are dying without love...
Please, shelter me in your infinite distance!
How will I live and cry without you!_
This text comprises a number of sustainable thematic units, characteristic of the Russian romanticism, which are combined by an important topic of the path. At the same time it is important to note that Blok enters into controversy with the romantic system of values, changing the characteristics of the narrator and artistic space in which he resides. It is especially visible when we compare two poems, the intertextual relationship between which was indicated by Taranovsky, "Выхожу один я на дорогу..." by M. Lermontov and "Накануне годовщины 4 августа 1864 года" by F.Tyutchev.
A simple comparison of substantive series of these three works demonstrates how the objective world of Blok's text differs from the objective world of his predecessors as it is more detailed and specific.
• BLOK: path (4), bush (2), land (2), sight, wind, stone, slope, clay, layer, autumn, dale, cemetery, rowan, village, colour, fun, sleeve, window, prison, a beggar, a psalm, voice, Russ, roof, tavern, luck, youth, hop, field, space, distance.
• LERMONTOV night (2), star (2), life (2), breast (2), path, fog, way, desert, God, heaven, earth, radiance, past,
freedom, peace, sleep, grave, strength, day, hearing, love, voice, oak.
• TYUTCHEV: day (4), angel (3), path, light, leg, friend, earth, reflection, peace, prayer, sorrow, memory, soul.
Another thing is worth our attention. Expansive usage of the names of everyday objects is opposed by Blok's distinct symbolization of the word "path." It is repeated four times in the text, both Lermontov and Tyutchev avoid the usage of the noun "road" (which leads to the appearance of such combinations like "stone path" which are difficult for interpretation) and it marks a very special role imparted by this motive.
The idea of the path runs through "The Autumn Will" at all levels of the text, not only lexical-semantic.
The vocalic grid of the poem reflects the disintegration of the poem into several composite parts:
• instrumented on "y" and "o" 1 stress foot;
• instrumented on "o" 2-4 stress foot;
• instrumented on "y" 5-6 stress foot;
• instrumented on "a" 7 stress foot.
Table 1 - Distribution of Vowel Phonemes by Stanzas
Phoneme Stanza
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A 1 3 5 3 5 3 8
0 5 4 7 5 1 3 2
Э 1 3 1 1 3 1 0
H 2 3 4 2 0 3 1
H 3 2 1 2 1 0 1
y 4 0 0 2 6 4 1
These parts form three overlapping flows, the grammatical signs of which are pronouns and verb forms. In the second, third and fourth stanzas we see verbs only in the form of a third person or in the form of the past tense. In the fourth and sixth stanzas there are mainly verbs in the form of the first person accompanied by a personal pronoun in singular and in the first person. The first stanza is of introductory nature and it combines all these features. In the final quatrain of the poem there is an unexpected fusion of "I", "you" and "they" into 'we", that is, in fact, the
But, of course, the most important thing we are talking about here manifests itself on the level of word boundaries, in particular those three groups that form a kind of the barrier with the help of the pauses in the pronunciation of the text.
The symmetry and the dynamic nature of these barriers are noteworthy:
• they are located on the strong position of the verse;
• they penetrate neighboring stanza (by doing so each successive group is shifted by one strong position to the
mandatory contrast between "I" - "they" characteristic of a romantic text disappears.
The rhythmic stresses scheme also implicitly expresses the idea of the path. It is not simply a path - it is a path following which you feel no fatigue - you are relieved. It is not just because of the truncation of the second line of the last quatrain by one foot; based on the analysis of the principles of stresses arrangement we can trace a tendency to the general alleviation of stress from the beginning to the end of the poem.
right): the first barrier - 2 strong position, the second barrier - 3 strong position, the third barrier - 4 strong position;
• they demonstrate the quantitative growth of verses captured by them in each shift: the first barrier - 2 strong position - 5 verses, the second barrier - 3 strong position - 7 verses, the third barrier - 4 strong position - 7 verses as well, but it happens by the coverage of three neighboring stanzas, rather than two.
Table 2 - Distribution of Stresses (stress positions are marked with background shading)
Poems
Stress Feet 3
1 — U — U — U — U — U
2 — U — U — U — U —
3 — U — U — U — U — U
4 — U — U — U — U —
5 — U — U — U — U — U
6 — U — U — U — U —
7 — U — U — U — U — U
8 — U — U — U — U —
9 — U — U — U — U — U
10 — U — U — U — U —
11 — U — U — U — U — U
12 — U — U — U — U —
13 — U — U — U — U — U
14 — U — U — U — U —
15 — U — U — U — U — U
16 — U — U — U — U —
17 — U — U — U — U — U
18 — U — U — U — U —
19 — U — U — U — U — U
20 — U — U — U — U —
21 — U — U — U — U — U
22 — U — U — U — U —
23 — U — U — U — U — U
24 — U — U — U — U —
25 — U — U — U — U — U
26 — U — U — U —
27 — U — U — U — U — U
28 — U — U — U — U —
1
2
4
5
Table 3 - Distribution of Word Boundaries (background shading marks three word boundary barriers)
Poems 1 2 Stress Foot 3 4 5
1 — u — u | u — u 1 — u
2 — u — u — u — u —
3 — u — u — u — u — u
4 — u — u — u — u —
5 — u — u — u — u 1 — u
6 — u — u — u — u —
7 — u — u u — u 1 — u
8 — u — u u — u —
9 — u — u u — u 1 — u
10 — u — u u — u —
11 — u — u u — u 1 — u
12 — u — u | u u —
13 — u — u u u — u
14 — u — u | u u —
15 — u — u u u — u
16 — u — u u u —
17 — u — u | u u — u
18 — u — u u u —
19 — u — u | u — u 1 — u
20 — u — u u — u —
21 — u — u | u — u — u
22 — u — u u — u —
23 — u — u | u — u — u
24 — u — u u — u —
25 — u — u u — u 1 — u
26 — u — u | u —
27 — u — u u — u — u
28 — u — u u — u —
Thus, we can say that rhythm in "The Autumn Will" not only embodies the idea of the path as the consistent process of overcoming all emerging obstacles - it represents it as a moving boundary and, in a certain sense, it expresses it synaesthetically: while reading the text we gradually pass through horizontal (by rows) and vertical (in stanzas) word boundaries. Finally, we reach out to the two final open stanzas - with their predominance of open vowels, alleviated stress of strong position and a free position of word boundaries.
To sum up, let us return to the scheme of the semantic halo we began with. We have made some specific observations about the peculiarities of rhythmic organization
of the poetic text and they cannot provide a basis allowing us to draw global conclusions. However, it is certainly a good occasion to formulate a hypothesis. Perhaps, the vulnerability of Taranovsky's concept is due to the fact that he excluded the rhythm of texts under consideration, while the imitative potential of poetic speech can be most naturally implemented at this level. Then, from a variety of texts, characterized by common metre, the complex of motives and syntactic formulas, we will have to single out the text subcorpus where these coincidences would not be random, but rather conditioned by the rhythmic character of the poem. The problem of the research in this case should be reformulated: it is rather "rhythm and meaning" than "metre and meaning."
Список литературы / References
1. Блок А. А. Собрание сочинений в 8 т. Т. 2. М.; Л., 1960. С. 75.
2. Вишневский К.Д. Экспрессивный ореол пятистопного хорея // Русское стихосложение. Традиции и проблемы развития. М., 1985. С. 94-113.
3. Гаспаров М.Л. Метр и смысл. М., 1999.
4. Тарановский К.Ф. О взаимоотношении стихотворного ритма и тематики // Тарановский К.Ф. О поэзии и поэтике. М., 2000. С. 372-403.
5. Хворостьянова Е.В. Метр и смысл: постановка проблемы и история ее изучения // Poetry and Poetics: A Centennial Tribute to Kirill Taranovsky / Ed. by Barry P. Scherr, James Bailey, Vida T. Johnson. Papers of a Conference held at Dartmouth College in honor of Kirill Taranovsky. 2004. P. 254.
Список литературы латинскими символами / References in Roman script
1. Block А. А. Sobranie sochineniy v 8 tomakh [Collected Edition in 8 volumes] V. 2. М.; L., 1960. P. 75. [In Russian]
2. Vyshnevskiy K.D. Ekspressivniy oreol piatistopnogo horeya [Expressive Halo of Trochaic Pentameter] // Russkoe stikhoslozhenie. Traditsii i problemy razvitiya [Russian Prosody. Traditions and Problems of the development]. М., 1985. P. 94-113. [In Russian]
3. Gasparov M.L. Metr i smysl [Metre and Meaning]. М., 1999. [In Russian]
4. Taranovskiy K.F. O vzaimootnoshenii stikhotvornogo ritma i tematiki [On the Relationship Between Rhythm and Poetic Themes] // Taranovskiy K.F. O poezii i poetike [Taranovskiy K.F. On Poetry and Poetics]. M., 2000. C. 372-403. [In Russian]
5. Hvorostianova E.V. Metr i smysl: postanovka problemy i istoria ee izuchenia [Metre and Meaning: Problem and the History of its Study] // Poetry and Poetics: A Centennial Tribute to Kirill Taranovsky / Ed. by Barry P. Scherr, James Bailey, Vida T. Johnson. Papers of a Conference held at Dartmouth College in honor of Kirill Taranovsky. 2004. P. 254.
Ural-Altaic, Palaeo-Siberian, Eskimo-Aleut, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan languages. Japanese. Korean.
Ainu (UDC 811.5)
DOI: 10.18454/RULB.7.21 Халина Н.В.
Алтайский государственный университет СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ВОСТОЧНОЕ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ: ГЕОМЕТРИЗАЦИЯ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ФОРМЫ
Аннотация
В работе рассматривается особый тип теоретического комментирования языковой формы - геометрический, присущий современному китайскому и корейскому языкознанию. Актуальными становятся такие понятия, как функциональная геометрия, диагональная геометрия, отражающие в теоретическом описании специфику тонального языка и представляющие собой развитие в лингвистике геометричности древнекитайской формальной логики, которая связана с порождающими возможностями операции введения "определенной дескрипции ".
Ключевые слова: ориентальное языкознание, функциональная геометрия, тональная геометрия, диагональная геометрия, гармонии гласных.
Khalina N.V.
Altai State University
MODERN ORIENTAL LINGUISTICS: GEOMETRIZATION OF LINGUISTIC FORMS
Abstract
This paper considers a special type of theoretical comment on language form and geometrical inherent in modern Chinese, and Korean linguistics. Relevant concepts such as functional geometry, a diagonal geometry, reflecting the theoretical description of the specifics of tone and language which is a development in linguistics of the ancient Chinese geometrical formal logic associated with generating capabilities of the operation the introduction of the "definite description". Keywords: oriental linguistics, feature geometry, tonal geometry, diagonal geometry, vowel harmony. Почта авторов / Author Email: nkhalina@yandex.ru
Robert Kilwardby - Archbishop of Canterbury - who introduced the notion of universal grammar in Comments to Presciano noted that the subject of science should be the same for all people [13]. The subject of grammar - relevant language exists in the mind, in abstraction from the concrete forms. R. Kilwardby compares the grammar with geometry: just as geometry is distracted from the differences in form and grammar needs to be distracted from the superficial differences between the languages.
Modern Oriental linguistics quite successfully used the idea of geometrization of linguistic forms primarily phonetic.
Chinese linguistics in considering phonological perspective draws on ideas of functional geometry, which allows scientists to formalize the phonological change specifications and to demonstrate differences in the rules of functioning of the units of the phonetic level in the tonal languages/ This rules differ from the generally accepted rules governing the use of the language and behavior of the linguistic sign.
S. Duanmu [7] creates functional geometry for the analysis of the standardized Chinese language which based on articulatory characteristics
|hi«h| |tow] [back] |ai»] |laij [raund|
Fig. 1 - Functional geometry for the analysis of normalized Chinese (Duanmu S., 2000)
