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UDC 613.31:543.3:351.77 (571.15)
THE ASSESSMENT OF RISK OF CHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION FOR THE POPULATION HEALTH ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF SOCIAL-HYGIENIC MONITORING IN ALTAI KRAI
Directorate of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing for Altai Krai, Barnaul
I.G. Pashchenko, A.A. Ushakov, A.S. Katunina
The article presents the data on the health status, sanitary-hygienic conditions of living of the Altai Krai population. According to the laboratory tests conducted in terms of social-hygienic monitoring: there was performed the analysis of data on the state of air in populated areas of the region; there were determined leading chemical substances polluting the air in populated areas of the region, which could have influenced the health of population; there was given the characteristic and evaluation of risk for the population health.
Key words: health status, air of populated areas, population under influence, chemical substances, cancerogenic, noncancerogenic risk for population health.
One of the key objectives of social-hygienic monitoring (further - SHM) as the federal system of surveillance, analysis, assessment and prognosis of health status of the population and human environment is the determination of causal connection between the health status of the population and the influence of human environment factors on the basis of systemic analysis and evaluation of population health risk [1].
The implementation of methods of health risk evaluation allows: to obtain quantitative characteristics of health damage by environmental hazards; to compare and range effects of human environment factors different in the degree of influence; to identify sensitive and vulnerable subgroups of population most exposed to unfavorable influence [2].
The influence of environmental harmful factors leads to the reduction of nonspecific resistance, occurrence of various types of diseases, determining complex processes of long-term interaction of exogenous and endogenous factors [5,4].
The contamination of atmosphere on the territory of populated areas contributes to the growth of number of children with allergic and respiratory diseases. The effect of the most spread air pollutant - carbon oxide on human organism cells manifests itself through disorders of tissue respiration processes, reduction of oxygen tissue consumption [7]. By long-term inhalation of sulphur dioxide, the first symptoms of intoxication are vegetovascular dysfunction, neurocirculatory disorders in combination with stomach and liver damage. It is known, that the increase of daily average concentration of sulphur dioxide by every 10 mkg/m3 leads to the growth of overall mortality by o,6%, mortality of repiratory diseases - by 1,2%; mortality of cardiovascular diseases - by o,6% [3, 6]. According to WHO, by the increase of nitrogen
dioxide concentration in the air by 30 mkg/m3, the number of children at the age of 5-12 with lower respiratory tract diseases grows by 20%. By incomplete combustion of mineral fuel there forms black carbon - particles of solid carbon, on the surface of which there is adsorbed benzapyrene, formaldehyde, benzol. Entering the human organism, these substances can cause malignant tumor formation.
Research objective
The hygienic analysis of sanitary-hygienic human environment factors of Altai Krai population (further - region), in particular, the air of populated areas, determining the leading chemical substances polluting the air and evaluation of risk for the population health. Research targets were municipal units of the region (60 rural and 10 urban) characterized by the indexes of social and economic development, health status, hygienic state of environment for the period of 2014-2016 (further long-term average annual period).
Materials and methods
Research materials were databases of the federal and regional funds of SGM data (further - FIF and RIF SGM) of the Directorate of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing in Altai Krai (further -Directorate) for the period of 2014-2016 on hygienic environmental factors of human environment: air at the points of surveillance in populated areas of the region by concentration of 26 polluting substances; 98 957 tests of air in populated areas; data on the protection of enterprise air (form № 2-TP (air) and MPE volumes); health status of children at the age of 0-14, teenagers at the age of 15-17, adults at the age of 18 and older.
The data analysis was performed by means of hygienic and statistical methods, methods of risk assessment [2]. The statistical data processing was
conducted by means of Statistica 6.0 computer program and Excele applications.
The air examination was performed in 24 populated localities. The study was conducted at 44 points of air surveillance, including: fixed monitoring stations of the complex laboratory of environmental pollution monitoring and route monitoring stations of the FBHI Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Altai Krai (further - FBHI CHE in Altai Krai) and its affiliated brances.
Priority substances were chosen on the basis of data on the protection of atmospheric air of enterprises (form № 2-TP (air) and MPE volumes). There was determined the list of priority substances able to influence the population health: Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen (IV) oxide, manganese and its compounds, cupric (II) oxide, benzene (petroleum, low-sulphur) / in terms of carbon content/, naphthalene, hydrogen sulphide, pyridine, dipping acid, hydrocyanite, prop-2-en-1-al, carbon black, xylol, nitrogen (II) oxide, iron (II) oxide, barium and its salts, carbon oxide, formaldehyde, lead and its inorganic compounds, inorganic dust containing silicone dioxide under 20%, carbolic acid, vanadium pentoxide (dust), hydrochloride, coal ash of thermal power plants, chrome (+6), chlorine, benzol, ammonia, nitrogen (IV) oxide, benzapy-rene.
There was made the identification risk of hazardous substances emissions into the air, there were calculated the coefficients of cancerogenic hazard and indexes of relative hazard of noncancerogenic effect, which allowed to range the substances.
There was assessed the risk of noncancerogenic effect of chronic influence on the population. There was determined the expectancy of development of health detrimental effects - the expected number of annual additional cases of diseases (per 1 thousand population) in 11 cities and 13 rural units of the region.
Results and discussion
Out of 24 populated locations, where there was assessed the cancerogenic risk, there were determined: 8 locations with maximum permitted level of cancerogenic risk for population's health (over 1 x 10-6, but under 1 x 10-4); 13 locations with average level of cancerogenic risk for population's health (over 1 x 10-4, but under 1 x 10-3); 1 location with high level of cancerogenic risk (equal or over 1 x 10-3); 2 locations with non-controlled cancerogenic pollutants of the atmospheric air.
The change of human environment quality leads to the reduction of quality of life, as is evident from medical and demographic indexes and given levels of incidence.
There is registered the exceedance of average regional indexes of primary disease incidence for the period of 2014-2016 (per 10 000 population) among:
1. Among the whole population (over 13 788,50/000)
- in 3 cities and 15 rural administrative districts.
2. According to the class of respiratory diseases among the whole population (over 3 757,10/000) - in 3 cities and 14 rural administrative districts, including nosological forms: chronic and unspecified bronchitis, emphysema (50,20/000) in 2 cities and 20 rural administrative districts; asthma, status asthmaticus (12,30/000) in 4 cities and 32 rural administrative districts.
3. Among children (from 0 to 14 years inclusively) (over 18 125,20/000) - in 4 cities and 12 rural administrative districts.
4. According to the class of respiratory diseases among children (from 0 to 14 years) (over 11 848,00/000) - in 3 cities and 8 rural administrative districts, including nosological forms: chronic and unspecified bronchitis, emphysema (over 0,40/000) in 1 city and 8 rural administrative districts; asthma, status asthmaticus (over 15,40/000) in 4 cities and 8 rural administrative districts.
5. Among teenagers (from 15 to 17 years inclusively) (over 18 461,10/000) - in 3 cities and 19 rural administrative districts.
6. According to the class of respiratory diseases among teenagers (from 15 to 17 years inclusively) (over 8 812,00/000) - in 3 cities and 22 rural administrative districts, including nosological forms: chronic and unspecified bronchitis, emphysema (over 7,80/000) - in 1 city and 6 rural administrative districts; asthma, status asthmaticus (over 12,50/000) in 4 cities and 12 rural administrative districts.
7. Among adults (from 18 years and older) (over 9 229,00/000) - in 2 cities and 7 rural administrative districts.
8. According to the class of respiratory diseases among adults (from 18 years and older) (over 1 830,40/000) - in 2 cities and 11 rural administrative districts, including nosological forms: chronic and unspecified bronchitis, emphysema (over 62,40/000)
- in 2 cities and 20 rural administrative districts; asthma, status asthmaticus (over 11,60/000) in 3 cities and 38 rural administrative districts.
There was also stated the exceedance of average regional indexes in 2016:
1. For the first time in life stated diagnosis of malignant neoplasms among the whole population (over 43,5 per 10 000 population) is registered in 5 cities and 29 rural administrative districts (in 2015 —
44,90/000; 2014 - 42,2°U.
2. For the first time in life stated diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchi, lungs among the whole population (over 5,2 per 10 000 population) - in 3 cities and 36 rural administrative districts (2015 - 5,50/000; 2014 - ^/.J.
Uncertainties by risk evaluation. Uncertainty - is a situation determined by the imperfection of knowledge about the parameters and processes used for the risk assessment [1]. In the current study, at the stage of identification of hazard, un-
certainty is connected with possible inaccuracy of data on average annual concentrations of polluting substances in the atmospheric air. At the stage of analysis of relation "dose-response", uncertainties are probably connected with the determination of referential level of influence, transition of results of epidemiological research to the evaluated population of the region, degree of evidence of cancero-genic effect in human and critical organs/systems and hazardous effects.
Conclusion
Consequently, the performed analysis of sanitary-hygienic conditions of living of the Altai Krai population revealed: pollution of the air in the territory of urban and rural populated areas of the region is characterized by the exceeded level of noncancerogenic risk conditioned by vanadium pentoxide, carbon black, benzol, formaldehyde -combustion gases of mineral fuel, and also copper, cadmium, benzol, carbon black and formaldehyde oxides contained in the enterprise emissions.
This proves the topicality of the elaboration of hygienic measures not only at the sources of pollution, but also regional planning of populated areas, protection of residential areas from industrial emissions; there is also important the organization in terms of the system of SHM of special measures aimed at targeted preventive medical examinations of child population and standard medical examination of adult population to reveal persons in the groups of exceeded risk of conditioned morbidity.
References
1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 2, 2006, No. 60 "On approval
of the provision on conducting social and hygienic monitoring". Moscow, February 6, 2006, No. 0235.
2. Guidance on the assessment of public health risks from exposure to chemicals that pollute the environment (P 2.1.10.1920-04). Moscow: Federal Center for State Sanitary Epidemiological Supervision of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 2004.
3. Maimulov V.G., Patsyuk N.A., Baskovich G.A. Hygienic assessment of the effect of chemical pollution of the environment of a megacity on the state of children's health. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2004; 1: 20-31.
4. Onishchenko G.G. Assessment of the risk of environmental factors affecting health in the system of socio-hygienic monitoring. Hygiene and Sanitation. 20024 6(4): 3-5.
5. Rakhmanin Yu.L., Ivanov S.I., Novikov S.M., Revazova Yu. A., Rusakov N.V. Topical problems of the comprehensive hygienic characterization of urban environmental factors and their influence on the population's health. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2007; 5(10): 5-6.
6. Rumyantsev G.I., Dimitriyev D.A. Methodological basis for improving the monitoring of the impact of anthropogenic environmental factors on human health. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2001; 6(11): 3-5.
7. Tiunov L.A., Kustov V.V. Toxicology of carbon monoxide. Moscow, 1980.
Contacts:
Corresponding author: Pashchenko Irina Gennad-
yevna, Head of the Directorate of Rospotrebnadzor
for Altai Krai, Barnaul.
656056, Barnaul, ul. Maksima Gorkogo, 28.
Tel.: +7 (3852) 24-29-96.
E-mail: [email protected]
