Teaching causative meaning in the forms of the Uzbek language Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

TEACHING CAUSATIVE MEANING IN THE FORMS OF THE UZBEK

LANGUAGE Suyarova G.S. (Republic of Uzbekistan) Email: Suyarova571@scientifictext.ru

Suyarova Gulbahor Saydullayevna - Teacher of the native language and literature, SPECIALIZED BOARDING SCHOOL, MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Abstract: this article analyses the typological category of causativization in the material of languages of different systems and different genealogical families. In the Uzbek language grammars and in some scientific works the verbs with the forms of causativization are considered one of the forms of the category of voice, causative voice. In linguistics, a causative is a valency-increasing operation that indicates that a subject either causes someone or something else to do or be something or causes a change in state of a non-volitional event. All languages have ways to express causation but differ in the means. Most, if not all, languages have specific or lexical causative forms. Some languages also have morphological devices that change verbs into their causative forms or change adjectives into verbs of becoming. Other languages employ periphrasis, with control verbs, idiomatic expressions or auxiliary verbs. There tends to be a link between how "compact" a causative device is and its semantic meaning. The normal English causative verb or control verb used in periphrasis is make rather than cause. Linguistic terms are traditionally given names with a Romance root, which has led some to believe that cause is more prototypical. While cause is a causative, it carries some additional meaning and is less common than make. Also, while most other English causative verbs require to complement clause, make does not require one, at least when it is not being used in the passive voice. Keywords: causativization, agglutinative, inflected, relative affixes, derivative affixes, root morphemes, affixal morphemes, zero morphemes, factitive causation, permissive causation.

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПРИЧИННОМУ ЗНАЧЕНИЮ В ФОРМАХ УЗБЕКСКОГО

ЯЗЫКА

Суярова Г.С. (Республика Узбекистан)

Суярова Гульбахор Сайдуллаевна - преподаватель родного языка и литературы, Специализированная школа — интернат Министерство внутренних дел Республики Узбекистан, г. Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан

Аннотация: в статье анализируется типологическая категория причинности в материале языков разных систем и разных генеалогических семейств. В грамматике узбекского языка и в некоторых научных трудах глаголы с формами причинности считаются одной из форм категории залога, причинного залога. В лингвистике причинно-следственная связь - это повышающая валентность операция, которая указывает на то, что субъект либо заставляет кого-то или что-то делать, либо быть чем-то, либо вызывает изменение состояния неволевого события. Все языки имеют способы выражения причинно-следственной связи, но различаются по средствам. Большинство, если не все, языки имеют специфические или лексические причинные формы. Некоторые языки также имеют морфологические устройства, которые превращают глаголы в их причинные формы или превращают прилагательные в глаголы становления. Другие языки используют перифраз, с контрольными глаголами, идиоматическими выражениями или вспомогательными глаголами. Как правило, существует связь между тем, насколько «компактным» является причинное устройство, и его смысловым значением. Нормальный английский причинный глагол или контрольный глагол, используемый при перифразии, - это скорее причина, чем причина. Лингвистические термины традиционно называются именами с романским корнем, что заставляет некоторых полагать, что причина более прототипична. Хотя причина и является причиной, она несет в себе дополнительное значение и встречается реже, чем причина. Кроме того, в то время как большинство других английских причинных глаголов требуют дополнения к предложению, make не требует его, по крайней мере, когда оно не используется в пассивном залоге.

Ключевые слова: каузативизация, агглютинативность, склонность, относительные аффиксы, производные аффиксы, корневые морфемы, аффиксальные морфемы, нулевые морфемы, фактивная причинность, разрешительная причинность.

The contrastive typological study of the linguistic phenomenon causativization in the languages of different genealogical families. For the strict and consecutive analysis of these two languages, it is desirable to work out concrete ways of description. Causative form is formulated by adding one of causative affixal morphemes - tir, - dir, - ir, -qiz, - giz, - g, -iz, - qaz, - gaz, - kaz, -sat, -ar, - ir to the root or the stem of the verb. Being added to the root or the stem of the verb these affixal morphemes do not change the lexical meaning of the verb they are added to; receiving one of these affixal morphemes the verb acquires additional causal meaning, for example, the verbs with the additional causative meaning uxlatmoq, "make/let/cause someone sleep"; o'qitmoq "make/let/cause someone read" are formed from the verbs uxlamoq "to sleep", o'qimoq "to read". So the verb uxlatmoq, on the one hand is correlated with the verb o'qitmoq, on the second hand, it is opposed to the non-causative verbs uxlamoq and o'qimoq. There we have the binary opposition: paradigmatic and syntagmatic. at the result of this opposition in the causative form of the verb uxlatmoq two parts are defined: uxla - "sleep" which exist in the non-causative form uxlamoq and the part - t adds the additional shade of causation to the main part.

The verbs with the zero morpheme uxlamoq "sleep" (in Uzbek imperative form of the verb is expressed by the zero morpheme), o'qi "read" become non-causative forms only when they are opposed to the causative forms uxlat and o'qit.

Mentioned above verbs 1) uxla "sleep" and o„qi "read" being opposed to uxladi "slept" - uxlayapti "is sleeping" - uxlaydi "will sleep"; 2) o'qi "read" being opposed to o'qidi "read [red]" - o'qiyapti "is reading" - o'qiydi "will read" are considered to be not non-causative forms, but imperative forms of the verbs. Without mentioned oppositions, we cannot speak of one or the other form either. In the pair of verbs bezamoq/bezatmoq "to decorate /to decorate", we find expression of causal meaning with the absence of non-causal meaning. Pair of verbs bezamoq/bezatmoq cannot be included in the system of causativization, because only sound distinctions do not make up the form of the word. In the given above pair of verbs bezamoq/bezatmoq the same meaning is expressed, that is "to decorate", as we see there is no opposition non-causative/causative. As we have marked above imperative form of the mood in Uzbek is expressed by the zero morpheme, it correlates with the causative, and indicative forms of the verb depended on the position of the usage.

As the Uzbek language is considered to be agglutinated, it is desirable to give theoretical interpretation to this phenomenon. The function of agglutination and fusion as the two means of word building or word changing is the technique of connecting the root morpheme or the stem to the affixal morpheme. The means of connecting affixal morphemes to root morphemes or stems of words, changes the opposition «agglutination-inflexion» to «agglutination-fusion». Agglutination is the technique of connecting morphemes such as root morphemes to affixal morphemes, inflexion is paralleled to grammatical means, which express definite grammatical meaning: "man - men", "foot - feet"; in these words grammatical meaning of plurality is expressed by inflexion, in the words "pen - pens" grammatical meaning of plurality is expressed by affixation.

Agglutination is observed in the structures of the Uzbek and it is a specific feature of the Uzbek language. While connecting affixal morpheme to the root morpheme by fusion both the root and affixal morpheme can change their sound structure, sometimes either the root or the affixal morpheme changes its sound structure. In this case, separation of the affixal morpheme from the root morpheme harms the word's sound structure and the word loses its independence. The limits between the root morpheme and the affixal morpheme are dark. It is impossible to separate the affixal morpheme from the root morpheme without causing harm to the structure of the word.

As we see the grammatical meaning expressed by the zero morpheme in the Uzbek word structure is depended on the position it is used, that is, it is depended on the binary opposition of at least two or more forms of this word with the same lexical meaning and the same class of words it is included. The absence of a grammatical form of a word does not mean that this word is not grammatically formulated. Every word is grammatically formulated though its grammatical formulation is not always explicit.

References / Список литературы

1. Nigmatov Kh.G. Reconstructive Strategy and the Tasks of Uzbek Synchronic Linguistics. In the journal: Uzbek Language and Literature. Toshkent, 1987.

2. Serebrennikov B.A. About the Voice in Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages. Akad. nauk SSSR. In-t yazykoznaniya. Moskva: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1960. 300 s

3. Tursunov U. The Verb. In the book: Tursunov U., Mukhtorov J., Rakhmatullayev Sh. Modern Uzbek Literal Language. Toshkent, 1975.