CC BY
38
UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Ortikova M. U.
teacher
Department of Practical Disciplines of the English Language
Faculty of Philology Uzbekistan State University of World Languages
Uzbekistan, Tashkent
STYLISTIC DEVICES BASED ON KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES
Annotation: The author of the article defines different approaches of traditional and cognitive stylistics to the notion of a stylistic device and classification of stylistic devices; from the position of traditional stylistics different classifications of stylistic devices introduced by I.A. Galperin, Y. M. Screbnev, I. V. Arnold are presented. In addition, the problem of analysis of stylistic devices is considered from the position of cognitive linguistics which enables to present a stylistic device as a cognitive structure. From the cognitive perspective, two principles of classification of stylistic devices are analyzed: the principle of knowledge structures and the principle of conceptual integration.
Key words: stylistic device, linguistic economy, iconicity, knowledge structure, conceptual integration.
From the point of view of traditional stylistics, there are many classifications of stylistic devices. One of the well-known classifications of stylistic means is the classification proposed by I.R. Galperin. Focusing on the level approach, he distinguishes the following types of expressive means and stylistic devices: 1) phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices (onomatopoeia, alliteration, rhyme, rhythm); 2) lexical expressive means and stylistic devices; 3) syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices (inversion, repetition, antithesis, asyndeton, ellipsis)
It should also be emphasized that the lexical means of expression and stylistic devices of I.R. Halperin divides into three subgroups. The first subgroup is based on the principle of interaction of various types of lexical meanings. Depending on the type of lexical meanings of I.R. Halperin highlights:
- stylistic techniques based on the interaction of dictionary and contextual subject-logical meanings (metaphor, metonymy, irony),
- stylistic techniques based on the interaction of subject and naming meanings (antonomy and its varieties),
- stylistic techniques based on the interaction of subject-logical and emotional meanings (epithet, oxymoron, hyperbole).
One of the following classifications of stylistic means of traditional stylistics is the classification of Yu.M. Skrebnev. Yu.M. Skrebnev analyzes stylistic devices and expressive means of language in accordance with a certain
aspect of stylistics: stylistic semasiology, stylistic lexicology, stylistic grammar and stylistic phonetics.
Thus, the techniques related to stylistic semasiology are represented by comparison, metaphor, epithet, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, allegory, antonomasia, paired synonyms, euphemisms, periphrases, antithesis, oxymoron, irony, growth, discharge, hyperbole. Stylistic lexicology includes: 1) words of high stylistic tone (archaisms, literary and literary words, foreign words); 2)words of a reduced stylistic tone (familiar colloquial words); 3) neutral words (professionalisms)
Techniques and expressive means belonging to stylistic grammar are: ellipse, omission or understatement, nominative sentences, non-union, the construction "a calm" (combining two sentences into one, for example: This is a man wants to see you), zeugma, repetition, emphatic underlining, the use of inserted sentences (parenthesis), inversion, parallel constructions, chiasm (a rhetorical figure that consists in a cruciform change in the sequence of elements in two parallel rows of words, for example: "Know how to love art in yourself, not yourself in art" ), anaphora, isolation, the use of a compositional connection instead of a subordinate one, a rhetorical question, improper direct speech. Unlike the presented classifications, I.V. Arnold classifies stylistic devices based on the division of stylistic means into tropes (lexical pictorial and expressive means) and speech figures (syntactic stylistics), and also distinguishes phonetic and graphic stylistics. It is known that the most important tropes in the language are metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, hyperbole, epithet, oxymoron and personification. Figures of speech (syntactic stylistics) include inversion, rhetorical question, repetition, litota, ellipse, non-union, multi-union, silence, aposis (a stylistic technique in which the final part of the statement is discarded, usually this is done in order to convey the emotionality of speech or in calculation the fact that the ending will be conjectured, for example: "there are two news: good and ..."), zeugma. Phonetic stylistics includes such techniques as onomatopoeia (onomatopoeia), alliteration, assonance, rhyme, rhythm. For graphic style -punctuation, absence of punctuation marks, capital letters, font peculiarities, graphic imagery. With the development of cognitive linguistics, new theories, directions and methods of analysis of stylistic problems began to form. In particular, the problem of analyzing stylistic devices from the point of view of cognitive linguistics is considered in the works of N.M. Dzhusupova, A.A. Dusabayeva, A.A. Tajibaeva and others. N.M. Dzhusupov in his dissertation work reveals the cognitive-semantic potential and cognitive-stylistic features of the symbol, defining the symbol as "a cognitively significant universal tropic unit, the conceptual nature of which is a set of knowledge structures and is characterized by the ability to translate certain concepts in its semantic content". A.A. Dusabayeva, in her dissertation work, considers allusion from the point of view of cognitive semantics and its functional features, defining allusion as a cognitively significant stylistic device, in the semantics of which knowledge
structures are laid that are activated in the process communication and send the consciousness of the addressee to its source, of course, if the latter has an extensive fund of knowledge. The cognitive approach to the study of stylistic devices allows us to consider a stylistic device as a cognitive structure. In this regard, it is necessary to define the concept of "Cognitive structure". A.A. Kibrik views cognitive structures as structures of human consciousness, thinking and cognition. V.B. Kasevich suggests that cognitive structures are structures created by humans in the process of information processing. E.V. Ivanova considers the concept of "Cognitive structure" as a scheme for the representation of knowledge, which is composed of verbalized and non-verbalized knowledge. We followed D.U. Ashurova, we consider the cognitive structure as a structure that is a set of mental, thought processes of comprehending certain structures of knowledge and constructing a conceptual picture of the world. In this regard, from a cognitive point of view, stylistic devices can be classified based on the principle of representation of knowledge structures (allusion, symbol, euphemism) and the principle of conceptual integration (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, metaphorical epithet, comparison, allusion, periphrasis).
Knowledge is a concept that is widely discussed in all works on the fundamental problems of cognitive science and covers a significant range of ideas related to the results of human cognitive activity and the results of the subject experience that he has understood; sometimes knowledge is defined as the semantic content of mental representations or data at the level of these; sometimes it is used synonymously with the terms "information", "data", "information", etc., but the term "information" also implies something that comes to a person through different channels, transmitted and encoded, processed and processed when it arrives at the quality of different sensations, signals or stimuli in the course of the perception of the world, which is far from necessary. It should be emphasized that knowledge is structured around certain blocks of information that represent a system of interrelated concepts. Forms of knowledge representation are subdivided into non-verbalized and verbalized. Non-verbalized forms of knowledge representation are understood as those means of information processing (mental representations) that a person uses without resorting to the help of language as such: images, "pictures", schemes. Verbalized structures of knowledge are divided into two large groups: linguistic (knowledge of the language) and encyclopedic, which in turn are divided into historical, religious, mythological, literary, etc. The most common structures for the representation of knowledge are categories, image schemes, frames, scripts, etc. One of the tasks of cognitive stylistics is to study ways to activate knowledge structures in a literary text. In this regard, stylistic devices play a very significant role. For example, such stylistic devices as allusion, symbol, euphemism activate certain structures of knowledge.
List of used literature:
1. Ashurova D.U. Stilistika teksta v paradigme kognitivnoy stilistiki // Filologiya masalalari. Tashkent, 2003. - No 1.
2. Ashurova D.U. Novie tendensii v razvitii stilistiki // Til va nutq system-sath talqinida: materiali nauch.-teor. konf. Samarkand: SamGII Ya, 2005. S. 7-8.
3. Galperin A.I. Ocherki po stilistike angliyskogo yazika. - Moskva, 1981. 4. Djusupov N.M. Lingvokognitivniy aspekt issledovaniya simvola v xudojestvennom tekste.
4. Avtoref. dis. kand. ... filol. nauk. - Tashkent, 2006. - 26 s.
5. Dusabayeva A.A. Lingvokognitivnaya i intertekstualnaya sumnost allyuzii v angliyskom yazike Avtoref. dis. kand. ... filol. nauk. - Samarkand, 2009.
