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UDC: 81:321.63
Qodirova G. T.
Lecturer of department of foreign languages, faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration, Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
STUDYING THE ELEMENTS OF WORD FORMATION IN THE ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH
Abstract: The work analyzes the structural, semantic andfunctional features of terminology in the noted languages. It is established that two-part combinations prevail over complex ones consisting of three, four or more components.
Key words: component, semantics, structure, terminological word-combination, terminology, the process offunctioning of terms, specific agriculture term, agricultural sector, term.
In modern English there are a large number of affixes, both native and borrowed. V.V. Vinogradov notes that affixes that have lost their meaning, become unproductive and productive only as an object of a particular part of speech, cease to be affixes and only potentially retain the property of singularity [2, p. 120]
Terms in English, as in other languages, are divided into simple, derivative, complex and compound.
Simple terms consist of one root, most of them relate to ancient terms of the English language and are borrowed from other languages: baffle 1. energy damper; spreader; pier (on a waterfall or a waterhole); roughness checker [1]; bald 1. without vegetation (feathers, wool), naked; plucked 2. deprived of vegetation; without leaves, etc.
Derivative terms in modern English, including derived agricultural terms, are numerous, but they mainly consist of a root, an affix, two or more affixes: bogginess [1]; brackishness [1]; branchless [1]; embankment; dam; embankment; bank; coastal bank [1]; hardiness endurance; strength; stability; vitality; hardening (of plants); resistance to adverse external conditions, etc.
Compound terms consist of two or more bases: badland - badland, badland, infertile eroded rugged terrain; brushland land overgrown with bushes [1]; ballhead round head [1], birdhouse poultry house [1]; hotbed n. greenhouse, steam bed; cropland (land under crops), etc.
Also, in English there are phrasal or compound terms. By origin they are simple and derivative, being nouns and adjectives. Agricultural terms are single-component, two-component, three-component and multi-component: fallow land (land under fallow); leased land (leased land), camping of cattle - camp keeping of cattle[1], caribou of seed - seed seam, seedling, cement of livestock - census of cattle, change of seeds - change of seeds, duration of action - duration of action (e.g., of a pesticide), of diapause - duration of the diapause period (of
insects); duration of dormancy - duration [period] of rest; duration of fertilizer effect - duration of the effect of fertilizers [1], etc.
Affixation is defined as a way of forming new words by adding word-forming affixes to various stems.
The function of an affix should be understood as its intended purpose, that is, for what purpose and for what purpose it is used and what it can convey in contrast to other units of nomination. Dead affixes are completely connected to the word base and are distinguished by means of a diachronic analysis of word development. Living affixes are divided into productive and non-productive affixes. Most prefixes and suffixes that are productive in the formation of agricultural terms in English came from Latin and Greek. For example, the suffix -ism is a Latin suffix that is very productive in the formation of agricultural terms. This suffix, due to its existence in many languages of the world, is approved as an international suffix; it forms, mainly, new nouns from a noun: ectorganism ectoparasite, external; embryoism embryonic state [1]; ergotism ergotism, poisoning with ergot [1], etc.
In turn, affixal word formation, i.e., the morphological type of word formation is divided into prefixal and suffixal, which are discussed below. a) Prefixal word formation
Prefixation is the formation of a word by adding a prefix to the root of the word. The main function of prefixes in English is to change the lexical meaning of a part of speech.
We have identified the following prefixes in English that are productive in the formation of agricultural terms in English and have various semantic shades in agricultural terminology. These include the following prefixes:
dis-. came into English from Latin and is productive in the formation of agricultural terms, it forms verbs of negative action. The prefix diss- forms verb stems, expressing the meaning of the action opposite to that expressed in the stem: dissolve (dissolve); disbranch - (to cut off branches, (to trim) a tree); disengagement cutting—clearing the forest; dishorn - to remove a horn; dissilient - bursting, etc.
il- is used with some adjectives and nouns. It gives the opposite meaning to the terms. In agricultural terminology in English, there are some terms formed with this prefix:
The prefix im- is more typical in English for adjectives. There are many derivative agricultural terms that are formed with this suffix in English: immature - 1. unripe, unripe, immature 2. underdeveloped; underdeveloped 3. immature 4. unformed (about soil) 5. unsettled (about a trait) 6. premature immaturity 1. immaturity 2. underdevelopment; immedicable incurable; immiscible immobile motionless; fixed; immobility immobility; immobilization 1. agroh. immobilization, fixation, binding 2. immobilization, immobilization 3. stunning (at slaughter); immunity (to) n insensitivity; imperishable adj. durable, resistant, non-perishable; improper adj. unsuitable, unsuitable;
ir- is a prefix of Romance origin. It forms noun and adjective terms. It gives a negative meaning to agricultural terms: irreversible .
non- [from Latin non 'not']. The prefix non- comes from the Latin word "not". This suffix forms nouns and adjectives in the agricultural terminology in English. It is productive in the formation of adjective terms, gives a negative meaning to the term: nonfarm - non-agricultural; nonprotein ~ non-protein.
anti- [from Greek anti 'against']. The word-forming element (or prefix) anti, a word element of Greek origin, forms mainly nouns and adjectives in English in the sublanguage agriculture: antiacid anti-acid, reducing acidity, etc.
neo- [from Greek neos 'new] The word-forming element (or prefix) neo-meaning "new, recent", is widely used in the sublanguage of agriculture in English, it forms adjectives and nouns that come from the Greek word neos ("new") and entered English as terms with the word element "neo": neoblast neocyte neocyte, immature form of leukocyte neoformation new growth.
In the sublanguage of agriculture in the English language, there are some suffixes that can be considered productive in the formation of agricultural terms, below some of them are classified according to their semantics, origin and productivity.
The suffix -ness is a native suffix that is a productive suffix that forms a noun. This suffix was productive even in Old English. In the sublanguage of agriculture, nouns are formed by joining them to an adjective. In agriculture, it denotes the quality and state of something or some phenomenon that exists in our lives: adaptiveness; adhesiveness stickiness, tackiness; etc.
The suffix -ance [from French -ance, from Latin -antia, -entia (from present participial stems -ant-, -ent-], is borrowed from French and forms nouns in English.
The suffix -ity [from French -ité, from Latin -itas, -itatis], which arose from Old French -ite, which appeared in this language from the suffix of Latin origin -ite. In the sublanguage of agriculture, it is used to form abstract nouns expressing a state or condition: complementarity; congeniality similarity; kinship; curability 1. cutting (of a carcass) 2. American live. yield of cuts; debility weakness, decreased tone, etc.
-ed. The suffix -ed is one of the productive suffixes of the English language. It forms adjectives, mostly from nouns: puddled compacted (about soil); puffed plump, loose (about soil crust) pug 1. chaff, finely chopped straw; chaff (especially clover).
A productive term-forming suffix is -able. It is used to form agricultural terms. It is of Latin origin, in English it forms adjectives from nouns and verbs: cultivable 1, arable, arable (about land) 2. suitable for cultivation (about plants); irrigable - irrigated; curable - curable; detachable - detachable, removable, detachable, removable; incurable ~ incurable; etc.
The suffix -less mainly forms adjectives from nouns: backboneless -invertebrate; barkless - barkless; stringless - fiberless brittle beans (not having coarse fibers in the valves); beardless - awnless; seedless - seedless; pitted;
seedless - boleless - standardless; branchless - without branches, naked, with cut branches; breadless - breadless; cloudless - cloudless, clear (about the weather), etc.
The suffix -ate forms verbs, came to English from Latin: cold-eviscerated -gutted in a cooled form (about a bird); comate - woolly; concentrate -concentrate; concentrated; condensate - condensate; contaminate - pollute; infect; copulate - copulate, copulate; corticate(d) - covered with bark; costate I - ribbed 2. veiny, etc.
One of the distinctive properties of affixes is that they are still used with the form they were borrowed from. Regarding the share of affixes in the formation of certain terms related to agriculture, it should be noted that most of them are nominal parts of speech, i.e., a noun or adjective.
References
1. . English-Russian agricultural dictionary. - Moscow: Russo, 1997. - 880 p.
2. Vinogradov V.V. Selected Works. Research in Russian Grammar. -M, 1975 -558 p.
3. Dzhamatov S.S. Structural and Semantic Analysis of Irrigation Terminology in the Tajik and English Languages in Comparative Terms: Cand. Philological Sciences Dissertation - Dushanbe, 2006. - 140 p.
4. Zemskaya E.A. Word Formation as an Activity. - M, 1992. -196 p.
5. Meshkov O.D. Word Formation in Modern English. Textbook. manual for institutes and faculties of foreign languages. - M: Higher. school, 1985.187 p.
