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Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol. 10 No. 3 2014, pp. 18-27 ISSN 1997-0838 Original Text Copyright © 2014 by Kahouli, Borgi and Hannachi
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Study of the tolerance of ten accessions of carrot (Daucus carota L.) to salinity
1* 2 1 Basma Kahouli , Zied Borgi and Cherif Hannachi
1 University of Sousse, Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Higher Institute of Agronomy. 4042 Chott Mariem, Tunisia.
2 Regional Centre of Agricultural Research, 9100, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia.
* Tel: +21652554666
*E-Mail: [email protected]
Received March 5, 2014
The present work has focused on the assessment of the tolerance of ten accessions of carrot (L1, L2, L3, F4, E5, R7, R8, L10, G11 and S12) to salt stress, grown in the region of Sidi Bouzid. The tests were carried out under plastic greenhouse (during 5 months). The results obtained show that the salt stress reduced the parameters of growth and production. However, a difference in the response to salt stress was recorded between the accessions studied. A reduction in yield of up to 70 % with the concentration 3 g / l of NaCl, for different accessions studied is recorded. However, the accession L1 who has given the longer roots and dry matter yield and the largest root shows the most tolerant accessions unlike L10, G11 and S12 which are the most sensitive.
Key words: carrot, accessions, salt stress, dry matter
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Study of the tolerance of ten accessions of carrot (Daucus carota L.) to salinity
1* 2 1 Basma Kahouli , Zied Borgi and Cherif Hannachi
1 University of Sousse, Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Higher Institute of Agronomy. 4042 Chott Mariem, Tunisia.
2 Regional Centre of Agricultural Research, 9100, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia.
* Tel: +21652554666
*E-Mail: [email protected]
Received March 5, 2014
The present work has focused on the assessment of the tolerance of ten accessions of carrot (L1, L2, L3, F4, E5, R7, R8, L10, G11 and S12) to salt stress, grown in the region of Sidi Bouzid. The tests were carried out under plastic greenhouse (during 5 months). The results obtained show that the salt stress reduced the parameters of growth and production. However, a difference in the response to salt stress was recorded between the accessions studied. A reduction in yield of up to 70 % with the concentration 3 g / l of NaCl, for different accessions studied is recorded. However, the accession L1 who has given the longer roots and dry matter yield and the largest root shows the most tolerant accessions unlike L10, G11 and S12 which are the most sensitive.
Key words: carrot, accessions, salt stress, dry matter
Several environmental constraints are limiting for the growth and development of the plant. Salinity and drought are considered as two major factors affecting agriculture in arid and semi arid areas. Salinity affects approximately 5% of cultivated land in the world (Munns et a/., 1999).
The carrot is a glycophyte plant. Therefore the salinity may be one of major factors that affect the yield in irrigated areas, including the arid and semi-arid areas, which are characterized by high evaporation of water from soil and irregular rainfall and inadequate (Munns et a/., 2006). The culture of
the carrot need of contributions of water relatively important, while irrigation water used in Tunisia are often loaded with salt. Indeed, the water from the dams has a load salt of 2 to 3 g/l, and the wells as 4 to 7 g/l (Hachicha and Braudeau, 1998), as a result of overuse or intrusion of brackish water or seawater. On the other hand, trying to combat the drought by irrigation, added to the soil a constraint called secondary salinisation. In this context, improving plant tolerance to salinity is an attractive proposition for farmers. In fact, the carrot is considered sensitive (Berstain and Ayers, 1953 Gibberd et al, 2002) or moderately sensitive (Maas and Hoffman, 1977; Matsubara and Tasaka, 1988. Mangal et al., 1989) to salinity. When the conductivity electrical (CE) is 1.5 ds/m, the yield decline of 35% and can reach 50% reduction to a CE of the order of 2.5 dS/m (Unlukara et al., 2011). Indeed, salinity reduces the growth and productivity of the culture due to the decrease in the osmotic potential in soil and increase in the concentration of Na+ and Cl-, which then reaches a toxic level for the plant (Chartzoulakis and Klapaki 2000). The imbalance of the ionic balance induced by salt affects directly and/or indirectly many physiological and metabolic processes reflected inhibiting plant growth (Munns, 2002).
The objective of our work is to study, in ten accessions of carrot grown in the region of Sidi Bouzid, the effect of salinity on plant growth and root yield. And to subsequently identify which could be irrigated with brackish water unless his performance is significantly decreased.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The plant material used consists of ten accessions of cultivated carrot, their seeds were collected in the region of Sidi Bouzid from seven areas: Lessouda (3 accessions: L1, L2 and L3) Faid (1 accession: F4) El Ogla (1 accession: E5) Regueb (2 accessions: R7 and R8), Lahweze (1 accession: L10), Garet Hdid (1 accession: G11) and Souk Jadid (1 accession: S12). The experiment was performed under plastic greenhouse of the Regional Agricultural Research Center. The seeds of ten accessions of carrot studied are sown in the soil (30 January). Seedlings were irrigated with tap water (salinity 1.7) for two months. When seedlings have reached the required dimensions (two leaves), they are subjected to salt stress by adding different doses of sodium chloride in tap water (3, 6 and 9 g/l NaCl). These concentrations are close to the salinity of irrigation water in Tunisia. Throughout the trial period irrigation is four times/week. The test was conducted in a completely randomized block device (BAC), with three blocks (replicates). For each repetition, there are 25 plants. The total number of plants was 3000. After five months of culture, the measures interested height and diameter of the main stem which are respectively determined by graduated ruler and a vernier caliper. Plants are harvested and separated into aerial part and root part. The roots are rinsed four or five times with distilled water, and then carefully blotted with filter paper water. These bodies are quickly put in paper bags aluminum previously tared, and then are weighed. MS is determined using a precision balance after spending 48 hours in an oven at 70 ° C.
Production was characterized by the weight, length, diameter and the root diameter. For each parameter measured, the averages of the various treatments and their ecartypes are determined. To release the effects of saline treatment, the results are submitted to analysis of variance using statistical software "SPSS 13.00”. The comparison of the means was performed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test threshold probability of 5%.
RESULTS
Height growth of plants
The results presented in Figure 1, show that without NaCl the plants of carrot aged five months have a length of the main stem varying from 20 (accession L10) to 25 cm (accession L1). But, in the presence of NaCl, the main stem of the plants of ten accessions shortens depending on the concentration. For example, the concentration 9 g/l caused a reduction in the length ranging from 30% (accession R7) to 54 % (accession L10) compared to control plants. These results are consistent with those of Abou El- Magd et al., (2008) and Cemek et al., (2011). When the diameter of the stem varies from 4,4 (accession R7) to 5,3 mm (accession L1), without salt stress (Fig. 2). However, under salt stress, it decreases with the concentration of NaCl (3 to 9 g/l). The concentration 9 g/l caused a reduction ranging from 26% (accessions R7 and L2) to 47% (accession L10) relative to the corresponding control plants.
Our results remind of those of Kusvuran et al. (2007) and Ibn Maaouia (2011) which showed that the growth of stems decreases when the salinity exceeds 4 g/l. This depressive effect can have two causes non-
exclusive. First, difficulties of water supply and nutriments and second the toxicity of ions accumulated in excess in the plant (Xiong and Zhu, 2002). According to Zhu (2001), reducing growth of the air parts is an adaptive capacity necessary for the survival of plants exposed to abiotic stress. Indeed, the delay of development allows the plant to accumulate energy and resources to combat stress before the imbalance between the inside and outside the organism increases up to a threshold where damage is irreversible. In fact, reducing growth can result from the increase of abscisic acid concentration in the air part or a reduction in cytokinin concentration (Itai, 1999).
Yield and fruit quality
The total yield of the ten accessions studied was significantly reduced by salinity (NaCl) due to a significant decrease in average fruit weight, these results are also observed by De Pascale and Barbieri (2000); Fabre et al., (2011) and Unlukara et al., (2011). In fact, these reductions were even greater than the salt concentration was high (Table 1). For example, the presence of the highest concentration (9 g/l NaCl) in irrigation water procreated a reduction of the yield per plant in two accessions R7 and L1 of 66 and 71% respectively compared to the control. Three accessions G11, S12 and L10 were more sensitive to salt accusing respective reductions of 84, 85 and 90% compared to control plants. Indeed, Maas (1986) reported that root yield declined 14% for each increase unit of salinity beyond the threshold of 1.0 dS/m. Matsubara and Tasaka (1988) noted a reduction of 50% of the fresh weight root of carrot with
NaCl concentrations ranging from 68 to 102 mM, same Mangal et al., (1989) reported the same reduction with a salinity of 78 mM.
Similarly, the length of the root decreases with increasing salinity confirming the study of Unlukara et al., (2011) on carrot. The results, presented in Table 1, suggest that without salt stress, the length of the root varies according to accession. Indeed, both accessions L2 and G11 have the longest root respectively comprised between 14,9 and 14,8 cm. While both accessions L10 and S12 gave the shortest root, respectively comprised between 13 and 13,2 cm. But, once the plants are stressed, the length of the root decreases with the increase of the concentration of NaCl. For example, with the highest concentration (9 g/l), in both S12 and E5 accessions, reducing of the length represent respectively 12 and 34% compared to control plants. In other words, even in the presence of the highest concentration (9 g/l), carrot can give a root, however, the latter does not exceed 12 cm for ten accessions studied. As well as the salinity has further reduced the growth of the aerial parts of carrot compared to the roots, this is in agree with the results of the work of Ibn Maaouia (2011).
The diameter of the root, which is another qualitative character, decreased depending on the concentration of NaCl and confirming the results of other authors (Ozturk, 1997; Unlukara et al., 2011.). In fact, in absence of salt, two accessions L2 and E5 present respectively the highest diameter 16,8 and 16,9 mm. On the other hand, the two accessions G11 and S12 present the lowest diameter which is in around 13,3 mm. However, in the presence of salt in
the culture medium, the diameter of the root has decreased according the concentration of NaCl. The highest falls are noted in plants stressed by 9 g/l of NaCl, they are (compared with control plants) of -37 (accession L1) to 52% (accession L10). However, irrigation water containing salt caused a reduction in the diameter of the heart of the root according to Table 1, plants grown in the presence of 6 or 9 g/l did not differ to each other. While, the plants grown in the presence of 3 g /l have the lowest diameter of 2,5 (accession S12) to 3,9 mm (accession E5). The decrease in yield is correlated with the decrease in diameter which means that carrot yield reductions were the result of the decrease in diameter, this is consistent with the work of Unlukara et al., (2011).
Dry matter yield
About producing dry matter, plants grown in absence of salt stress gave a total whole-plant dry matter yield between 1,5 (accession L10) and 3,4 g/plant (accession L2) (fig. 3). But under salt stress conditions, the whole-plant dry matter yield decreases as the concentration of NaCl. Indeed, in the presence of the highest concentration (9 g/l), the yield of the ten accessions is included between 0,3 g/plant (accessions L10, G11 and S12) and 0,7 g/plant (accessions L1, E5 and R7). The reduction in dry matter of the whole plant, subject to an increasing concentration of NaCl (3 to 9 g/l), also concerned the root part as the aerial part. In addition, the lowest dry matter yield of aerial parts (leaves and stems) and roots of ten accessions is obtained in the presence of the highest concentration of NaCl (9 g/l). Indeed, accession R7 is less sensitive to salt treatment
accusing reductions compared to control of 38% for the aerial part and 78% for roots. ON the other hand, accession L10 shows the most sensitive since the rate of reduction is 85% for the aerial part and 89% for the roots. These results resemble those obtained by Kaya and Higgs (2002) on cucumber; Graifenberg et al., (1996) on fennel and Rode and Nothnagel (2012) on carrot. Salt affects more producing root biomass than the aerial parts, because usually it is the absorption
bodies how show greater sensitivity to salt stress as photosynthetic organs (Brugnoli and Bjorkman, 1992) stress. Furthermore, reduced dimensions of the plant (length and diameter of the stem) and biomass (root and aerial part) is a result of a reduction in the number of cells or chlorophyll content, or both causing a decrease in the synthesis of dry matter (Kaya and Higgs, 2002; Hannachi, 2008).
Figure 1. Effect of NaCl on the length of the stem of ten accessions of carrot grown in Sidi Bouzid (L,
L2, L3, F4, E5, R7, Rs, L10, G11 and S^)-
Figure 2. Effect of NaCl on the diameter of the stem of ten accessions of carrot grown in Sidi Bouzid (U
L2, L3, F4, E5, R7, Rs, L10, G11 and S12).
Table 1 Treatment effects of sodium chloride on the average weight, length, diameter and the diameter of the heart of the root
Accessions /NaCl (g/1) Average weight (g) Length (cm) Diameter (mm) Diameter heart (mm)
L,
0 16,29a 13,66a 16,59a 6,54a
3 4,69b 11,20a 11,32b 3,77b
6 5,54b 13,16a 11,16b 3,91b
9 4,66b 11,59a 10,46b 3,91b
L2
0 17,31a 14,88a 16,77a 5,97a
3 2,84b 9,72b 9,62b 2,69b
6 3,77b 12,22ab 9,20b 3,14b
9 3,33b 11,28ab 9,92b 3,57b
L3
0 16,97a 14,73a 16,49a 5,90a
3 3,92b 11,10b 10,42b 3,16b
6 4,50b 12,25ab 10,18b 3,63b
9 3,56b 10,83b 9,62b 3,18b
F4
0 13,53a 13,65a 15,35a 5,93a
3 3,98b 9,25b 10,69b 3,29b
6 4,10b 11,22ab 10,36b 3,46b
9 3,40b 11,08ab 9,34b 3,43b
E5
0 18,48a 13,81a 16,98a 6,56a
3 4,43b 11,09a 11,22b 3,92ab
6 6,58b 12,33a 12,23b 4,19ab
9 3,68b 12,15a 9,23b 3,20b
R7
0 13,29a 14,00a 15,48a 5,87a
3 3,48b 8,77b 10,90b 3,04b
6 5,00b 11,65ab 10,42b 3,73b
9 4,57b 11,15ab 9,13b 3,55b
Ra
0 14,13a 14,73a 16,57a 6,98a
3 4, 18b 9,10b 11,94b 3,70b
6 4,36b 11,52b 10,37b 3,69b
9 2,52b 10,58b 9,10b 2,66b
L10
0 12,61a 13,01a 15,21a 5,22a
3 3,58b 10,56a 10,03b 3,24a
6 3,00b 11,03a 8,78b 3,03a
9 1,30b 10,62a 7,31b 2,69a
G11
0 10,44a 14,77a 13,29a 4,68a
3 3,87b 11,05ab 9,99b 3,20ab
6 2,22b 9,51b 8 2,72b
9 1,64b 11,89ab 7,67b 2,60b
S,2
0 10,23a 13,17a 13,27a 4,70a
3 2,36b 10,39b 8,29b 2,54b
6 3,36b 10,55b 9,47b 3,31b
9 1,57b 8,63b 7,48b 2,63b
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level according to Student-Newman-Keuls test.
Whole plant
2 5
0 3 6 9
NaCJ (g/l)
aerial parts
0 3 6 9
NaCI (g/l)
^ Root
u * 5
ad
S. 4
NaCI (g/l)
HL1 HL2 *L3 hF4 *E5 *R7 MR8 UL10 mGII «S12
Figure 3. Effect of NaCl on producing dry matter of the whole plant and its two parts air and root in the ten accessions of carrot grown in the region of Sidi Bouzid (L1, L2, L3, F4, E5, R7, R8, L10, G11 and S12).
CONCLUSION
This work shows that saline stress has, to all accession of carrot, a depressive effect on all parameters of growth and of production studied, but it does not affect them in the same way. The degree of affection depends on the intensity of stress and accession. Indeed, the accession L1 which have the longest roots and dry matter yield and the largest root is the most tolerant unlike accessions L10, G11 and S12 which are the most sensitive. We can conclude that the plant of carrot cultivated in the region of Sidi Bouzid is sensitive to salinity with losses yield more than 50% for different concentrations of NaCl studied
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