CC BY
159
Rasulova Khurshidakhon Abduboriyevna, DSc., PhD., Head of Department of Coordination of Research Activity of Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected] Nishonov Shokhidbek Yusufjonovich, Head of Department of Neurology of Andijan branch of Republican Scientific Center of Emergency Medical Care, Uzbekistan E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]
STROKE BURDEN IN ASIA: TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY IN UZBEKISTAN
Abstract:
Objective: Meta-analysis of review of the recent epidemiology of stroke in some Asian countries, including burden, registry, mortality, incidence, prevalence, stroke subtypes and risk factors.
Materials and Methods: We analyzed all the publications in the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, Google Scholar databases, from the time of entry into the database until March 2018.
Results: Based on data from the WHO, GBD study, recent publications from Asian countries and our own studies, we summarized and compared the main epidemiological data on stroke in Asia, including Uzbekistan. With the economic transition of these countries, towards achieving "developed country" status, risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and cigarette smoking will become more prevalent, raising the incidence of stroke. However, due to insufficient healthcare facilities in these developing countries, the mortality will be high, and the number of disabled survivors will also rise.
Conclusion: The global burden of stroke has the largest contribution from Asia. As life expectancy increases, with the aging of Asian populations and reduction in mortality due to infectious diseases, and the rise in the prevalence of vascular risk factors among economies in transition, the stroke burden in Asia will surely rise. Governments and healthcare workers need to work together, with an informed public, to stem this growing epidemic.
Keywords: stroke, burden, registry, mortality, incidence, prevalence, stroke subtypes, risk factors, Asian countries, Uzbekistan.
Introduction. Stroke is an especially serious problem in Asia, which has more than 60% of the world's population, and many of its countries are "developing" economies [3]. Stroke mortality is higher in Asia than in Western Europe, the Americas or Australasia, except in the case of some countries such as Japan [5]. Objective of this study is review of the recent epidemiology of stroke in some Asian countries, including burden, registry, mortality, incidence, prevalence, stroke subtypes and risk factors, based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO), Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, and recent publications from Asian countries. A deeper understanding of the stroke burden in this part of the world could assist in the appreciation of the magnitude of stroke and its diversity, and help in healthcare planning and resource allocation [3].
Materials and Methods
We analyzed all the publications in the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, Google Scholar databases, from the time of entry into the database until March 2018. The WHO website, World Health Rank-
ings, World Life Expectancy and specific countries journals were consulted. The search was limited to papers published in English, Russian, or Uzbek languages. The search terms used were "stroke" with the operator "and", along with any ("or") of the following terms: "burden", "epidemiology", "registry", "mortality", "incidence", "prevalence", "subtype", and "risk factors". The operator "and" was then used with the name of each Asian country. Data from European countries were excluded. The abstracts were reviewed for relevance, and data on stroke epidemiology were extracted. Where possible, the original papers were also obtained and reviewed. The most recent studies or review papers from each country, were preferred over older publications. Data on incidence and prevalence were obtained from community-based studies with wide age ranges and no upper limit. Data on the stroke subtypes and vascular risk factors among stroke patients were preferably from multi-center hospital collaborations with high brain scan rates. Data on stroke mortality and morbidity were obtained from the GBD study, and vascular risk factors in the community were obtained from the WHO
database. The data were then tabulated, stratified according to geographical regions.
Results and Discussion
The definition of stroke and its types. The WHO definition of stroke is: "rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (or global) disturbance of cerebral function, with symptoms lasting 24 hours or longer or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin". By applying this definition transient ischemic attack (TIA), which is defined to last less than 24 hours, and patients with stroke symptoms caused by subdural hemorrhage, tumors, poisoning, or trauma are excluded. The pathological background for stroke may either be ischemic or hemorrhagic disturbances of the cerebral blood circulation.
Stroke burden. The best measure of stroke burden is the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost because of stroke. Based on data from the GBD study, there was a wide range of age- and sex-standardized stroke DALYs lost in Asia, in 2010 [5]. The lowest rates are in Japan (706.6/100,000 people) and Singapore (804.2/100,000 people), with low rates also observed in Bangladesh and Bhutan. The highest rates are in Mongolia (4.409.8/100,000 people) and Indonesia (3.382.2/100.000 people), with high rates also observed in Myanmar, Lao PDR, North Korea, and Cambodia. As in the case of mortality, a range of the rates of DALYs lost are observed in all three regions, but the DALYs lost tend to be lower in high-income countries in East and South-East Asia. The DALYs lost reflect the net effects of mortality, incidence, and disability among prevalent cases, and the latter possibly indicates the effects of stroke severity and rehabilitative services [3; 9; 13; 28; 29].
Incidence and Prevalence. Stroke incidence data are available for most Asian countries, but only for some in the other regions. The lowest rate is observed in Malaysia (67/100,000 person-years). The highest rates are in Japan (422/100,000 person-years among men and 212/100,000 person-years among women) and Taiwan (330/100,000 person-years). Data on stroke prevalence are more readily-available than those on incidence [3, 23].
Variations in stroke epidemiology have been found within many countries. Studies in China have shown that the stroke incidence is higher in the northern regions compared to the south [20], with double the incidence along the stroke belt [27]. In India, on the contrary, the incidence is higher in rural areas [15]. In Thailand, the stroke prevalence is highest in the cities, and then, in a decreasing fashion, in the central, south, north, and northeast regions of the country [22]. Similarly, stroke prevalence was found to be higher in cities and urban areas than in rural regions, in Indonesia [13]. These differences have been attributed to the differences in the risk factors
between various regions in the same country. However, there is no difference in the age-standardized stroke mortality between the metropolitan cities of Korea and the other regions in the country [9].
The problem of stroke is very urgent for Central Asia with population over 70 million. In Kazakhstan, over 49 thousand people suffer stroke annually, 80% of them became fully or partly disabled [4]. Kyrgyzstan is the sixth in mortality from CVD in Eurasia, following Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Moldova. In the Eurasian region, Kyrgyzstan ranks first in the standardized parameter of stroke mortality index of 88.5/100,000 population. The prevalence of stroke in Kyrgyzstan in 2014, according to the WHO Atlas of cerebrovascular diseases, was 139.1/100,000 population [24].
In Uzbekistan, the annual number of new stroke cases is about 209/100,000 people, among men stroke cases is about 1.95, while in women is 3.15/1000 people [2; 16; 17]. Ga-furov B. G. (2009) reported 44.6% of deaths from stroke, of them 5.1% at early hospitalization (first 6 hours) that is 3-fold lesser than in late stages (14.7%). Disability affects 42.2% of stroke survivors, and no more 10.2% stroke patients could save their employability [7; 17; 19].
However, comparison of the results is difficult, as different study methods were used for case-finding, which were performed at different time points, and different age bands were studied. However, the observed variations may reflect differences in the risk-factor prevalence, screening/detection method and level of control.
According to the WHO database (DALYs/1000 capita, 2004), in Uzbekistan, the country rate of cardiovascular diseases, including stroke, was 4.9 per year, after diarrhoea (12), respiratory infections (6.6), other unintentional injuries (5.2), while the world's highest country rate rank was 14.
Stroke registry. The objectives of a stroke population-based register is to (a) evaluate the frequency, distribution and prognosis of the disease providing indicators such as attack rate, incidence rate, prevalence and case fatality; (b) compare trends in different countries; (c) evaluate trends and changing pattern, outcomes and treatment effectiveness; and (d) monitor disease prevention programmes. Focusing on the general population, a stroke registry may provide a comprehensive picture of stroke in the community, highlight problem areas and suggest where there are population groups at high risk and where treatment facilities are most in need of improvement. It may provide information needed to plan healthcare services and to develop and test which methods are most useful as a basis for preventive action (The EUROCISS Project, 2007).
The WHO Stroke Register was the first attempt to collect data on stroke in the community in a uniform manner from countries with different social, cultural, and environmental
background. It lasted from May 1971 to September 1974 and was a joint undertaking ofWHO and 15 collaborating centres in 10 countries from Asia, Africa and Europe. About 2 million people were under surveillance and data was obtained from 6,395 new cases of stroke (3.270 men and 3.125 women) (EUROCISS Project, 2000).
Besides existing registries in America (GWTG, CSR/ CCP, PCNASR, RCSN et al.) and Europe (WHO MONICA, EUROCISS, EROS, ECHIM, HDR, ASTRAL, PERFECT, ESO, SITS, GP's register et al.), including National, Regional Population- or Hospital-based registers, there are several Asian stroke registries: Khorasan Stroke registry (KSR), Khorasan posterior circulation stroke registry (KPCSR), Khorasan Pediatric Stroke registry (KPSR), Khorasan stroke in young adults registry (KSYAR), Chinese acute ischemic stroke treatment outcome registry (CASTOR), Kyoto Stroke Registry, Stroke Acute Management with Urgent Risk-factor Assessment and Improvement (SAMURAI) rt-PA Registry, Japan Standard Stroke Registry Study (JSSRS), Japan Multicenter Stroke Investigators' Collaboration (J-MUSIC), Yonsei Stroke Registry and many others.
The registry includes all cases in a defined population, whether treated at home or in hospital, in whichever season of the year or time of the day they may occur, and would also include rapidly fatal cases unable to reach the medical service.
Mortality. As per the GBD study, the age- and sex-standardized mortality in Asia has a wide range [5]. The lowest rates are observed in Japan (43.4/1.000,000 person-years and Singapore (47.9/100.000 person-years), followed by Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea, and Bhutan. The highest rates are observed in Mongolia (222.6/100,000 person-years) and In-
donesia (193.3/100.000 person-years), followed by Myanmar and North Korea. All three regions show a range of mortality values, although, in general, they are lower in South Asia and high-income countries in East Asia. These varying rates may reflect the differences in stroke incidence, disease severity, and quality of healthcare. Competing causes of death such as coronary artery disease may provide a falsely low mortality value attributable to stroke [3; 9; 11; 13; 23; 28; 29].
According to the WHO (2017), stroke deaths in Afghanistan reached 18.204 or 7.78% of total deaths, while this rate is 14.315 (8.13) in Iraq, 109.165 (8.96%) in Pakistan, 890 (10.02%) in Kuwait, 130.159 (12.12%) in Japan, 42.356 (13.06%) in Iran, 8.809 (14.55%) in Azerbaijan, 3.385 (18.09%) in Mongolia, 2,098.609 (22.46%) in China, 49.241 (22.51%) in North Korea.
Among 33 Asian countries, the latest Stroke death rate rankings (2017) showed top 10 countries with high death rate (in decreasing order): Indonesia, Mongolia, North Korea, Turkmenistan, Russia, Muanmar, Afghanistan, Georgia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Among Asian countries, the lowest death rates were in South Korea, Japan and Singapore (WHO, Age Adjusted Death Rates Estimates: 2017).
In 2017, by the stroke death rate, Uzbekistan is on the 20th place after Kazakhstan among 33 Asian countries, having the lowest death rate among Central Asian countries. The highest rank had Turkmenistan, then Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Uzbekistan is on the latest place in this ranking. In Uzbekistan, stroke deaths reached 16.641 or 9.85% of total deaths, while this rate is reached 14.871 (10.86%) in Kazakhstan, 5.012 (14.27%) in Kyrgyzstan, 5.347 (12.51%) in Tajikistan and 5.737 (15.06%) in Turkmenistan (Table 1).
Table 1. - Stroke deaths ranking in Central Asia (WHO, 2017)
Country Population Deaths of strokes % The age adjusted death rate/100.000 population World Rank
Uzbekistan 30.932.878 16.641 9.85 83.74 90
Kazakhstan 17.067.216 14.871 10.86 90.99 84
Tajikistan 8.628.742 5.347 12.51 140.11 21
Kyrgyzstan 5.940.743 5.012 14.27 137.56 25
Turkmenistan 5.817.285 5.737 15.06 170.80 6
Comparative epidemiology. Heart disease and stroke are competing causes of mortality. Generally, stroke-associated mortality, as a percent of total mortality, is lower than ischemic heart disease-related mortality, in most parts of the world [10]. This could be explained by the higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia among those with ischemic heart disease, than stroke patients. However, in some countries, the converse is true, wherein the stroke-related mortality exceeds the mortality caused by ischemic
heart disease (in China by 11.9%, Korea by 9.9%, Mongolia by 8.0%, Thailand by 6.6%, etc.). Yet, the stroke mortality in Asia is higher than in North America or Europe [11].
According to the DALYs lost, the stroke burden is lower than that associated with ischemic heart disease. However, in terms of mortality, the stroke burden exceeds the ischemic heart disease burden in the same countries in which an excess stroke mortality is observed - China, Mongolia, and Thailand.
According to Age Standardized death rate, in 2010, the top 10 causes of death in Uzbekistan were: coronary heart disease (37.41%), stroke (9.85%), hypertension (6.05%), liver disease (4.70%), diabetes mellitus (3.34%), Influenza and pneumonia (4.35%), kidney disease (3.25%), low birth weight (3.12%), congenital anomalies (2.28%), and birth trauma (2.12%).
Ischemic stroke occurs more frequently (75-90%) than hemorrhagic stroke in much of the world. However, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke (15-40%) is much higher in Asia, notably in China, than most developed countries in North America and Western Europe [12].
Stroke subtypes. Information on stroke subtypes is also available in most countries, as derived from hospital-based stroke registries. In general, ischemic stroke (75-90%) occurs more commonly than hemorrhagic stroke, except in India and Vietnam, where the converse is observed. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is uncommon. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis may also cause stroke, especially among young women [3].
In Uzbekistan, using the TOAST classification, Veres-chagin-Suslina's criteria and computed program of the Russian National Stroke Center to determine subtypes of ischemic stroke [1; 21; 25], were determined the following most frequent ischemic stroke subtypes: atherothrombotic stroke (42%), lacunar stroke (41%), and cardioembolic stroke (17%) [17]. Later on, additionally using a new method of differential diagnosis of pathogenic subtypes of ischemic stroke (Invention Patent No.04956, 2014) [18], it has been possible to determine the frequency of the following stroke subtypes: 40.4% of atherothrombotic stroke, 39.1% of lacunar stroke, 12.3% of cardioembolic stroke, 3.6% of stroke of other determined or mixed etiology, and 4.6% of cryptogenic stroke.
Stroke subtyping can have different purposes, e.g. describing patients' characteristics in a clinical trial, grouping patients in an epidemiological study, careful phenotyping of patients in a genetic study, and classifying patients for therapeutic decision-making in daily practice. Regarding the 4 main categories of aetiologies of ischemic stroke (i.e. atherothrombotic, small vessel disease, cardioembolic, and other causes), the classification should reflect the most likely aetiology without neglecting the vascular conditions that are also found [16].
Vascular risk factors. Data on the vascular risk factors among stroke patients are available for a number of countries. These are derived from hospital-based stroke registries. Increasing age, sex (male), and genetics are non-modifiable risk factors for stroke. The modifiable stroke risk factors are well known and presented in the WHO database. These were derived from community-based cross-sectional surveys. Similar criteria were used for diagnosis, which makes the studies comparable.
Hypertension remains the most common medical risk factor for stroke, whereas current smoking and inactivity are the most predominant among lifestyle-related risk factors. In most countries, high or low frequencies of occurrence are observed consistently across all risk factors for that country, compared to other countries. There is a range of frequencies within each region. A high prevalence of hypertension is seen in Mongolia and Pakistan (low in Korea and Singapore); diabetes mellitus in Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, and Mongolia (low in Vietnam, Timor Leste, and DPR Korea); hypercholesterolemia in Japan, Singapore and Brunei (low in Nepal, Timor Leste, and DPR Korea); inactivity in Malaysia (low in Nepal and Lao PDR); obesity in Brunei, Papua New Guinea, and Mongolia (low in Timor Leste, Cambodia, and Bangladesh); tobacco smoking in Indonesia (low in India). In general, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and tobacco smoking tend to be more prevalent among men, whereas hypercholesterolemia, inactivity and obesity tend to be more prevalent among women [3; 9; 11; 13; 23; 28; 29].
According to Tashkent-hospital based studies, hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for ischemic stroke (89%). The other most frequent aetiological factors were atherosclerosis in 73%, including their combinations in 36%, diabetes mellitus in 32%, and heart diseases in 36%. Physical inactivity was prevalent in 64% of patients. Stress was one of the main risk factors (67%), especially in men and in atherothrombotic (76.2%) and lacunar strokes (65.8%). Sleep disorders contributed to stroke in 49%, independently of sex [16; 17].
Trends. Globally, between 1990 and 2013, there was a rise in the number of deaths, survivors, and events associated with stroke. However, the significant increase in the associated deaths and DALYs lost were not significantly different between developing and developed countries [6]. Stroke-related mortality has been decreasing in East-Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the urbanized areas of China [11]. This may be due to the better risk factor control and stroke care in these countries. However, the age-standardized stroke incidence, in general, has remained relatively constant.
In Uzbekistan, according to the WHO (2014), cardiovascular diseases accounted 54% of total mortality 184.000, especially in males.
In South-Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and in developing countries in South-East Asia, such as Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, and Malaysia, with the better control of infectious diseases, life expectancy will be prolonged. With the economic transition of these countries, towards achieving "developed country" status, risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and cigarette smoking will become more prevalent, raising the incidence of stroke. However, due to insufficient healthcare fa-
cilities in these developing countries, the mortality will be high, and the number of disabled survivors will also rise [3]. The decrease in high mortality, incidence and morbidity, observed predominantly in high-income countries, reflects the significant impact of the economic status of a country on health. This pattern of high incidence and falling mortality is likely to raise the prevalence of stroke in those countries. This problem may be compounded by the presence of fewer caregivers, as these countries also have low birth rates [3].
Conclusions
Stroke remains a devastating disease in the world despite major improvements in management over recent decades, which has contributed to better outcomes in patients. Although the incidence has been stable or has decreased, the ageing population will lead to a dramatic increase in the absolute number of stroke cases.
The global burden of stroke has the largest contribution from Asia, as in these countries, there are disparities in the healthcare provisions, and this will continue to pose a challenge to disease control. As life expectancy increases, with the aging of Asian populations and reduction in mortality due to infectious diseases, and the rise in the prevalence of vascular risk factors among economies in transition, the stroke burden in Asia will surely rise. Governments and healthcare workers need to work together, with an informed public, to stem this growing epidemic.
Based on the up-to-date reliable data from the excellently-performed GBD study and WHO, as well as large, recently-conducted studies from most Asian countries and our own studies, this paper summarizes and compares the main epidemiological data on stroke in Asia, including Uzbekistan, that could be helpful to clinicians, researchers and healthcare workers.
References:
1. Adams H. P., Bendixen B. H., Kappelle L. J. et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment // Stroke.- 1993.- Vol. 24 (1).- P. 35-41.
2. Azhieva Z. B. Dynamics and prognosis of the incidence of cerebral strokes, according to registry of Nukus city // Neurology (Uzbekistan).2008.- No. 3-4.- 44 p. In Russian.
3. Byung N. V., Yoon W., Pandian J., Navarro J. C. Stroke Epidemiology in South, East, and South-East Asia: A Review // J. Stroke. 2017.- Vol. 19 (3).- P. 286-294.
4. Erkebaeva S. K., Nurguzhaev E. S., Gafurov B. G., Zharkinbekova N. A., Abasova G. B. Epidemiology and climate and geographic risk factors of stroke in the South Kazakhstan region // Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. Im. S. S. Korsakova. 2013.- Vol. 113 (3 Pt 2).- P. 3-8. In Russian.
5. Feigin V. L., Forouzanfar M. H., Krishnamurthi R., Mensah G. A. et al. Global Burden of Diseases and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD2010) and the GBD Stroke Experts Group Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 // Lancet. 2014.- Vol. 383.- P. 245-254.
6. Feigin V. L., Krishnamurthi R. V., Parmar P., Norrving B. et al. GBD2013 Writing Group. GBD2013 Stroke Panel Experts Group Update on the Global Burden of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in 1990-2013: the GBD2013 study // Neuro-epidemiology. 2015.- Vol. 45.- P. 161-176.
7. Gafurov B. G. The rate and clinical structure of cerebral strokes in Uzbekistan based on hospital registry // Report in Scientific Conference: Relevant problems in Surgery - Tashkent, 2009. In Russian.
8. Hashmi M., Khan M., Wasay M. Growing burden of stroke in Pakistan: a review of progress and limitations // Int. J. Stroke. 2013.- Vol. 8.- P. 575-581.
9. Hong K. S., Bang O. Y., Kang D. W., Yu K. H. et al. Stroke statistics in Korea: part I. Epidemiology and risk factors: a report from the Korean stroke society and clinical research center for stroke // J. Stroke.- 2013.- Vol. 15.- P. 2-20.
10. Kim A. S., Johnston S. C. Global variation in the relative burden of stroke and ischemic heart disease // Circulation.-2011.- Vol. 124.- P. 314-323.
11. Kim J. S. Stroke in Asia: a global disaster // Int. J. Stroke.- 2014.- Vol. 9.- P. 856-857. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC5647629/ - b43-jos-2017-00234
12. Krishnamurthi R. V., Moran A. E., Forouzanfar M. H., Bennett D. A. et al. Global Burden of Diseases and Risk Factors 2010 Study Stroke Expert Group The global burden of hemorrhagic stroke: a summary of findings from the GBD2010 study // Glob. Heart. 2014.- Vol. 9.- P. 101-106.
13. Kusuma Y., Venketasubramanian N., Kiemas L. S., Misbach J. Burden of stroke in Indonesia // Int. J. Stroke. 2009.-Vol. 4.- P. 379-380.
14. Mehndiratta M. M., Khan M., Mehndiratta P., Wasay M. Stroke in Asia: geographical variations and temporal trends // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2014.- Vol. 85.- P. 1308-1312.
15. Pandian J. D., Sudhan P. Stroke epidemiology and stroke care services in India // J. Stroke.2013.- Vol. 15.- P. 128-134; URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5647629/ - b7-jos-2017-00234
16. Rasulova H. A. Risk factors in different stroke subtypes (Tashkent hospital based study) // Vestnik TMA. 2013.-No. 3.- P. 120-128.
17. Rasulova Kh. A. Preliminary findings of Tashkent hospital based study of risk factors for different ischemic stroke subtypes // European Medical, Health and Pharmaceutical Journal.2014.- Vol. 7 (2).- P. 26-33.
18. Rasulova Kh. A., Usmanova D. D. Optimization of method of differential diagnosis of pathogenic subtypes of ischemic stroke: Methodical recommendations.- Tashkent, 2015.- 36 p. In Russian.
19. Sagatov D., Rasulova K., Madjidova Y. Risk factors and prognosis of ischemic stroke in young patients in Uzbekistan // Medical and Health Science Journal. 2011.- Vol. 5.- P. 16-22.
20. Sun H., Zou X., Liu L. Epidemiological factors of stroke: a survey of the current status in China // J. Stroke. 2013.-Vol. 15.- P. 109-114. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5647629/ - b9-jos-2017-00234
21. Suslina Z. A., Varakin Y. A., Vereschagin N. V. Brain vascular diseases: Epidemiology. Pathogenic mechanisms. Prevention.-Moscow, 2009. In Russian.
22. Suwanwela N. C. Stroke epidemiology in Thailand // J. Stroke.2014.- Vol. 16.- P. 1-7.
23. Toyoda K. Epidemiology and registry studies of stroke in Japan // J. Stroke.2013.- Vol. 15.- P. 21-26.
24. Turgumbaeva J. D., Akynbekov K. U., Turgumbaev D. D. The structure of the incidence and risk factors of stroke in Bishkek according to the register // Vestnik KazNMU.2015.-No. 3.- P. 92-96. In Russian.
25. Vereschagin N. V., Suslina Z. A. Determination of the probabilities of stroke subtypes 2004 www.stroke-center.ru. In Russian.
26. World Health Organization 2018. URL: http://www.who.int/gho/countries/en
27. Xu G., Ma M., Liu X., Hankey G. J. Is there a stroke belt in China and why? // Stroke.2013.- Vol. 44.- P. 1775-1783.
28. Yoshida D., Ninomiya T., Doi Y., Hata J. et al. Prevalence and causes of functional disability in an elderly general population ofJapanese: the Hisayama study // J. Epidemiol.2012.- Vol. 22.- P. 222-229.
29. Zhang C., Zhao S., Wang D., Wang Z., Jiang M. et al. An epidemiological study of stroke and its subtypes in the over 55 Mongolian and Han populations in a pastoral area of inner Mongolia // Int. J. Stroke.2011.- Vol. 6.- P. 468.
