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© КОЛЛЕКТИВ АВТОРОВ, 2016 UDC 613.6:614.2
A.K. Izdenov1, B. Serik2
SOCIO-HYGIENIC REVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE LEADING INDUSTRIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
department of food hygiene, general hygiene and ecology of Karaganda state medical university (Karaganda, Republic of Kazakhstan),
2Department of public health №1 of Karaganda state medical university (Karaganda, Republic of Kazakhstan)
Over the past decade, developed the concept of occupational risk of health damage working in adverse working conditions, carried out extensive testing of hygienic and medical-statistical criteria for evaluating occupational risks in leading industries. However, information about the risks of production in the mining industry, including the production of chrysotile and in agriculture occur in rare publications. However, information about the risks of production in the mining industry, including the production of chrysotile and in agriculture occur in rare publications. In addition, to evaluate the occupational risks of ill health of the mining and agricultural industries workers are not used industrial safety indicators. Thus, analysis of the literature showed that in the last decade attention of specialists of occupational medicine and related areas of knowledge attracts asbestos production and machine operators working conditions. Impact factors of production of chrysotile and agriculture on the health of workers are found in few publications in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the failure is currently growing.
Keywords: health, mining, production risks, agriculture
The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev in his Address to people of Kazakhstan from November 30, 2015 «Kazakhstan in the new global reality: growth, reform and development», emphasized and singled out the «Plan of the Nation. One hundred concrete steps to implement the 5 institutional reforms» [14]. Removing the administrative barriers for small and medium-sized businesses, improving public administration, education and health. All these measures would also give a margin of safety to the state, society and our economy. The basis of the state social policy and a major scientific challenge facing the health care system is to increase the life expectancy of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan to 73 years; reducing maternal mortality rate to 10.5 per 100 thousand live births.; reduction of infant mortality to 9.11 per 1000 live births; reduction in overall mortality to 6.3 per 1,000. That is reflected in the «Densaulyk» State Healthcare Development Program of Kazakhstan for 20162020 [5].
Issues of protection and promotion of workers' health are one of the priority areas as occupational health and medicine, and public health in general. The problems are numerous, they are affected with health issues of legal, social, economic and many other aspects. The leading place in the vast system of therapeutic and preventive measures, including new technical solutions, takes the prevention of occupational and production-caused disease.
The occupational health for many years prevailed next paradigm, based on the MAC and the remote control in a bid to mandatory compliance in the workplace, thus ensuring the preservation of health warranty. However, non-compliance with these rules made it necessary to assess the consequences of their excess, determine the tactics of prevention and social protection measures are working in adverse conditions [12]. The solution to these problems has been made possible with the development of new theories, among which was the progressive assessment and management of occupational hazard. The risk assessment pay great attention to the quantitative assessment of health damage for selecting the most effective risk management measures, i. e. prevention. Under the occupational hazard should understand probability of damage (loss) of health or death associated with the use of duties under an employment agreement (contract) and in other cases prescribed by law [4, 23, 36, 38].
Currently, the concept of occupational risk assessment in the world is seen as the main mechanism study, the design and selection of priority implementation of management decisions to preserve the health of the working population, which is especially important for large-scale industrial enterprises [34].
The risk assessment results of the planned set of measures: organizational, legal, financial, economic, industrial, technological, social, health, sanitation and hygiene, as well as conducting
research projects aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of the factors of production and the labor process.
At first glance, it would seem, in compliance with established standards and requirements to the work environment should not occur diseases or abnormalities in the health status of working personnel. But we can not ignore such "it is difficult to take into account" factors such as individual sensitivity or adaptation to the particular production environment.
Undoubtedly medical and social importance and a professional risk indicators can serve as criteria harmless working conditions, namely, the preservation of life, health, functional abilities of the body, life expectancy and health of future generations [6, 24]. For practical application of criteria of professional risk assessment indicators can be ranked in descending order of their medical and social significance:
- the risk of fatal injury (absolute criterion -the loss of seniority up to 6000 man-days);
- the risk of injury, the estimated product of the frequency coefficients and severity of accidents at work;
- the risk of occupational disease, as measured by integral indicators (eg, the index of occupational diseases);
- the risk of professionally induced diseases, ie, multifactorial etiology of diseases related to work, manifested by increased levels of common, often chronic diseases, revealed the results of periodic medical examinations;
- the risk to life and health of workers using PPE due to adverse effects;
- the risk to life and health from the effects of harmful and hazardous factors of working environment and labor process factors evaluated for hygienic criteria based on the results of certification of workplaces;
- conditional occupational hazard class and the insurance branch ratio in the system of compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases [29].
The impact of occupational factors on workers can manifest development of occupational diseases, increasing common chronic diseases, decreasing life expectancy, especially in the working age, early aging, increased mortality, especially when high degrees of hazard working conditions. As for the latter indicators, according to the authors, their development is time consuming and requires a certain skill, because they have no formal reporting forms in terms of identifying the impact of working conditions. Currently, work is underway on the development of standards for
early diagnosis, prevention and rehabilitation of occupational-caused diseases [14, 15].
As a result of scientific and technical progress, changes in the social and demographic situation in the country, national projects, the study of working conditions in various industries have regained their relevance. Analysis of the literature showed that most of the data on working conditions in the agricultural industry research relate to the socialist period and require objective scientific development on the basis of the theory and methodology of professional risk [1, 27].
One of the leaders in the industry takes agricultural production. Profession tractor drivers of agricultural production (mechanic) at the moment, despite the downsizing of employees and fleet is one of the major and most abundant in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the member countries of the Customs Union (Belarus, Russian Federation). Because of the imperfections of the exploited agricultural machinery for most of the parameters that determine the state of working conditions, it is not only moral, but also physical deterioration of machine operators are exposed to the complex unfavorable factors, among which are the defining low-frequency overall and intermediate-frequency local vibration, forced working posture with considerable physical and static muscle tension against the backdrop of unfavorable climate, increased levels of dust and noise. Exposure to harmful factors of working conditions can lead to functional impairment in activities of individual organs and systems of the body mechanics, reduced adaptive capacity and the development of pre-morbid and pathological changes, facilitating the emergence of professionally caused and occupational diseases. The objective of occupational diseases in agriculture in Kazakhstan are absent. Suffice it to say that among the employees of the village over the last decade did not reveal a single case of occupational diseases.
Workers in all sectors of the economy are often under the influence of environment factors (high or low temperature, chemicals, noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, etc.), are influenced by the factors of the labor process (heavy lifting, awkward working posture, eye strain , attention, neuro-emotional stress, etc.). These factors in determining the severity and duration of exposure may have adverse effects on the body working on specific functions and even lead to professional and occupational-caused diseases [16].
Labour activity agricultural workers takes place in unfavorable microclimate, the complex pa-
rameters which in combination with physical activity causes overheating or overcooling of the organism, which is a risk factor, as the deterioration of the body and the development of pathology.
The heating microclimate is one of the major negative factors working environment, including a modern agricultural sector, and has a negative impact on workers' health [2].
Encountered when using the heating medium tension activities of the various functions of the human body systems providing temperature homeostasis, accompanied not only by the deterioration of health, reduction of efficiency and productivity, but it can lead to health problems, including due to the increase of injury, as indicated by the results research number of authors [7].
Agriculture is of great importance in the economy. He is one of the major economic complexes that determine the conditions for the maintenance of society. Its importance is not only to ensure the needs of people for food, but that it is a significant impact on employment and the efficiency of the national production. About 30% of branches of an economic complex is included in the reproduction due to the agricultural sector. From agricultural raw materials produced approximately 70% of the entire set of domestically produced commodities [13].
All of this is relevant to the conditions of modern production of asbestos-date remains the problem of occupational diseases of respiratory system in workers having contact with him. The term «asbestos» combines a number of natural fibrous materials differing composition, crystal structure, physico-chemical properties, as well as the peculiarities of biological effects on the human body. In mineralogical signs of asbestos is classified into two main groups - serpentine and amphibole. The first group include chrysotile asbestos, in the second - blue asbestos (crocidolite, amosite, anthophylite, tremolite and actinolite). Essentially two different mineral. The fibers of chrysotile asbestos are soluble in the acid environment of the lung, acid-amphibole asbestos getting into the human lungs and can be accumulated in them throughout life [19, 21, 22, 32, 35].
In the world literature there is increasing evidence that chrysotile asbestos is a little aggressive and controlled application may be safer for humans than its synthetic substitutes [28].
The decision to replace asbestos with other natural and artificial fiber materials based on incomplete information, and for the most part dictated by commercial considerations, is unreasonable, that may lead to other diseases with long
latency periods, including - malignant. Byway artificial mineral fiber must be used with the same degree of control as the asbestos minerals, is no confidence in their security [31].
Modern research suggests that heavy Asbestos-induced lung disease can only be called amphibole asbestos, which are biologically more aggressive compared to chrysotile. In accordance with the basic provisions of the Convention number 162 of the ILO, it was forbidden the use of amphibole asbestos and to chrysotile was developed by order of the controlled application. In Russia, produces and applies only chrysotile asbestos. Many years of experience in medical surveillance of workers in all enterprises, «asbestos» industry has shown that prolonged exposure to inhalation of asbestos-containing dust at concentrations much higher than the current MPC, there is a risk of asbestos-related diseases bronchopulmonary system: professional bronchitis, asbestosis, lung cancer and pleural lesions [20, 33, 37, 40].
The results of the research of the three leading toxicological laboratories in Switzerland, Germany and the United States show that the half-life light cleaning of chrysotile fibers, i. e. the number of days required to remove 50% of the fibers remaining in the lungs after the end of the exposure period is approximately 14 days. For comparison, the half-life of amphibole asbestos (amosite) is about 466 days, which is the main evidence that amphiboles are more dangerous than chrysotile. For this reason, amphibole asbestos was banned for use in the world of ILO Convention 162 on asbestos of 1986 y. [9, 30, 39].
Republic of Kazakhstan has developed a production complex for the extraction and enrichment of chrysotile asbestos ore. Chrysotile asbestos is used in Kazakhstan for more than 40 years, its production is produced JSC «Kostanay minerals» that lead to the production Zhetykara field. The scale of chrysotile asbestos reserves Zhetykara field ranks 5th in the world and is currently the production capacity of JSC «Kostanay minerals» to develop chrysotile asbestos is 400 ths. tonnes in year [10, 17].
It should be noted the rapid rise in recent years, the number of developments in risk assessment and management in occupational medicine [8, 11].
Summarizing the above data, it should be noted that during the decade last thing developed the concept of occupational risk injury working in adverse working conditions, carried out broad testing hygienic and medical-statistical criteria for evaluating occupational risks in leading industries. At the same time, information about the risks of
production in the mining industry, including in the production of chrysotile and agriculture are found in a few publications. In addition, to evaluate the occupational risks of ill health of the mining and agricultural industries workers are not used industrial safety indicators. In this connection, we have studied occupational risks in modern production related to high-risk facilities.
The study of occupational risks operating under the influence of various factors of production environment and labor process and morbidity risks as the working population, and the population living near large industrial centers is relevant and requires further study.
Thus, analysis of the literature showed that in the last decade attention of specialists of occupational medicine and related areas of knowledge attracts asbestos production and machine operators working conditions. Impact factors of production of chrysotile and agriculture on the health of workers are found in few publications in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the failure is currently growing.
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Received 14.09.2016
А. К Изденов1, Б. Серик2
СОЦИАЛЬНО-ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ТЕКУЩЕГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ВЕДУЩИХ ОТРАСЛЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН
1 Кафедра гигиены питания, общей гигиены, экологии Карагандинского государственного медицинского университета (Караганда, Казахстан),
2кафедра общественного здравоохранения №1 Карагандинского государственного медицинского университета (Караганда, Казахстан)
За последнее десятилетие была разработана концепция профессионального риска повреждения здоровья работающих в неблагоприятных условиях труда, проведено обширное тестирование гигиенических и медико-статистических критериев для оценки профессиональных рисков в ведущих отраслях промышленности. Тем не менее, информации о рисках производства в горнодобывающей промышленности, в том числе в производстве хризотила и в сельском хозяйстве недостаточно в имеющихся публикациях. Кроме того, для оценки профессиональных рисков в горнодобывающей и сельскохозяйственной промышленности рабочие не используют производственные показатели безопасности. Представленный анализ литературы показал, что в последнее десятилетие внимание специалистов производственной медицины и смежных областей знаний привлекают условия труда при производстве хризотила и работы механизаторов. Воздействие факторов производства хризотила и сельского хозяйства на здоровье работников на современном этапе можно найти в единичных публикациях, что является актуальной проблемой гигиены и медицины труда в современных условиях.
Ключевые слова: здравоохранение, горнодобывающее производство, хризотил, производственные риски, сельское хозяйство
д. К,. ИзденоВ, Б. СерК
КАЗАКСТАН РЕСПУБПИКАСЫНЬЩ ЖЕТЕКШ1САПАПАРЫНЫЦ АFЫМДАFЫ ЖАFДАЙЫН дЛЕУМЕТПК-ГИГИЕНАПЫК ТАЛДАУ
1 ТаFам гигиенасы, жалпы гигиена жэне экология КММУ кафедрасы, 2коамдык денсаулык сактау №1 КММУ кафедрасы (Караанды, Казахстан)
Сонры он жыл Ынде, кэаби тэуекел тYCiнiгi нашар жумыс жардайларында кызметкерлердН денсаулырын закымдайтын, гигиена жэне денсаулык статистикалык сынактар аукымды тест1леу жетекш1 салаларында кэаптк кау1п баралаура эз1рлен1 п етк1зд1. Алайда, ауыл шаруашылырында хризотил енд1р1с1н коса алранда, тау -кен енеркэс1б1 акпараттык тэуекелдерд1, енд1р1ст1к сирек басылымдар орын. Сонымен катар, тау -кен енеркэс1б1нде енд1р1стег1 зиянды жэне ауыл шаруашылыры кызметкерлер^н баралау Yшiн енеркэаптк кау1пс1зд1к рекорд пайдаланбаныз. Осылайша, эдебиеттерд1 талдау сонры онжылдыкта, мамандардын назарын б1л1м медицина жэне онымен байланысты салалар машинанык хризотил жэне пайдалану енд1р1с1нде екбек жардайларын аударады Енбекл екен1н керсетт1. жумысшылардын денсаулырынык каз1рп кезендег1 хризотил жэне ауыл шаруашылыры енд1р1с1н эсер1 факторлар каз1рг1 жардайда гигиенасы жэне кэс1би медицинанын езекп мэселес1 болып табылады, ол б1рнеше жарияланымдар табура болады.
Клт сездер: денсаулык сактау, тау -кен енд1ру, ендеу, хризотил, енд1р1ст1к тэуекелдер, ауыл шаруашылыры.
