10ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-131-138
SOCIAL AND MATERIAL CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL PERSONNEL IN UZBEKISTAN: PROBLEMS AND LESSONS (1925-1940 OF
THE 20TH CENTURY)
Dilafruz Abdimannabovna Iymanova
Head of the "Social and Economic Sciences" department, Candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor of Andijan institute of Economics and construction
Kozimjon Ibragimovich Kambarov
Assistant of the Department "Social and Economic Sciences"
ABSTRACT
This scientific article is devoted to the social and material situation of agricultural workers in Uzbekistan during the Soviet era: problems and lessons learned, the article is studied on the basis of scientific sources, archival materials and journals. The study covers the years 1925-1940 of the twentieth century.
Keywords: Soviet system, personnel policy, workers, financial situation, specialist, technician, party, organization, agriculture.
INTRODUCTION
One of the most important problems in the study of the history of Uzbekistan is the social and material situation of agricultural personnel in Uzbekistan in 19251940: the problems and the essence of the policy of lessons. It is necessary to study the personnel policy pursued by the Soviet state under the system of administrative command, its impact on social and spiritual life, the living standards of the population, to draw appropriate lessons and conclusions. The fact that the study is still a separate issue in socio-political development today creates the ground for new scientific conclusions and practical recommendations. The chosen period has an ideological appearance from the point of view of the border under study, which, first of all, the emergence of cotton monopoly in Uzbekistan, the forms of training of party and Soviet personnel, the interests of colonialism in the training of personnel, the attitude to national personnel, the migration of many nationalities, the findings of the study will enable us to draw appropriate conclusions, as well as to develop theoretical and practical recommendations relating to these processes.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-131-138
LITERATURE VIEW
During the Soviet system, several scientists conducted their research on the work-personnel policy carried out in Uzbekistan. In Particular, we can paying attention to the research of F.Oripov, T.Abdushukurov, Q.Abdurahmonov, M.Gurevich, Sh.A.Zukhriddinov, R.H.Aminova, G.Ismailova, M.A.Ahunova, F.Iskhakov, O.K.Ziyadullaev, A.K. Taksanov.
During the years of independence it is possible to include monographs of D.Alimova, D.Bobojonova, M.Khaydarov, N.Oblamurodov, Yu.Ergasheva, S.Tursunov, H.Yunusova, Ya.Abdullaeva, D.Iymanova. The scientific researches of K.K.Radjabov, M.M.Khaydarov, B.Burhanov, D.A.Iymanova and other scientists study the problems of labor force in Uzbekistan, the use of female labor in the national economy and other issues. However, the personnel policy of 1925-1940, their social, economic, material situation, problems have not been studied as an object of integrated research.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The scientific article used the methods of historical, systematization, statistical, systematic analysis, comparative analysis and problem-periodic approach.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated July 27, 1998 No 315 "On improving the activities of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan" On the basis of the Resolutions No. PQ-3105 of June, it is planned to study and analyze the true history of our country. President Sh.M.Mirziyoyev said that "In particular, we need to understand our national identity, study the rich history of our country, strengthen scientific research in this area, fully support the activities of scientists in the humanities" [1]. In addition, in a video conference on January 19, 2021 on the radical improvement of the system of spiritual and educational work, strengthening cooperation between state and public organizations in this regard, Sh.Mirziyoyev said, "It is necessary to create a national history with a national spirit. Otherwise it will have no educational effect. We need to teach our youth to learn from history, to draw conclusions, to equip them with the science of history, historical thinking" [2]. The world community recognizes that Uzbekistan, as an independent state, occupies an important place in the world axis among more than 200 countries with its strict humanistic, peace-loving policy.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-131-138
According to the data on the registration of the all-union population (December 17, 1926), in 1926 the population of the Uzbek SSR was 4,395,161 people [3]. In the books on the history written during the Soviet system, the material situation of the workers of Uzbekistan "radically improved" in 1920-30-ies was reflected in the figures [4]. On the contrary, taking into account the fact that the population at that time increases by 300000-400000 annually, for the needs of the population of Uzbekistan there are more than 5 million poods (unit of measurement) transported annually-10-15 million poods, it becomes clear that the pod should be grain. But on the account of grain fields, the cotton monoculture increased. In 1929, proclaimed by I.Stalin as the "Year of the Great Turn," a card system was introduced throughout the country for all food and industrial goods. To assess the condition of the workers of that period, it should be noted that according to the data provided by the GPU staff in 1929, the workers were given 600 grams of bread a day and the family members 300 grams. The monthly vegetable oil given to them ranged from 200 grams to 1 liter, 1 kg of sugar, and so on [5]. The order of the center is obligatory for Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan was a typical Moscow-dependent colony in all spheres of social life. Mawlan Ragib Hassan wrote in his article, "Apart from state feudalism in Central Asia, I was amazed by Russian colonialism. All the key points in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are occupied and controlled by the Europeans. The entire economy of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan is completely subordinated to Russia. Uzbekistan and Tajikistan became the raw material supply base of the Soviet Union. They cannot provide themselves with food". [6] The famine of 1931 -1933 was especially terrible in Uzbekistan. It is estimated that this famine has dried the pillows of more than a million people in the country. Rajab Islombek noted in his book "Troubled Times" that the famine was so terrible in our country, that at every step hundreds of corpses lay in ditches, roadsides, and in rivers and ditches there were countless corpses [7]. Hunger and poverty have also led to a variety of high-risk infectious diseases. The children of thousands of families who died of starvation were orphaned. Some of them were placed in orphanages. The number of orphanages has increased. In the late 1930s, there were 16,310 children in a total of 150 orphanages in the republic. Of these, 49% were Uzbeks, 22.7% Russians, 15.2% Kazakhs, 3.1% Tatars, 2.6% indigenous Jews, and 0.5% Uighurs [8]. According to the letter of the Permanent Representative of the Uzbek SSR in Moscow Sadulla Tursunkhodjaev to the People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR G.F.Grinko dated November 21, 1931 No. 280 / s, in the IV quarter 40.4 million soums belonging to the Uzbek SSR and tax revenues the commissariat reduced it to 4.8 million soums without any
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-131-138
justification and set it at 35.6 million soums [9]. In addition, the republic had to pay 2.012 million soums from the union budget. In 1932, Sadulla Tursunkhodjaev wrote a letter to Rudzutak, the deputy chairman of the USSR Soviet of People's Deputies, informing him that malaria was widespread in 32 districts of the republic, 30-60% of the population was infected with the disease and 5-13% of the population was dying. [10] Shukrullo, the People's Poet of Uzbekistan, wrote in his book The World of Revenge: We lived with hope. We endured. But we were deceived. When the mouths of the people were now touched and it was a time of peace, 1937 began the imprisonment of thousands of innocent people. What a hope it was to endure. Was it impossible to endure?" [11]. Historical sources show that in the late 1930s and early 1940s, food consumption in the republic decreased by 10-15% compared to 19241928 [12]. According to the literature published in the Soviet press, in 1929-1940 the wages of workers and employees in the republic increased by an average of 10.2% [13]. In 1940, their monthly salary was 29.7 soums. [14] Due to the poverty of the population of the republic, the per capita trade turnover in Uzbekistan in 1940 amounted to 701 soums, while in the union it averaged 912 soums, in the RSFSR -877, in Ukraine - 1013, in Belarus - 1592 soums [15]. Assessing the difficult economic situation in Uzbekistan in the 1920s and 1930s, our compatriot Hussein Ikrom, who lives in Germany, said, "... As you know, in the late 1920s and early 1930s, the country began a movement for cooperation and forced collectivization. As a result, private property was abolished and all became state property. Private production has been completed. Craftsmen began to work for the state. Free trade was banned, and trade was controlled and controlled by the government. The competition is dead. It was based on binding plans, contracts, and commitments. In short, the private economy was abolished and the state system called "national economy" was established. All branches and sectors will be managed from the center - Moscow. In this way, economic development did not spread widely. As a first result of the above, the scourge of famine has befallen our country and our people. Millions of our compatriots have died, and even dogs and cats have disappeared from this land ..." [16] In a telegram sent on October 22, 1929, to the chairman of the USSR Central Executive Committee, Yuldash Akhunboboev, the chairman of the USSR Central Executive Committee, A.I.Rikov, described the difficult situation in Uzbekistan as follows: "Infertility aggravated the situation in economically backward regions. Famine, various epidemics and mass diseases, and the mass slaughter of livestock led to the complete destruction of farms. The price of a pound of grain rose from 310 rubles to 630 rubles. Because it was too expensive to bring it in transport. The
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-131-138
population cannot afford such a price ... Sredazkhleb says it cannot cover the costs because they are a trade organization. The government also does not have the funds to cover transportation costs. At the last stations of the railway, a considerable amount of grain was collected. Sredazxleb is asking for a guarantee to cover the damage. Therefore, we ask for 2.5 million rubles to eliminate the serious political and economic consequences of inefficiency". [17] However, the Center did not respond to the telegram. The children of thousands of families who died of starvation were orphaned. Some of them were placed in orphanages. The number of orphanages has increased. By the end of the 1930s, there were 16,310 children in a total of 150 orphanages in the country, including 49% Uzbeks, 22.7% Russians, 15.2% Kazakhs, 3.1% Tatars, 2.6% local Jews, and 0.5% Uighurs. [18].
Mass collectivization has also damaged the livestock of the population. Between 1928 and 1932, nearly 715,000 cattle, nearly 160,000 horses, 49,000 camels, 123,000 donkeys and mules, and several hundred thousand sheep and goats [19] declined. More than 80 percent of the indigenous population lived in rural areas under conditions of free property and market economy relations. As a result of the implementation of the policy of collectivization, all forms of free ownership and market economy relations were permanently abolished [20]. Private property was completely abolished. Instead, a new form of ownership called socialist ownership was introduced. It was realized in two forms: state ownership (sovkhoz) and collective ownership (kolkhoz). Although these forms of property differed in appearance, they did not differ in essence, content. In fact, the collective farm was also state-owned. As a result of the implementation of the policy of collectivization in the countryside, the Soviet government trampled on all the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The health of women and young children has deteriorated due to hard work. On the farms, farmers were not paid a monthly salary. They lived mainly on the land. Their farmland was confiscated and large taxes were imposed for trivial offenses, failure to work, and worries about subsistence.
In 1925-1926, there were about 100 foundation schools in Uzbekistan, 250 of which were secret, and more than 1,600 old schools. This, in turn, was incompatible with the moral image and ideology of the existing system. Under the Soviet regime, the dominant policy took all possible measures to limit the national interests of local cadres. He condemned them to general equality and poverty. It has been strictly forbidden from the beginning for the population to have excess property. For example, archival documents show that on March 28, 1937, the People's Court of the 3rd district of Andijan prosecuted Botirali Ahmadaliev. He was accused of violating
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-131-138
state regulations, selling and speculating for refusing to hand over his three head of cattle to the kolkhoz and slaughtering them for his own use and selling them at the market. [21] Mirkhodja Kattahodjaev, a clerk in the Lower Chirchik district of Tashkent region, was prosecuted because he went to the market to buy 72 meters of various fabrics, 4 pairs of shoes, and 8 glass lamps, which exceeded the needs of the family. was convicted [22]. The irrigated lands, orchards, and vineyards cut by the peasants were given to the collective and Soviet farms. The villager was not allowed to keep a single head of cow in his house. Each fruit tree bush was taxed. The plots of land had actually become the main source of produce for the villagers. The social sphere of the Uzbek village was abandoned. Many rural workers lived in half-ruined buildings and basements. The domestic and medical care system was extremely low. Such an approach would have jeopardized the development of agriculture, further impoverishment of agricultural personnel, and a sharp decline in their labor productivity. The increase in cotton production was achieved through the widespread application of repressive measures, the squeezing of food crops everywhere. The Soviet leadership was inevitably interested in this. This small piece of evidence shows that the Uzbek people have not been able to use their hard-earned income independently. Adequate social and material living conditions have not been provided. In order not to escape the hardships, most of the villagers were not issued passports at first. The plans of the kolkhoz were deliberately increased, and the peasants were held firmly in the net of debt. If the villagers refused to work on the collective farm, their land would be confiscated and they would even be forced into the streets. So the main cause of the Sunni famine of the 1930s was the unjust policies of the Soviet government and the Communist Party. An integral part of this was tax policy. During the years of collectivization, which was based on the abolition of the ears as a class, the republic pursued an unfair and unequal tax policy. As a result of this policy, the situation of farmers has worsened. Taxes on dream homes, in particular, increased 2.2 times in 1931 compared to 1929-1930. As a result, while a large proportion of the rural laborers, who had been constantly supplying the population of the country with food and raw materials, were eliminated as earners, another part ceased to engage in farming at all in order to avoid earnings. Uzbekistan's national income per capita in 1937 remained at the level of 1932. Population growth has slowed, while the population of the republic has increased mainly due to the resettled nations. Between 1925 and 1937, the republic's population grew by 37 percent, while the European population grew by 62 percent. Wages have risen in industries in which Europeans work. These examples show not only the
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-131-138
impoverishment of rural life, but also the impoverishment of the material life of the urban population. As a result, there were also open armed demonstrations against the Soviets in the provinces, districts, and cities. People's writer Shukrulla said, "The suffering of the victims of Stalin's time is forgotten, especially by many young people today. The aim is to convey to today's generation the injustices of the terrible days, the negative impact on the economic and cultural development of the Soviet state and the people's spiritual world." To prevent such lawlessness and misfortunes from happening again in the minds of our people!" [24] The Soviet government and the Communist Party, under the pretext of fighting for the independence of the USSR, developed Uzbek agriculture only on one side - cotton growing, consciously refused to provide humanity with basic and basic necessities of life, and even legally owned by the state budget. nor did it provide the funds and resources available. Due to the deliberate obstruction of A. Mikoyan, Lobachev, Yakovlev, Povlunovsky, Chernov, Khloplyankin, Kulikov and others holding a responsible state position in Moscow, the grain products belonging to the republic were not delivered. In 1931-1932, 186,000 tons of grain were to be delivered to Central Asia in November and 186,000 tons in December at the expense of the fund. In practice, the plan was 30 percent completed by November 1.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, in a short period of time, the Soviet government and the Bolsheviks subordinated economic management in Uzbekistan to the interests of the national economy. The views of the leaders of Uzbekistan and national leaders on giving the republic a little bit of freedom within the Union were not taken into account. The center opposed the position of the Uzbek leadership in various ways and achieved its goal in a short time. All sectors of the national economy of Uzbekistan (industry, agriculture, transport, etc.) served only the interests of the Center and were forced to follow their instructions. This situation continued not only until the outbreak of World War II, but throughout the years of Soviet rule.
REFERENCES
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2. Shavkat Mirziyoyev: If the body of society is the economy, its soul and spirit is spirituality. https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/4089
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-131-138
3. All-Union population census. December 17, 1926. Preliminary results. 3rd edition. Asian part of the RSFSR. Uzbek SSR. Turkmen SSR. - M: Ed. Central Statistical Board of the USSR, 1927. - p. 6.
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