CC BY
1
УДК 579
Annamyradova M. G.
Teacher of the Department of Microbiology, virology and immunology
Faculty of Biotechnology and ecology Oguz han Engineering and technology university of Turkmenistan
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
SILYMARIN EXTRACTION FROM MILK THISTLE Annotation
This article provides a brief overview of silymarin extract from milk thistle. It also discusses the issue of Silymarin extraction and solutions for effective Silymarin extraction.
Keywords
Silymarin, milk thistle, standardized, drug, effect, mixture, polyphenol taxifolin, silycristine, silydianin.
Silymarin is a standardized extract from milk thistle seeds and contains mainly several flavonolignans such as silybin. Silymarin is well known for various medicinal effects and is thus used in pharmaceuticals and supplements. Ultrasonic extraction has been shown to be the most effective method for isolating flavonolignans from milk thistle. Silymarin is a standardized milk thistle seed extract and contains a mixture of flavonolignans present in the seeds of the milk thistle plant. The main bioactive compounds in this isomeric mixture of polyphenolic flavonolignans are the polyphenols taxifolin, silicristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B.
The main amount of silymarin in Silybum marianum seeds is present in the cell walls, which consist mainly of cellulose, forming a rigid matrix. This tough cellular matrix is difficult to break. Conventional solvent extraction (eg using ethanol, methanol or hexane) cannot completely disrupt the cell walls, so large amounts of silymarin remain trapped in the cell matrix and are not released into the solvent. This means that large amounts of valuable bioactive compounds are wasted due to ineffective extraction methods.
Ultrasonic extraction is superior to other extraction methods, especially in high yields, short processing times and its non-thermal processing, i.e. low extraction temperature. The operating principle of ultrasound is based on acoustic cavitation. Acoustic ultrasonic cavitation creates bubble implosions, intense shear forces, high pressure drops and liquid jets. These purely mechanical forces break down even very rigid cell walls and release trapped bioactive compounds such as silymarin into the surrounding solvent. Learn more about the working principle of ultrasonic cavitation for extraction processes! The low extraction temperature during ultrasonic extraction prevents thermal degradation of bioactive compounds, so their effectiveness is fully maintained.
Benefits of ultrasonic extraction of phytochemicals (such as silymarin)
• high extraction yield
• High quality extract
• fast process
• No heat treatment
• Compatible with any solvent
• safe and easy to use
• energy efficient
About 500 g of finely ground seeds were extracted using n-hexane for 15 min. For direct sonication, an ultrasonic probe with a tip diameter of 20 mm was used (the position of the horn tip inside the extraction vessel was 1 cm below the solvent level). Extraction was carried out using an ultrasonic processor UP400S (400 W, 24 kHz). Extraction was carried out for 15 min at room temperature (temperature was controlled by a thermocouple
inside the extraction mixture using an ice cooling bath around the extraction vessel to maintain a constant temperature of 25°C ±5°C). After extraction, the extract was centrifuged at 4000 rpm.
Silymarin-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) was prepared using solvent diffusion followed by ultrasonication method. Solvent diffusion is the most efficient method for producing nanoparticles because it produces small particles with low polydispersity, while ultrasound reduces shear stress. Lipid Sefsol® 218 (0.5% w/w) and Geleol® (1.4% w/w) were melted and dissolved in 2 ml ethanol at 60°C (organic phase). Silymarin approximately 2% w/w lipid binary mixture was dissolved in the organic phase. Cremophor® RH40 (2.7% w/w) and bile salt (1.3% w/w) as surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively, were dissolved in 19 ml of distilled water, heated at 70°C, and the organic phase was added to it with constant stirring at 70°C to evaporate the organic solvent. The resulting emulsion was treated with ultrasound for 5 min using a probe-type ultrasonic apparatus. To make a rheologically acceptable formulation for topical application, a dispersion of optimized lyophilized silymarin NLCs was incorporated into carbopol gel. References:
1. Annaberdiyeva M. K., Nepesova N. N., Orakayeva N. S. Microbiology. Ashgabat, Turkmen State Publishing Service, 2015.
2. "Science and Technology" Journal of Turkmenistan, No. 4, Ashgabat 2023
© Annamyradova M.G., 2024
