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psychosis directly, we should say he or she is a little confused, meanwhile, we should use hard of hearing in stand of deaf.
3. Death euphemisms:
In many societies, because death is feared, so people tend to avoid mentioning death directly and talk about it in a euphemistic way. They try to employ pleasant terms to express the ideas. So death has hundreds of soft, decent, and better-sounding names, such as breathe one's last, fall asleep, go west, join the majority, lay down one's life, pass away, pay the debt of nature, reach a better world, to be at peace, to return to the dust, or he worked until he breathed his last, etc.
4. Sex euphemisms:
Euphemisms concerning sex: the great divide, willing woman, gay boy, lost girl can be used to replace divorce, loose woman, male homosexual and prostitute.
5. Crime euphemisms:
In the field of crime euphemism: five-fingers, gentleman of the road, hero of the underground, the candy man are often used to substitute for pickpocket, robber, heroin, and drug pusher.
6. Political euphemisms: Since the function of euphemism can reduce the unpleasantness of a term or notion, it is natural that announcements of governments will often resort them to understate the facts, e.g. student unrest can be used to replace student strike; police action, search and clear, war games are used to substitute for aggression, massacre and war exercise (www. 51lw.name.html).
References
1. Rawson H., 1981. A Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk. Crown
Publishers. New York.
2. Warren B., 1992. What euphemisms tell us about the interpretation of words. Studia
Linguistica. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://51lw.name/article/90/1115$3.html/ (date
of access: 01.06.2018).
SIGNIFICANCE OF EUPHEMISTIC STRATEGIES FROM PRAGMATIC POINT OF VIEW Gaybullayeva N.I.
Gaybullayeva Nafisa Izatullayevna - Doctoral Candidate, UZBEK LINGUISTICS DEPARTMENT, BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article analyses mainly pragmatic functions of euphemisms and their essence during communication.
Keywords: euphemisms, pragmatics, contextual meaning, vagueness, persuasive, tactical.
The past twenty years have witnessed an ever-growing interest in pragmatics and it has been defined in a number of ways. Pragmatics also aims at investigating the invisible meaning: how what the unsaid is recognized to be a relevant part of a conversation. The proportion of what is said and unsaid is determined by a physical, social or conceptual distance. In this respect, pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. Thus, pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning, contextual meaning, the expression of relative distance, and the study of how more gets communicated than is said [1, 25].
The main function of euphemism is polite function. Polite function of euphemism is to avoid inelegant things and make people feel pleasant. As Channell put it, "vagueness is used
as one way of adhering to the politeness rules for a particular culture, and of not threatening face" [2, 36]. It means that in real life, when people meet with some unpleasant things, they usually choose some vague expressions to avoid making bold or hurting other's feeling, they choose to use euphemism. When English-speakers refer to the appearance, they do not use the word 'ugly' or 'awful', which has strong derogatory sense. Instead, they use the word 'plain-looking' or 'not pretty'. Westerners are sensitive to age. In their opinion, 'old' equals to 'useless' in some extent. In order not to hurt the feeling and self-esteem of the old, 'senior citizens' or 'seasoned men' replace 'old men'. Politeness plays an important role in human communication and it is necessary to consider their feelings so as to establish levels of mutual comfort, which in turn accelerate and facilitate human communication. The final goal of politeness is to make all of the parties relaxed and comfortable with one another. The indirectness provided by euphemism, in turn, contributes to avoid offence and insure politeness in its double dimension: positive and negative Politeness is closely related to Face Theory, proposed by Goffman [3, 87]. The notion of face is related to the self-image that the participants in the communicative context claim for themselves. In correlation with the double side of politeness, already mentioned, face is also two-dimensional: positive face and negative face Euphemism acts on each of these two dimensions of face: first, it responds to the speaker's need to soften potential social conflicts which may alter the interlocutor's prestige; second, it supposes a way to minimize a threat to the interlocutor's autonomy. Politeness and face are so mutually dependent that there exists reflexivity between them: the need to conform to conventions of a socially adequate behaviour motivates euphemistic use which aims preserve the face of the participants in the communicative act.
In Pragmatics euphemisms perform a taboo function as well. Taboo is the main psychological basis of the emergence of euphemism. Euphemism is the avoidance of the unpleasant, inelegant things. Euphemism has been used for a long time, and it is closely related to taboo. In fact, euphemism dates back to the language taboo in the early period of human civilization. When people try to avoid and give up taboo words, they have to find another word to replace this vacancy at the same time. There are some taboo things, such as birth, death, funeral, sex, nakedness, defecation, and urinate. If they are expressed directly, they are called taboo words and the feelings they give us are vulgar, crude and harsh, whereas if they are expressed indirectly, they are called euphemism, and the impressions they made on us are elegant, implicit and polite.
Sometimes, people use euphemism to make their statement more persuasive. Thus the cosmetic words have a special communicative function, which is called inducing function. Euphemism has been widely applied in advertisement and sales promotion activities. Some airline companies divided the grades of passenger compartments into four ranks. They used 'deluxe' or 'premium class' to replace 'first class'. The 'second class' is transformed into 'first class' while the 'third class' is revised as 'business class' or 'tourist class'. They sound more pleasing. Those words are sweet sounding and have nothing to do with customers' self-esteem. Those euphemisms desalinate the unpleasant feeling that the former concepts give us and intensify a feeling of more reliable and elegant. As a result, those products will be identified with the consumers and achieved the promotion goal. From the pragmatic view, the achieving of inducing function is caused by the glorification of the intrinsic meaning.
Finally, euphemisms also perform a tactical function. For example, on the plane, there are some bags that can be used by the passengers to shoot his cookies. People do not print the words 'vomit bag' on the surface of the bag. Instead, they use the words 'for motion discomfort'. The result proved that the vomit phenomenon has reduced because compared with the former words, the words 'for motion discomfort' prevents the passengers from vomiting when in a state of airsickness. This is the tactical function of euphemism. All in all, there are four pragmatic functions of euphemisms, namely politeness, taboo, inducing, and tactical, which show a wide application of euphemisms in various contexts.
References
1. Yule G., 1996. The Study of Language. Cambridge: CUP.
2. Channell J., 1994.Vague Language. Oxford University Press.
3. Goffman E, 1969. Strategic Interaction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
THE CONCEPT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE Barotova M.B.
Barotova Marifat Baratovna - Teacher of English language, DEPARTMENT LANGUAGES, BUKHARA MEDICAL INSTITUTE, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article is about technologies in the form of teaching methods, the weakness and the effect of these techniques is subject knowledge, which is poorly combined with the logical actions of their derivation, generalization and systematization. Keywords: pedagogy, learning technology, pedagogical technology, technological level, transformations of goal, subject method.
In the pedagogical and psychological literature, the term "technology" is often encountered, which came to us together with the development of computer technology and the introduction of new computer technologies. In pedagogical science a special direction appeared-pedagogical technology. This direction originated in the 1960s in the USA, England and has now spread practically in all countries of the world. The appearance of this term and the direction of research in pedagogy are not accidental. In some cases there is a desire to integrate these approaches, if taken as a basis for technology not only scientific knowledge, but also the activities of the teacher, which should be based on scientific principles [1.254]. The situation created in science does not help practice. In reality, we have technologies in the form of teaching methods, the weakness of which is a one-sided, substantive justification, while there is no psychological or general didactic justification. The effect of these techniques is subject knowledge, which is poorly combined with the logical actions of their derivation, generalization and systematization.
Another negative consequence is that the subject methods do not form the ability of students to translate knowledge into action. It is this state of affairs that occurs in the so-called traditional technologies of professional teacher training, when a young teacher is weak in technology because of their theoretical unconsciousness.
Technology - a set of techniques used in any matter, skill, art (explanatory dictionary). Pedagogical technology - a set of psychological and pedagogical settings that define a special set and layout of forms, methods, methods, methods of teaching, educational tools; it is an organizational and methodological tool for the pedagogical process (B.T. Likhachev). Pedagogical technology is a meaningful technique for realizing the educational process (V.P. Bespalko). Pedagogical technology is a description of the process of achieving the planned learning outcomes (I.P. Volkov).
In our understanding, pedagogical technology is a meaningful generalization that incorporates the meanings of all definitions of various authors (sources). The concept of "pedagogical technology" can be represented by three aspects. 1) scientific: pedagogical technologies are a part of pedagogical science, which studies and develops goals, content and methods of teaching and design pedagogical processes; 2) process-descriptive: the description (algorithm) of the process, the totality of goals, content, methods and means for achieving the planned learning outcomes; 3) process-efficient: the implementation of the
