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Agnieszka Sikorska - Kopylowicz, Agnieszka Kurosad, Pawel Jonkisz, Jozef Nicpon ©
Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Poland.
SERUM GASTRIN CONCENTRATION AS AN INDICATION OF GASTRIC MUCOSA CONDITION IN DOGS
Abstract
Gastrin is the main hormone of gastric secretion, released by G cells of the pyloric antral part of the stomach. It s a linear peptide, existing in multiple molecular forms, as: "big gastrin", " little gastrin" and minigastrin". Study was performed on 58 dogs of various breeds, sex and age. 25 of them were healthy and 33 were the patients of the Clinic of Internal Diseases and complained on gastrointestinal problems. Biochemical and morphological blood analysis, endoscopic and histopathological examination of stomach mucosa samples and serum gastrin concentration were evaluated in all dogs. Our research shown that the various form of gastritis in dogs increase the serum gastrin concentration and those action is caused mainly by inhibiting function of somatostatin on G-cells.
Key words: gastrin, gastritis, secretion, regulation
Introduction
Gastrin is the main hormone of gastric secretion, released by G cells of the pyloric antral part of the stomach. Gastrin is a linear peptide existing in multiple molecular forms, as:
• 34 amino acid peptide (G-34) - "big gastrin"
• 17 amino acid peptide (G-17) - " little gastrin"
• 14 amino acid peptide (G-14) - " minigastrin" (19) (1)
Nowadays 2 additional forms of gastrin, called: G-71 and G-52, were identified. All of molecular forms of gastrin have the same biological function, but various activity. G-34 is released mainly during fasting, but after food ingestion G-17 is secreted in large amounts and stimulates gastric secretion. Gastric acid secretion is regulated by gastrin directly and indirectly, mainly via release of histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL). Gastrin output is increased by vagus nerve stimulation and food ingestion. Additionally bombesin-like peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is considered as a noncholinergic neurotransmitter, controlling gastric secretion.
The main gastric function is:
• regulation of gastro-intestinal secretion (secretion of gastric acid, pepsin,
insulin)
• regulation of motoric action of stomach and small intestine
• stimulation of the growth of peptic cells
© Agnieszka Sikorska - Kopylowicz, Agnieszka Kurosad, Pawel Jonkisz, Jozef Nicpon, 2009
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• regulation of gallbladder spasm
• regulation the resorption of Na, K, water and glucose in jejunum and ileum
(2)
Task, the aim of the article
The main task of that research was to measure how the concentration of gastrin in blood serum correlate with damage of gastric mucosa in dogs and if age, breed and sex of dogs correlate in any way with appearance of inflammatory state of gastric mucosa. (3)
Material and methods
Test was performed on 58 dogs (22 mixed breeds, 7 Labrador retrievers, 5 Beagles, 7 Cocker spaniels, 3 Rottweiler, 2 Doberman pinchers, 2 Bobtails 1 Bichon fries, 1 Dachshund, 1 Weimaraner, 1 White Highland White Terrier, 1 Yorkshire terrier, 1 Shar-Pei, 1 Schnauzer mini, 1 Golden retrievers, 1 German shepherd dog), various sex (26 females and 32 males) and age (from 1 to 13 years old). 25 of dogs were healthy and 33 of them were the patients of the Clinic of Internal Disease. All of 58 dogs were divided into two groups: group no. I - consisted of 25 healthy dogs (14 female and 11 male) and group no II - consisted of 33 dogs with symptoms of gastric dysfunction.
Results and Conclusion
According to statistical analysis of dogs' age the higher mean of age was observed in group no II compare to group no I. In group no I the mean age was: 2,72±2,25, and in group no II: 6,47±3,15. In dogs from group no. I no symptoms of gastric dysfunction were diagnosed. In all dogs from group no. II vomiting was observed and the bilious vomiting was diagnosed in 21 dogs and coffe-grounds vomiting - in 9. Decrease in physical activity was observed in 9% of dogs. Decrease of appetite was diagnosed in 70% of dogs, in 15% - dyspnea and in 12% - diarrhea were observed. Statistical analysis of biochemical results of blood samples from dogs from group no. I and II shown significant difference in activity of alkaline phosphatase, protein, albumin and inorganic phosphorus concentration between dogs from those two groups. There were a significant difference in results of gastrin serum concentration between dogs from those two groups (Fig. 1). We observed increase in gastrin serum concentration in 57,6% dogs from group no. II and only in 20% of dogs from group no I. There were no inflammatory lesions in histopathological examination of biopsy sample of mucosa of the body of the stomach and pylorus taken from dogs from group no. I. However in histopathological examination of biopsy sample of mucosa of the body and pylorus from dogs from the second group we diagnosed mild chronic gastritis in 87,8% of animals. And in 60,6% of dogs the inflammatory lesions were observed in mucosa of the body of the stomach and pylorus and in 27,2% the lesions were diagnosed only in mucosa of pylorus. In 12,1% cases we diagnosed medium chronic gastritis.
Most of stomach dysfunction was observed in mixed breed dogs. There is no breed and sex predisposition according to gastric diseases, but hemorrhage gastritis was diagnosed more often in small breed dogs. However chronic gastritis was diagnosed more often in older than young one. In literature we found the relationships
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between age of dogs and damage of gastric mucosa. It can be correlated with smaller amount of G and D cells in stomach of older dogs and decreased ability for adaptation to changing environment and damaging factors.(5) The most obvious symptom of chronic gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux is vomiting. In 21 dogs we observed the bilious vomiting and in 9 - coffe-grounds vomiting. And haematemesis was diagnosed in dogs with gastric ulceration and mild and medium chronic gastritis. In 4 dogs from group no. II we observed diarrhea and mild chronic gastritis was diagnosed in all 4 animals.
Decreased of appetite, dehydratation and abdominal pain are often diagnosed in gastric diseases. We also observed the similar symptoms in dogs from group no. II. Our research shown that there were the significant difference in gastrin concentration between those two groups of dogs. And most animals from group no. II had higher level of serum gastrin concentration than dogs from group no. I. In dogs with coffe-grounds vomiting we observed very high concentration of serum gastrin caused by perforating ulcer resulted in gastritis. In dogs from group no II with medium chronic gastritis the serum gastrin concentration were increased significantly compare to those with mild chronic gastritis. It may suggest that G cells stimulation is depended on degree of mucosal damage. And decreased of inhibiting function of somatostatin on G cells function may increase the concentration of serum gastrin in case of gastritis. In dogs with gastroesophageal reflux the serum concentration of gastrin also increased significantly. (6)
To sum up we may conclude that serum gastrin concentration is a very important indicator of stomach mucosal damage and it can be useful in diagnosis of gastric diseases. Its concentration increased in dogs with various form of gastritis. This methods is non invasive, simple and easy to use and the patient cannot to be on a special diet before the measurement of serum gastrin concentration.
Tab. 1. Amount of healthy and unhealthy dogs classified according
to dogs' breed.
Dog breed Sick (N=33) Healthy (N=25) Sum (N=58)
Mixed breeds 15 7 22
Rottweiler 2 1 3
Labrador retriever 0 7 7
Beagle 2 3 5
Cocker spaniel 2 5 7
Weimaraner 2 0 2
Schnauzer mini 1 0 1
Bichon fries 1 0 1
Shar- Pei 1 0 1
West Highland White Terrier 1 0 1
Doberman pincher 2 0 2
Bobtail 1 1 2
Dachshund 1 0 1
Yorkshire terrier 1 0 1
German shepherd dog 0 2 1
Golden retriever 1 0 1
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Tab. 2. Percentage and amount of dogs classified according to sex.
Sex N Amount of dogs Percentage of dogs (%)
male 31 31,00 53,45
female 27 58,00 46,55
Reference
1. Hall JA, Twedt DC, Curtis CR.: Relationship of plasma gastryn immonoreactivity and gastroesophageal sphincter pressure In clinically norma dogs and In dogs with previous gastric dilatationvolvulus. Am J Vet Res. 1989, 50, 1228- 1232.
2. Hansen C. P., Stadil F., Rehfeld JF.: Metabolism and influence of gastrin- 52 on gastric acid secretion in humans. Am J Physiol. 1995, 269, 600- 605.
3. Heyd J., Livni N , Herbet D., Mor-Yosel S. , Glazer B.: Gastrin-producing ovarian cystadenocarcinoma: sensinwty of secretion and SMS 201-995. Gastroenterology. 1989, 47, 464-467.
4. Koh T, Dockray G., Varro A., Cahill R., dangler C., Fox J., Wang T.: Overexpression of glycine- extendet gastrin in transgenic mice results in increased colonic proliferation. J Clin Invest. 1999, 103, 1119- 1126.
5. Kubiak K., Nicpon J., Jankowski N., Sikorska A., Dubinska A.: Diagnostyka endoskopowa chorob zol^dka u psow. Mag. Wet. 2006, 15, 11- 13.
6. Pilotto A., Franceschi M., Leandro G., Di Mario F., Valerio G.: The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on NSAID-related gastroduodenal damage in the elderly (see comments). Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 1997, 9, 935-357.
Summary
This articles describes how increase the serum gastrin concentration in healthy dogs and dogs with various form of gastritis. And our study shown that the serum gastrin concentration increased proportionally to damage of stomach mucosa and there were the significant difference between serum gastrin concentration in dogs from group no. I and II.
Cmammx nadiumna do peda^ii 8.09.2009
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