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14
SAFFLOWER BREEDING, EVALUATION AND GENEPOOL MAINTENANCE IN
THE CZECH REPUBLIC
JIRÍ UHER, Dr. Ing., Associate professor
Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry at Brno, Faculty of Horticulture, Lednice, the Czech Republic (EU)
Introduction
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an ancient crop, grown for more than 3000 years as dyering, oilseed producing, and medical plant. In last decades, this plant also establishes as a cut flower - it ranked 50th position between the most grown cut flowers and contain more than 60 ornamental varieties [24]. A longtime cultivation across millenniums in different climates with purposive selections gave birth to enormous number of landraces that differs extremely in morphological and biological characteristics. Contrary to records of gene erosion in last few decades [2, 16], the diversification of regional landraces grown in regions of S. E. Asia and N. Africa is still very large, and in collection of world genebanks have take several thousands specimens.
Large evaluation of morphological data sets in the safflower world germplasm was initiated by Ashri [2, 3]. He was evaluating habitual characters, given by height of the plant, the length, angle, and localization of branching, the leaves shape and spininess, the size and number of the flower heads. He examined the flower colour, the size of outer involucral bracts (OIB) and their spininess, and some seeds characters (number, size and oil content). Later, on the basis of these records, Ashri & al. [4] elevate detailed classificator for safflower published in IBPGR (now Bioversity International), containing of phenological descriptors together with 54 morphological descriptors, and 38 descriptors for plants sensitivity against stress factors, insects, and diseases. Two years later, Vachruseva & Ivanenko [26] outgoing from valuating of middle Asia ecotypes of safflower make descriptor with 36 descriptors for morphological and yield characters, and 15 phenological descriptors. However, the practical use has shown such classificators somewhat complicated, and some later authors [6, 8, 11, 16, 18] have been working rather with their own more reduced classificators. However, simultaneously the more complex projects were proposed, mostly for phenological data [22, 25].
In the Czech Republic, ornamental and oilseed cultivars are maintained by National seed genebank at the Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague (in cooperation with MUAF Brno and RIFC Troubsko), and 37 safflower varieties or landraces have been registered by IS EVIGEZ (National programme for plant genetic resources conservation and utilization). However, the collection is ever evolved. RGZ (Czech National Board on Plant Genetic Resources) safflower classificator [10] consisting of 54 morphological, phenological, and biochemical descriptors, was proposed in the project that take in the account all publications mentioned above, and bring ability for safflower evaluation in the spectre which can be used for evaluation both ornamental and technical advantages of the safflower varieties.
Objects and methods of investigation
A germplasm collection of safflower, containing 48 ornamental and 20 oilseed varieties, and 72 landraces (Table 1) has been evaluated in the 1994-2006 for 30 morphological characters on the basis of RGZ safflower classificator [10] and, before composition of this, on the modified IPGRI descriptors. Seeds were sown on rows spaced 0.4 m into sandy-loam soil, in the 18th to 22th week, at Lednice (climatic conditions of the Pannonian thermophyticum). The seed quantity (6 g achenes for 2 square meters) agrees with 120 plants for this area, aproximately. Recorded data were tested for character correlations, and for selection of the plants for breeding.
Table 1
Commercial varieties, and denominated landraces under evaluation
Variety / landrace Origin Variety / landrace Origin
AC Stirling Canada Orangeköpfchen Germany
AC-1 Canada Orange Grenade Netherlands
Alarosa Spain Orange Pinsel Switzerland
Alba Netherlands Oranjegeel Netherlands
Alcaidia Spain Oranzovy Czech
Brnenka Czech Sabina Czech
Cremewit Netherlands Saffola 317 Spain
C/W 74 U.S.A. Sepassa P202 Spain
Cervenâ SEVA Czech SM 8 Spain
Donkeroranje Select Netherlands SM 9 Spain
Draa Basse Tige Morocco Sophia Netherlands
Draa Haute Tige Morocco Sironaria U.S.A.
Duhuanghonghua China Selektion Gelb Germany
ESPO S&G 101 Netherlands Selektion Weiss Germany
ESPO S&G 103 Netherlands Summersun Germany
Feuerschopf Germany S-8 Select R.A. Morocco
Finch U.S.A. Tachenghonghua China
Girard Canada Tanegashima Japan
Gladki Borowski Poland Tangerine Netherlands
Goldköpfchen Germany Taskentskij 51 Russia
Goldschopf Germany Toupet Jaune Switzerland
Inerme du Draa Morocco Toupet Orange Switzerland
Inerme du Marrakech Morocco Treibgelb Germany
Inerme R.A. Morocco Treibgold Germany
Ingrid Netherlands Treiborange Germany
Kanagawa Japan Treibweiss Germany
Kinko Japan Vierka Czech
Lasting Orange Netherlands Vogro Netherlands
Lasting White Netherlands Wakayama Japan
Lasting Yellow Netherlands Weishanhonghua China
Lesaf34 C Canada Weisser Pinsel Germany
Miljutinskij 114 Russia White Grenade Netherlands
Mlochowski Poland Xiapuhonghua China
Montola 2000 Canada Xinj ianghonghua China
Mogami Japan Yangbihonghua China
Morlin Canada Yellow Grenade Netherlands
Moyen du Draa Morocco Zanzibar Netherlands
Nebraska 8 U.S.A. Zitronenköpfchen Germany
Orangefeuer Germany Zuta SEVA Czech
Results and discussion
Data for commercional varieties have been discussed earlier [23]: high-rated characters like spinnines absence, appressed branching or vermillion-red flower colour, are linked with the plant height, and the late flowering. Height of plants and branch number, even thought genetically determined, was consistently with a number of records [1, 7, 9, 19, 20] affected with the plant density date of sowing, and number of factors climatic or edafic. The branch number fluctuated dependently on the environmental factors, but there was find correlations between plant height, branch length, spines colour, and earliness of flowering. However, Ashri [2] don't confirm the correlations between branch length, plant height and earliness of flowering, and other authors [16,
18] do not find any correlations between height of the plant and number of flowers; and even, Khidir [12] find a negative correlations. The appressed branching, highly rated by growers, was recorded in two samples. This character is unusual in safflower, and is associated with ideotype for areas where water deficite is no restrictive factor for increasing of plant density, as one of the determinative harvest component [15]. For greenhouse cut-flower culture, however, both of those samples were too late blooming, and again, no such early landraces have been found between hundreds of Iranian, and Chinese genotypes by other authors [16].
High genotypes either inclinate to other high-rate characters like large flower heads, round involucral bracts, and suppression of spininess. Excepting of spininess character, only Khidir [121] come to like results; Mehtre & al. [18] do not confirm such relationships, and Ashri & al. [5] find them in the Indian samples only. Leaf spininess seems to be linked with increasing bracts length. According to results published by Kupcov [14], Knowles [13], and Ahri [2], in early growth stages remain leaves spineless in all genotypes, whereas number and length of spines have increasing tendency toward the plant apex. Number and size of leaves were not exactly examined, but at soils on different water capacity, differences in leaf number and size were apparent. Salera [20] find leaf size increasing with extending the row spaces. Kupcov [14] and Li & al. [16] find the leaf size also of genetic dependence.
The flower colour seems to be closely associated with OIB morphology and plant spininess (Tabl. 2, Tabl. 3). Generally, strongly spiny varieties are having the florets yellow, on the inert lines was flowers orange or vermillion-red.
Table 2
Correlations of the OIB characters with other characters under evaluation
Characteristic OIB morphology OIB size OIB spininess Spines localization Spines color
leaf shape -0,392** 0,236* 0,460** 0,473** 0,337**
leaf margin -0,441** 0,301** 0,808** 0,410** 0,165
leaf spininess -0,619** 0,494** 0,926** 0,661** 0,390**
head shape 0,087 0,043 -0,136 -0,207* -0,291*
head size 0,239* -0,063 -0,395** -0,297** -0,055
OIB morphology -0,626** -0,639** -0,497** -0,406**
OIB size -0,626** 0,513** 0,543** 0,470**
OIB spininess -0,639** 0,513** 0,644** 0,354**
spines localization -0,497** 0,543** 0,664** 0,651**
spines color -0,406** 0,470** 0,354** 0,651**
fresh flower color 0,407** -0,297** -0,373** -0,355** -0,315**
dried flower color 0,343** -0,287** -0,220* -0,319** -0,248*
pollen production -0,041 0,057 0,076 -0,182 -0,061
flower tube length 0,030 -0,217* 0,228* -0,393** -0,435**
petal notching 0,398** -0,358** -0,230* -0,394** 0,335**
plant height 0,493** -0,473** -0,323** -0,632** -0,669**
branching position -0,089 0,135 0,103 -0,050 -0,118
branch angle -0,254* 0,137 0,174 0,131 0,199
branch length 0,015 0,040 0,020 -0,115 -0,225*
branch number 0,248* -0,256* -0,049 -0,394** -0,416**
There are not discovered the totally spineless yellow varieties in evaluation (one with notably suppressed spininess was selected for breeding of ornamental variety Brnenka', registered by MUAF in the 1998), whereas strongly spiny genotypes with the deep orange flowers are more usual, and also the earlier authors [13, 16, 21] mentioned them frequently. All the white flowered strains belongs to relatively uniform group of early, weakly spiny genotypes, although Kupcov [14] and Knowles [13] reported about strongly spiny and spineless white-flowered varieties as well, and
Li & al. [16] find out the most of white flowered landraces to showing a strongly spininess. The vermillion-red flowers have been found in two nearly spineless genotypes only. One of them, a highly heterogeneous Iranian race from IPK Gatersleben, was selected for bulk-method breeding of the medium-early variety 'Vierka' for dried flower production. The infrequent find red flowers also Ashri [3] in germplasm collection containing nearly 2000 lines originating from all the safflower growing areas in the world. However, high ratio of red flowering landraces was recorded by Li & al. [16] in their collections from Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Egypt, Ethiopia and China.
Table 3
Correlations of the flower characters with other characters under evaluation
Characteristic Fresh.flower Dried flower Pollen Flower tube Petal
color color production length notching
leaf shape -0,323** -0,258* 0,034 -0,037 -0,236*
leaf margin -0,210* -0,050 0,022 0,290* -0,099
leaf spininess -0,364** -0,195 0,042 0,182 -0,265*
head shape 0,268** 0,299** -0,205* 0,187 0,292**
head size 0,285** 0,232* 0,016 -0,221* 0,129
OIB morphology 0,407** 0,343** -0,041 0,030 0,398**
OIB size -0,298** -0,286** 0,057 -0,217* -0,358**
OIB spininess -0,373** -0,220* 0,072 0,228* -0,230*
spines localization -0,355** -0,319** -0,181 -0,393** -0,394**
spines color -0,315** -0,248* -0,061 -0,435** -0,335**
fresh flower color 0,811** -0,252* 0,156 0,348**
dried flower color 0,811** -0,102 0,237* 0,334**
pollen production -0,252* -0,102 -0,115 0,077
flower tube length 0,156 0,237* -0,115 0,242*
petal notching 0,348** 0,334** 0,077 0,242*
plant height 0,384** 0,383** 0,036 0,499** 0,545**
branching position 0,076 0,075 -0,022 0,333** 0,065
branch angle -0,117 -0,194 -0,111 -0,010 -0,207*
branch length 0,145 0,118 -0,119 0,311** 0,057
branch number 0,197 0,195 -0,021 0,656** 0,286**
a = 0.01: 0.267**; a = 0.05: 0.205*
Acknowledgement
Seeds for evaluation were provided by seed companies Benary (Hannover-Münden, D), Walz Samen (Stuttgart, D), Hans Meisert Samenzucht (Hannover-Buchholz, D), Kieft Bloemzamen (Venhuizen, NL), Hammer Bloemzaden (Zwijndrecht, NL), Leen de Mos Bloemzaden (s'Gravenzande, NL), Wyss Samen & Pflanzen (Zuchwil-Solothurn, H), Petunia Cerny (Jaromef, CZ), Seva Valtice (CZ), and by genebanks of VURVPiest'any (SK), Research St. Agriculture Canada (Lethbridge, Canada), and IPK Gatersleben (D). Other samples were given by Institute of Botany CAS (Beijing, China) and Medicinal Plant Research Station (Tsukuba, Japan). The evaluation proceed by support of Mze CR E - 97/01 - 3160 - 0200 and MSM 435100002 MSMT CR projects.
References
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СПОНТАННАЯ МУТАЦИОННАЯ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРИЗНАКОВ И ЕЁ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ НА ПРИМЕРЕ МАХРОВОСТИ
ЦВЕТКОВ РОЗ
К.И. ЗЫКОВ, кандидат технических наук;
З.К. КЛИМЕНКО, доктор биологических наук Никитский ботанический сад - Национальный научный центр
Введение
Махровость цветков роз, т.е. количество лепестков в них, является одним из важных декоративных признаков садовых роз, знание закономерностей мутационной изменчивости которых необходимо при их селекции. Ранее [2] на примере двух признаков (размера и интенсивности антоцианового окрашивания цветков) было установлено, что их мутационная изменчивость может быть преимущественно направленной в сторону повышения или понижения количественной выраженности этих признаков. Первое часто наблюдается у исходых сортов, генеалогически близких к мелкоцветковым дикорастущим видам или имеющим ациановые (не содержащие антоцианов) цветки, а также у сортов, трансгрессивно унаследовавших пониженную выраженность указанных признаков, второе -у современных, значительно удалённых от указанных видов («эволюционно продвинутых») крупноцветковых или интенсивно антоцианово окрашенных сортов, а также у трансгрессивно унаследовавших повышенную выраженность этих признаков. То, что касается трансгрессивного наследования, справедливо также и для признака "интенсивность аромата цветков", исследовавшегося нами ранее [2].
Нами [2] на основании данных по трём указанным выше признакам предложена гипотеза, объясняющая изменение количественных признаков у естественных почковых мутантов (спортов) инактивированием или элиминированием вследствие мутаций доминантных аллелей двух систем аддитивных полимерных генов, первые из которых (ZMi) способствуют, а вторые (¿E), наоборот, препятствуют фенотипическому проявлению количественных признаков. При повреждении первых из них (доминантных аллелей) выраженность признака снижается, а при повреждении вторых, наоборот, повышается.
Если k - количество активных генов Mi в генотипе исходной формы, а l -количество таких же генов Ei , то возможны три типа исходных сортов: k приблизительно равно l (k^l), k значительно больше l (k>>l) и k значительно меньше l (k<<l). Чем больше генов Mi и Ei в генотипе, тем больше вероятность того, что какой-либо из них будет инактивирован (частично или полностью) вследствие мутаций, поэтому количественная выраженость признаков у спортов по сравнению с исходной должна изменяться преимущественно в сторону ослабления (при k>>l), усиления (при k<< l) или с равной вероятностью в обоих направлениях (при k^l).
