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Researches of electric processes in a single-wire line and in the flat condenser
Undoubtedly, the great interest represents finding-out how the electric current can extend on not Keywords single-wire line, Single-wire lines ofGubo, closed line- The purpose of ttie g'lWn w°Hc is lhe decision of an mpOTtarrf Scientific prob-
Single-wire lines ofSommerfeld, electromagnetic fed, lem for designing and operation of elements of radio engineering devices on the basis of a single-
magnetic field, eddy current, vortical currents, wire line. The basic results are received on the basis of methods classical (Maxwell) theories of an
flat condenser, "inducion" capacitor. electromagnetic field, the theory of electric chains, and also by means of experiment.
Valery V. Frisk,
Department Theory of Electrical Circuits, Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation, [email protected]
The hydrodynamic analogy of distribution of a current on such line is described in works of Nikoly Tesla [1]. He underlined that the current in a single-wire line differs from Hertz currents.
Single-wire lines of Gubo and Sommerfeld work in a mode of a superficial running wave [2, 3, 4].
In Russia experiences on transmissions of energy on a single-wire line have been repeated by Avramenko [5].
The mechanism of course of a current in a single-wire line is not investigated to the full.
The purpose of the given work is the decision of an important scientific problem for designing and operation of elements of radio engineering devices on the basis of a single-wire line.
The basic results are received on the basis of methods classical (Maxwell) theories of an electromagnetic field, the theory of electric chains, and also by means of experiment.
Let's consider experimental installation (Fig. 1).
The generator of harmonious fluctuations is connected to primary winding L1 of the raising air transformer. The transformer is represented two coils inserted by one in another. The transformer is in an idling mode.
The single-wire line in the form of a soft conductor is connected to one pole of output winding L2. The second pole of winding L2 remains free.
On the one hand the current in the single-wire line should not be so, as the transformer is in idle mode.
On the other hand it is possible to show theoretically that using the Maxwell equations, the equation of the law of Faraday and the differential law of the Ohm, in not closed round metal conductor which is under the influence of a variable magnetic field, there are cross-section variable closed induction (eddy) currents.
Schematic distribution of eddy currents in the single-wire line can be represented as shown in
Fig. 2.
Qualitatively, this hypothesis can be explained as follows. Assume that at the beginning of a single-line by an alternating magnetic field is formed first loop eddy current. This gives rise to its current round of the alternating magnet-
ic field, which is being in a conductor creates a second loop of eddy current and so on. It can be assumed that the single-wire line is not closed all the "covered" closed transverse induction currents [10].
The real picture of the current distribution can be much more difficult, as in a strong magnetic field can be produced once more loops induced currents. Besides if the next currents have identical directions they under the Ampere law will be repelled. If neighboring currents have different directions, they will be attracted. The results of computer simulation [6], have shown that, even in simple structures behavior of magnetic field lines are complex and even chaotic picture.
Let’s result one of numerous experiments on detection and measurement of vortical currents in a single-wire line. Experimental setup with two aluminum rings is shown in Fig. 3.
Include in the single-wire line two aluminum rings at some distance from each other. Crosssection eddy currents will arise in a single-wire line after generator inclusion. Extending on the given single-wire line they will cause eddy currents and in rings. Magnitude of the eddy currents in the rings can be measured of microamperme-ters connected in the ring gap. On fig. 4 shows
Figure 1. Experimental installation on research of a single-wire line.
Figure 2. Propagation mechanism of the eddy currents in the single-wire line
Figure 3. Experimental installation with two rings in a single-wire line
capacitor [11].
Findings. Detection of cross-eddy currents in an open wire line can be used in the design of single-ended transmission lines of energy and information. This opens up a new way to create antenna devices. This particularly applies to phased-rulers and whip antenna. Identification of induced currents in the plates of a plane capacitor allows us to take a fresh look at the work of a plane capacitor, which can lead to new and innovative design elements of electrical circuits and single-pole devices [9].
External diameter of a ring 7 cm r Thickness of a ring 5 mm
Frequency of the generator 12 kHz Distances xl=x2=90 cm
|
0 2 3 VI, V
Figure 4. Depending on actual values of eddy currents on the input voltage
the experimental dependences of operating values of eddy currents on operating value of entrance pressure are shown.
As can be seen from these graphs with increasing input voltage and increase the value of the eddy currents with a slight trend to saturation. Therefore, this dependence can be used to pass on a single-line of energy or information. Since the eddy currents in the rings create their alternating magnetic field, such a connection can be used, after further improvements, as part of a phased antenna array.
The received theoretical and experimental results can be applied to an explanation of work of the flat electric condenser differently. The classical description of work of the flat condenser can be found in [7].
Consider a parallel-plate capacitor as two
planes connected single-ended lines. Consequently, for connection to a source of a plane capacitor harmonic voltage at the first plates formed an eddy current. This current will create its alternating magnetic field, which reached the second plate, it will own the eddy current.
Experimentally prove the existence of eddy currents can be a variety of ways. The most simple and evident is a method of Valtenhofena [8]. To do this, make a cut on the capacitor plates. The amount of current in the branch with the capacitor and then cuts to fall considerably, though the area of the plates of almost remained the same. Moreover, the flat plates of the capacitor can be replaced by closed aluminum rings. It reminds rings of Helmholtz, but included on the single-wire scheme. The result is "induction"
References
1. Tesla, N. Talking with the Planets / Collier's Weekly, v 26 #18, February 9th (1901).
2. Gubo, G. Surface waves and their applications to transmission lines, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1119 (1950).
3. Sommerfeld, A. Elektrodinamika. (Inostrannaya literatura, Moscow, 1958).
4. Rothammel, K. Krischke, A Antenny. Vol 1. (LAYT Ltd, Moscow, 2005).
5. Zayev, N. "Sverkhprovodnik" inzhenera Avramenko (Tekhnika — molodezhi, 1, 2-3, Moscow, 1991).
6. Hosoda, M., Miyaguchi, T., Imagawa, K., Nakamura, K. Ubiquity of Chaotic Magnetic-Field Lines Generated by Three-Dimensionally Crossed Wires in Modern Electric Circuits. Phys. Rev. E 80, 067202 (issue of December 2009). 1-4 (2009).
7. Feynman, R., Leighton, R., Matthew, S. Feynmanovskiye lektsii po fizike . Vol 5. Elektrichestvo i magnitiki (Mir, Moscow, 1965).
8. Sprockhoff, G. Eksperiment po kursu elemen-tarnoy fiziki. Vol 5. Elektrichestvo (Osnovnoy kurs). (Prosveshcheniye, Moscow, 1967).
9. Frisk, V The unipolar kilovoltmeter for the control and high voltage measurement / T-Comm — Telecommunications and Transport, No3. Pp. 17-18 (2011).
10. Frisk, V. Detection of induction currents in the communication line / Nonlinear Word, No8, Vol. 11, 2013. Pp. 583-587.
11. Frisk, V Detection of induction currents in the flat condenser / Nonlinear Word, No 10, Vol. 1 1, 2013. Pp. 753-756.
