22«Научные междисциплинарные исследования»
УДК 504.05
Nguyen Phuong Dong Нгуен Фыонг Донг
Doctor of Philosophy in Geography Кандидат географических наук Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Ханойский горно-геологический университет
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПО ОЦЕНКЕ ПОТЕНЦИАЛА СОЛНЕЧНОЙ
ЭНЕРГИИ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОБЛЕМ ДЛЯ ВЬЕТНАМА
RESEARCH TO ASSESS THE POTENTIAL OF SOLAR POWER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR VIETNAM
Abstract: In recent years, the rapid increase in the number and scale of solar power projects has brought many positive results in the addition of clean energy sources in the electricity system of Vietnam. However, it also poses many challenges for the sustainable development of this type of energy technology in the near future. In this study, on the basis of synthesizing and analyzing information and data, analysis and assessment of the potential as well as environmental issues of solar energy for Vietnam.
Keywords: solar energy, environmental problems, solar radiation, solar power plants.
Аннотация: В последние годы быстрое увеличение количества и масштаба проектов в области солнечной энергетики принесло много положительных результатов в добавление экологически чистых источников энергии в электроэнергетическую систему Вьетнама. Однако это также создает множество проблем для устойчивого развития этого типа энергетических технологий в ближайшем будущем. В данной работе, на основе обобщения и анализа информации и данных, анализ и оценка потенциала, а также экологических проблем солнечной энергии для Вьетнама.
Ключевые слова: солнечная энергия, экологические проблемы, солнечная радиация, солнечные электростанции.
Green energy in the 21st century has achieved great achievements with great advantages such as the ability to reduce carbon emissions, one of the main causes of global warming effects, and being environmentally friendly, contribute to sustainable economic growth, especially at the national level.
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Among the above energy sources, solar energy is considered the closest energy source to us. In recent years, the invention of new technologies, especially the development of solar cell technology in the world, has turned sunlight into electricity to replace the traditional power source from thermoelectricity, hydroelectricity,...Currently, many scientists have evaluated solar energy as a clean energy source in the 4.0 technology revolution, and cities using clean energy sources are considered as the factors that form Green Cities. In the world, there are ten leading countries in the production of solar energy, of which prominent countries are: Germany
- this is the market leader in terms of electricity output from renewable energy; China
- the government is very focused on investing in the use of solar energy because there is a serious shortage of electricity here to serve the consumption of billions of people; Japan - has implemented the application of photovoltaic batteries in each household.
Vietnam is one of the countries with high energy intensity compared to other countries in the region. Vietnam industry is one of the highest proportion of energy consumption, with about 47.3% of the total energy used. In previous decades, Vietnam relied heavily on coal as a cheap and easy option to meet domestic energy needs. Before 2016, solar energy was still new and did not play an important role in Vietnam's energy strategy, however, in the past 5 years, many domestic and foreign investors have invested and developed large-scale solar power projects nationwide. According to the report [1] by the end of June 2019, the total design capacity is about 6 GWp, of which the solar power farm accounts for about 5.3 GWp and the rooftop solar power is about 0.7 GWp.
In addition, Vietnam is evaluated by researchers as a place with the potential to develop renewable energy sources, especially solar energy. Therefore, in the future, solar energy will play a role as a new energy source to demand of Vietnam's sustainable economic development. However, the rapid development of solar power plants has posed real environmental problems, including impacts on land use, changes in heat and moisture balance, and degradation of the environment, which adversely affects the vegetation and wildlife in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to study the relationship
«Научные междисциплинарные исследования» between the development of the solar energy system and the threat to the growth of environmental issues, especially for a developing country as Vietnam.
Research Methods
The approach of research is analyzing the impacts of solar energy on the environment and appropriate data collection of primary as well as secondary data. This method allowed to developing understand in depth the impacts of the Solar power plants by highlighting the relationships it has forged with eviroment's factors in the Vietnam context.
Aggregation data methods: Researching and synthesizing information on the current state of solar power technology in the world and the country; Collect and synthesize data on many solar power projects in Vietnam that have been implemented in provinces and cities.
Potential and development of solar power in Vietnam
The emergence of renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, has caused energy prices per MWh to change rapidly. According to a research report of the company Lazard [2] has shown that the technology cost for solar energy is now much cheaper. The report used LCOE analysis to estimate the cost per MWh including all cost components such as capital costs for construction, operation, and maintenance costs over the total number of MWh generated by the plant. In which, the cost of solar energy in 2016 decreased by 85% compared to 2009 with the price from 350 USD/MWh to 55 USD/MWh, while the cost of thermal power plants has an average LCOE of 63 USD/MWh. Thus, it can be seen that the development of solar power plant systems in Vietnam is completely appropriate.
The average theoretical potential of solar energy received on a horizontal surface in Vietnam ranges from 1000 kWh and 2100 kWh per m2, mainly concentrated in the Central Highland, Southern Central, and the Southern with latitude from 9° (SocTrang, Bac Lieu province) to 14° (Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh province) (Fig. 1).
XVI Международная научно-практическая конференция
Yearly totals: 1168 1314 1461 1607 1753 1899 2045
Figure 1. Total solar radiation averaged over the regions of Vietnam [3]
The number of sunshine hours a year in the North is about 1800-2100 hours; in the Central and South Vietnam, this number is around 2000-2600 hours per year, a 20% increase in solar radiation compared to the North. Table 1 presents a comparison of data on solar irradiance in different regions of Vietnam and an assessment of the possibility of solar energy application on a theoretical basis.
«Научные междисциплинарные исследования»
Table 1. Solar radiation intensity and solar energy applicability assessment [4]
Zone Sunshine hour Radiation intensity (kWh/m2, day) Application
The Northeast 1600-1750 3,3 - 4,1 Medium
The Northwest 1750 - 1800 4,1 - 4,9 Medium
Northern Central 1700 - 2000 4,6 - 5,2 Good
The Central Highland and Southern Central 2000 - 2600 4,9 - 5,7 Verygood
The Southern 2200 - 2500 4,3 - 4,9 Verygood
Trung binh 4,6 Good
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Figure 2. Location of active and not active solar power projects in Vietnam
Currently, according to research data, in Vietnam in 2020 there have been over 20 GW of solar power registered by investors and about 220 projects waiting for additional planning. Out of a total of 63 provinces and cities, 25 have the potential for solar power development, with a total area of 5.041,4 km2. Impact of solar power plants on the environment
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XVI Международная научно-практическая конференция Solar power plants use energy from the sun to generate electricity so it is cleaner than conventional energy sources. The solar energy system offers many significant benefits, such as being cheaper and it produces no harmful emissions for human health and the environment, and it is almost an infinite source of energy when compared to fossil fuels. [5] Solar power plants also help reduce the usuable areas. For example, to produce 1000 MW, solar power plants will need a total area of 1,3 km2. This is more than the area occupied by a conventional thermal power plant, but less than the combined area of the plant and the open-pit mine to extract coal for its consumption.
Besides those positive aspects, it is undeniable that solar energy systems have certain negative impacts on the environment like others energy systems. Solar projects have general environmental impacts related to local landscapes, local ecosystems and habitats, noise and stress, caused by noise and temporary pollution emissions from construction and increased traffic, etc. [6, 7]
Most of the solar power projects in Vietnam require a large amount of land with flat terrain. These areas of land can be converted from forest land, agricultural land, farming land, water surface,... to industrial land for solar power projects. In recent years, there is a conflict between two strengths - agriculture, fisheries and the potential for solar energy development in Vietnam. Futhermore, the large-scale application of solar power plants can affects the heat balance of the area by the modification of land surfaces. It can cause sharply affected crop productivity [6].
The indirect impact of solar energy on the environment is reflected in the fact that this is an industry that uses a lot of raw materials. In its development areas, the construction of factories producing concrete, glass, steel, etc. is mandatory. Another negative factor that indirectly affects the environment is the significant amount of water consumed. To improve efficiency, mirrors of solar cells must be regularly cleaned from dust [9]. This may affect the water used for domestic use or irrigation in the area. For the South Central and Southern regions, in the dry season, there is often a shortage of water for domestic use and for agricultural irrigation, which is a very serious problem.
Besides, the current production technology of solar cells is divided into two groups: C-Si batteries based on silicon crystals and thin-film batteries based on
«Научные междисциплинарные исследования» Cadmium-Tellurium (Cd-Te) material system. These are materials with potential risks to the environment and human health. However, all solar cells are directed with the European Union WEEE, so this environmental impact is limited.
The amount of waste when solar panels reach the end of their useful life is significant. At the end of 2018, the global cumulative waste from solar panels was about 43,500-250,000 tons, about 1,1 - 6,2% of the total cumulative volume of installed solar panels (about 4 million tons). In Vietnam, more than 1 million solar panels are installed at BIM Group's solar power plants; about 300,000 panels at Srepok and Quang Minh projects or nearly 150,000 solar panels at TTC Phong Dien project, etc. With an expected useful life of solar panels of about 30 years (for high-quality) and 15-20 years (for low-quality or failure during exploitation), identification and application of waste management after the expiration of solar panels in Vietnam should be requied special attention [11, 12].
Conclusion
Solar power offers huge environmental benefits when compared to traditional energy sources. Besides, the potential for solar power development in Vietnam is huge and meets the electricity demand for sustainable socio-economic development in the region and the whole country. However, no renewable energy project can completely avoid environmental impacts, so potential environmental impacts are depending on the size, nature, and specific location of the projects. solar power project. Therefore, the environmental impact assessment for solar power projects needs to estimate the potential environmental impact level and propose appropriate mitigation measures which are necessary for the development of solar power in Vietnam.
References
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2. Lazard's annual report on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) 2017. https://www. lazard.com/media/438038/ levelized-cost-of-energy-v100.Pdf
XVI Международная научно-практическая конференция
3. 2019 The World Bank, Source: Global Solar Atlas 2.0, Solar resource data: Solargis.
4. Vietnamese Technology Catalogue 2019.
5. H. GUNERHAN, A. HEPBASLI, and U. GIRESUNLU . Environmental Impacts from the Solar Energy Systems. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. Volume 31, 2008 - Issue 2
6. Tsoutsos, T., Frantzeskaki, N., and Gekas, V. 2005. Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologies. Energy Policy 33:289-296.
7. Theodoratos, P.C., Karakasidis, N.G., 1997, Hygiene - Occupational Safety and Environmental protection. Athens: Ion (in Greek).
8. IEA, International Energy Agency. 2002. Integrating Solar Energy into Today's Buildings: The Power of Solar. IEA Solar Heating Cooling (SHC) Program. http: //www.iea-shc.org
9. С.М. Говорушко. Солнечная энергетика и ее экологические проблемы. International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology № 4 (96) 2011
10. ASEAN Centre for Energy (2016): Levelised Cost of Electricity of selected renewable technologies in the ASEAN member states. Retrieved from: http://cloud.aseanenergy.org/s/1AK7OzwGCHn5iAM , Assessed 26 October 2018.
11. International Renewable Energy Agency. Endof-Line Management: Solar Photovoltaics Panel, 2016.
12. Pham Hoang Luang. "Quan ly chit thai rin tu cac tim quang dien mat troi sau khi h6t han su dung". Hoi thao "Nghien cuu xay dung, d6 xuit phuang an giai phap cong nghe xu ly pin nang luong mat troi da qua su dung", Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe, 01.10.2020.
