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RESEARCH ON OBTAINING FATTY ACID BY RECYCLING SOAPSTOCK FROM
THE OIL INDUSTRY
Ibadullaev Bazar Mambetovich
docent, Urgench State University Rakhimov Jakhongir Gulmukhammatovich teacher, Urgench State University Shamuratov Sanjarbek Khusinbay ugli
teacher, Urgench State University
Abstract: Cottonseed oil for food purposes is freed from undesirable impurities by treatment with aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide. The waste formed in this process -soapstock, consists of a complex mixture of nonfatty substances (mucilages, traces of metals, alkali) and fatty, lipophilic, substances (soap, neutral fat, phospholipids, pigments, and other unsaponifiable substances).
Soapstock fats are a traditional raw material for soap boiling, although the use of cottonseed soapstocks for these purposes is limited because of their dark-brown coloration. Other methods of utilizing soapstocks are possible, but the most rational use is being hindered by the inadequacy of information about their chemical composition.
Keywords : soapstock, fatty acids, phospholipids, sodium hydroxide
https://doi.ors/10.5281/zenodo.7562016
INTRODUCTION
Currently, many oil and fat enterprises are operating in the direction of oil and fat production, which is the leading network of the food industry in the Republic. In them, along with the main product in the process of production of vegetable oils and fatty acids, a large number of secondary products soapstock are formed. The traditional and effective direction of the use of soapstok composition, which is produced in the processing of cotton oil, is the production of household soap. It should be noted that this direction corresponds to the existing trends in the development of soap production, including the use of renewable natural raw materials and secondary resources.
Methods for the separation of free fatty acids should meet the following conditions: selective exposure with reagents applied to neutralization should be maximum; ensure the greatest rate of neutralization reaction; ensure rapid and complete separation of the formed phases; ensure that the yield of neutralized oil is maximum. These conditions are explained by the fact that the composition of triatsilglitserines of various oils to be difficult to fulfill, as well as the content of additives varies within a large limit.
The soapstock, previously freed from neutral fat (NF), was decomposed by treatment with 15% H2SO4. The acid fat (AF) was isolated by extraction, during which an amorphous darkbrown deposit formed at the phase separation boundary. In the separation of soapstock
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previously subjected to supplementary saponification no deposit is formed. The amount of deposit was determined after the separation of the organic phase, its evaporation, and the elimination of moisture from the residue in the form of an azeotropic mixture with benzene in a rotary evaporator. It can be seen from the facts given above that the total yield of soapstock depends on the composition of the crude oil and, consequently, on the quality of the seeds.
METHODS
Crude cottonseed oil is rich in nonoil material (1). Hence, soapstock from cottonseed oil is a mixture of soap, neutral lipids, phospholipids, and nonlipid components. General compositional information has been published on raw and acidulated cottonseed soapstocks (2,3), and some information can be inferred from the compositions of crude and refined oils. A detailed compositional study has not, however, been reported.
In our research, the soapstock of JSC "Urganch yog'-moy" was used. Table 1 shows the soapstock component.
Table 1
Soapstock composition of JSC "Urganch yog'-moy"
№ Indicator name Quantity, %
1 Moisture and volatile substances,% 55,0
2 The content of neutral fat (NF),% of the mass of the soap stock 9,9
3 The content of total fat (FFA, unsaponifiable substances HB),% 35,1
by weight
Fatty acids (FA) in the form of methyl esters were analyzed by GC on an Agilent 6890 N instrument with a flame ionization detector, using a capillary column 30 m x 0.32 mm with a stationary phase HP - 5, carrier gas - helium, programming temperature 150 - 270°C. The results of the analysis are presented in figure 1. and table.2.
Table.2
The composition of soap stock fatty acids, GC, % by weight of acids
№
Fatty acid
Content
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11
Myristic , 14:0 Palmitic, 16:0 Palmitoleic, 16:1 Margarine, 17:0 Stearic, 18:0 omega-9 Oleic, 18:1 omega 6 Linoleic , 18:2 Arakhin , 20:0 omega 11 Eicosene , 20:1 Begenovaya , 22:0 Lignoceric, 24:0
0.65 25.69 0.58 0.14 2.73 25.24 42.80 0.59 0.23 0.36 0.14
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12 Hexacosan 26:0 0.85
13 X saturated LCDs 31.15
14 X unsaturated fatty acids 68.85
The presence of large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in the soapstock reduces their solubilizing properties, which is an important component of the detergent effect of the detergent obtained from the soapstock and significantly determines the washing rate of impurities, as well as the relative washing ability. However, in soapstock, waxes and waxy substances with long enough hydrocarbon chains, as well as high molecular weight fatty acids and alcohols, tend to form mixed micelles that enhance their solubilizing properties.
RESULTS
Soapstock content analysis does not allow us to clearly recommend the most effective way to use it. Therefore, in the next stage of the analysis, the functional properties of the soap base from the soapstock were studied.
The saponification process was carried out at 950C in a laboratory reactor equipped with a mixer and a shell. A 40% solution of sodium hydroxide was used as an alkalizing agent. According to preliminary experiments, 200% of the required amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was obtained [1,2]. It was determined that the mass fraction of free alkali was constant for 15 minutes after the end of the process. The results of the experiment are presented in Table 3 and Figure 1.
Table 3
Soapstock saponification process kinetics
Time, min. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Free alkali content, % 0,3 0,22 0,15 0,12 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
These correlations show that the initial processing of soapstock using the developed modes increases the speed of the soaping process.
It was found that the maximum depth of soaping is achieved in 60 minutes, and the next 2 hours of resting provides a 30% separation of the soap alkali [3]. The main parameters of the soapy base of Soapstock are given in Table 4.
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0,5
¡S
D
ö 20 40 Ь0 BD 100
Time: min
Figure 1. Soapstock saponification kinetics
Table 4
The main features of the soapy base of Soapstock
Index name Performance characteristics
Color Orange
Consistency In gel form
Mass fraction,%:
Fatty acids 33,20
Neutral oils -
Wax and waxy substances 9,50
Free sodium hydroxide 0,09
Water 57,21
Taking into account the fact that the base of the soap is not completely separated, as well as the black color of the soap base, the next step is to develop a technology to improve it.
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DISCUSSION
According to chemical analysis data, soap production wastewater has a high degree of pollution. This is mainly pollution with organic substances, to a greater extent - with soaps. In appearance, the sample of untreated effluents is a viscous and soapy brownish liquid to the touch. When cooled to room temperature, it thickens to a paste-like state.
CONCLUSION
Research shows that it is not advisable to divert wastewater from the soap industry directly to the municipal sewage system. In our next work, we will consider the application of the process of wastewater treatment by flotation or coagulation. This way we will be able to prevent environmental pollution and land salinization. The soapstock obtained in the processing of high-grade cotton seeds is enriched with total and neutral fats and contains a small amount of moisture and of non-fat lipophilic substances. The soapstock from low-grade cotton seeds contains a larger amount of acid fat in which saturated fatty acids are concentrated, and also oxygenated fatty acids, nonpolar acylglycerols, glycolipids, sterols, arylalkanes, gossypol pigments, and ions of metals of variable valence.
REFERENCES
1. Shavrak E.I. Comparison of different methods for isolating fatty acids from wastes of alkaline refining of vegetable oils / 1. Shavrak E.I.. — Volgodonsk Institute of the South Russian State Technical University // Postgraduate student and applicant. N 5 .- 2004 .- 502-503 .- J05000154 .- Chemistry and technology of food products .- 2005 .- N 14
2. Shavrak, E. I. Physico-chemical regularities of the process of extracting fatty acids from soap solutions by their decomposition with mineral acid / Shavrak E. I. // Esestv. and tech. Sciences . N 5 .- 2004 .- 148-155 .- J05000332 .- Technology for the production of household chemicals. Perfumery and cosmetics .- 2005 .- N 21.
3. ShamuratovS., Baltayev U., AlimovU., Namazov Sh.,KurambaevS., Ibadullaev B. Utilization process research of the soap industry acid waste water with high carbonate phosphorite of central Kyzylkum.// E3S Web of Conferences 264, 04079 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404079 CONMECHYDRO - 2021.
