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14UDC 551.52.911
RESEARCH OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN BAKU CITY
SHIRINOVA DURDANA BAKIR
Scientific adviser-Associate professor of the department of Petrochemical Technology and Industrial Ecology, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku,
Azerbaijan
MEHDIYEVA GULCOHRA TALEH
Master's student, of the department of Petrochemical Technology and Industrial Ecology, Azerbaijan
State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Summary: It is known that with space research it is possible to study not only the number of atmospheric pollutants, but also the distribution of these pollutants in the atmosphere along the height, and distribution in atmosphere depending on the distance, meteorological parameters, and conducting measurements in any geographical conditions. In the article, measurements were made for four pollutants in four locations in Baku. While conducting research, the impact of meteorological parameters on the spread of pollutants and the change of concentration of pollutants depending on the distance was revealed. It was observed that concentrations of pollutants are more observed in August-September due to unfavorable weather conditions. The article also reflects the change in concentrations of pollutants depending on the distance of propagation. In the Garadagh region, the reason for the high concentrations of all pollutants was investigated.
Keywords: pollutants, concentration limit, aerosol, aerospace research, observation point.
Our modern age is full of global environmental problems. Atmospheric pollution has a special weight in these problems. All technical power is based on the use of energy obtained by using the oxygen in the air. All technologies that receive energy due to oxidation destroy the Earth's atmosphere and use atmospheric oxygen irreversibly. During the burning of 1 kg of gasoline, 3.5 kg of oxygen is absorbed from the air. During the year, approximately 12 billion tons of oxygen are absorbed from the atmosphere during the oxidation of oil extraction products. During natural gas extraction, more than 11 billion tons of oxygen are absorbed from the atmosphere. It is no coincidence that the air of megacities contains only 17% oxygen instead of the natural 21%. Drilling rigs and oil and gas mines are technological objects that pollute the atmosphere with various mixtures. Although the test of fertile horizons is of a short-term nature, the atmosphere is quite polluted. The amount of oil and gases burned in flares depends on the flow rate of the fluids and can be hundreds of tons. The incineration process can last for several weeks, which causes an increase in the amount of waste released into the atmosphere [1-3].
Oil and gas are the main components of world energy. They cover more than a third of the energy needs of the Mankind. Currently, the share of oil in the total consumption of natural energy resources in the world is 40%, and the share of gas is 23%. Oil, gas, and petroleum products from oil and gas extraction, storage, transportation, distribution, and processing facilities typically suffer irreversible losses from spills, spills, spills, accidents, and other sources that cause environmental pollution. At the same time, oil and oil products are among the most dangerous types of pollution. This is because organic compounds containing a large amount of chemically active substances change the composition of the environment by turning natural components into more toxic forms. The number of accidents in oil and gas extraction areas and oil and gas transportation increases the number of such pollutions [4-6].
The basis of the country's economy in Azerbaijan is the oil industry and energy. The annual production of 46-47 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 32.6 million tons of oil (including
condensate), the daily increase in the number of vehicles, as well as the expansion of the construction sector in the city of Baku has increased the number of atmospheric pollutants many times [7].
The results of the research on air pollution in the Absheron Peninsula show that the number of pollutants is many times higher than the allowable density (BBQ). At the same time, the study of the factors affecting the spread of these pollutants in the atmosphere has been the main goal of the research.
Monitoring of atmospheric pollution and prevention of pollution are important issues. For this purpose, in addition to the monitoring conducted regularly by the National Environmental Protection Department of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, a mobile measurement laboratory for monitoring various parameters of the environment has been operating at the Institute of Ecology of the Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency for several years. Through this mobile complex, information is obtained about concentrations of some toxic and explosive gases, as well as explosive gases in the form of aerosols, radiation conditions in the shooting area, and other meteorological parameters. Such meteorological parameters include air humidity and temperature, wind direction, and speed [8].
Starting from the 80s of the 20th century, the monitoring of the atmospheric air of big cities, including the city of Baku, is carried out by aerospace methods. Currently, meteorological parameters - weather conditions are necessarily considered. Many successes have been achieved in this field, including the possibility of determining the concentration of pollutants, determining their amount with the help of background intensity and image accuracy analysis [9].
An air quality transmitter was obtained in May 2018 with the support of the "Improvement of the National Environmental Monitoring System in Azerbaijan" Twinning project based on the exemplary practices of the European Union to measure the gases and dispersed particles present in the atmospheric air. Currently, the device provides constant information about atmospheric air based on monitoring of gas compounds (NO2, SO2, CO, O3) and dispersed particles (PM 2.5 and PM10) [10].
To study gas mixtures in the atmosphere on the Absheron peninsula, the authors conducted research using the infrared spectrometer (IKOS-25) installed on the AH30 aircraft, at an altitude of 500 to 6000 meters, in layers with a conditional atmospheric pressure difference of 50 Pa. Based on the integral amount of small gas mixtures in the atmosphere, the characteristics of the influence of large enterprises on the gas composition of the atmosphere were investigated. Based on the obtained information, the impact of the results on the environment was predicted and the absorption bands were specified in the measurement ranges. clouds were observed. As a result of the processing of the received spectrogram, it was proved that mainly methane and carbon dioxide were recorded in the air basin of the Absheron peninsula. The main natural source of methane in the lower layers of the atmosphere on the Absheron Peninsula is the evaporation of petroleum products on the surface of the earth and the decay of several organic substances [11].
The article examines the level of air pollution in the 20 largest cities of Russia in 2019-2020. The primary data used for the study were collected by the TROPOMI device (on the Sentinel-5P satellite), including carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and aerosol (aerosol index) measured.
The mechanism that provides L3 data is for direct analysis. The results of the calculations showed that in most of the reviewed cities (15 out of 20 cities) pollution is below or above the norm. Formaldehyde (35.7%) and nitrogen dioxide (26.4%) play the main role in the composition of pollutant particles. Sulfur dioxide also has a significant share (16.4%) of this pollution. The average share of carbon monoxide and aerosols is 10.8 and 10.6%, respectively. Air pollution in cities is related to both natural (forest fires, dust storms) and anthropogenic (seasonal population migration, restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic) factors [12].
Experts have studied the effect of potential atmospheric pollutants (PAP) on changes in the average concentrations of atmospheric pollutants (Fig. 1).
As can be seen, the concentration of sulfur dioxide and the indicators of PAP change synchronously, being maximum in spring and minimum in summer and early autumn. Some deviation
ОФ "Международный научно-исследовательский центр "Endless Light in Science"
occurs at the end of summer when concentrations of sulfur dioxide emitted from high-altitude sources of industrial facilities increase. In the winter and spring months, the high index of PAP on the Absheron Peninsula is determined by the frequent recurrence of anticyclonic weather conditions, which lead to weak winds and stable stratification of the atmosphere. Currently, the recurrence of surface inversions exceeds 30%. Inversions are more likely to occur in the evening and at night. This helps maintain air stagnation in the boundary layer with a high PAH and limits the spread of harmful pollutants in the atmosphere. As research shows, measures to ensure clean air in cities should be planned for periods with more unfavorable meteorological conditions.
Such weather conditions cannot be avoided, but in industrial facilities located in these areas, great attention should be paid to the treatment facilities and the efficiency of their operation. When choosing the area for the construction of new industrial facilities, it is necessary to consider the potential atmospheric pollutants (PAP), as well as the economic feasibility [13].
The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the main atmospheric emissions of four petrochemical industries selected by season (months) along with the number of emission sources of atmospheric pollutants from the enterprise located in the area, the composition of pollutants, and the height of distribution of pollutants. They investigated the air quality effects of four typical petrochemical plants in the North China Plain as a model for studying atmospheric changes of chemicals. The model is based on real-time monitoring of pollutant mixtures from petrochemical plants. This research is critical in determining the impact of current pollutant mixtures from typical petrochemical plants, in the targeted development and implementation of environmental protection plans, and in the implementation of pollution prevention and control measures.
The results showed that the PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 pollutants from the petrochemical plants mainly spread to nearby areas, especially SO2. and NO2. Pollution can be controlled within petrochemical plants. At 9 km from the petrochemical plants, the share of SO 2 and NO 2 in atmospheric pollutants was up to 4.65%. The share of dust particles (PM2.5) in this pollution is less (less than 0.5%). The share of petrochemical plants in local pollution decreased significantly with increasing distance. The amount of SO2 and NO2 pollution in the North China Plain remains at about 0.1-0.2%, and the maximum amount occurred in January and July. The maximum contribution of PM 2.5 in this region was in April (0.42%), while in other regions it was less than 0.1%.
PAP qio=
Fig. 1. Average monthly concentration of sulfur gas (1) and annual variability of PAP (2) in Baku city
Pollutant mixtures from four typical petrochemical plants in the North China Plain had little effect on air pollutant concentrations in the North China Plain. However, this significantly affects the air quality in the plant area [14]
Experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 at 4 locations in Baku. Surakhani, Sabunchu, Nasimi, and Garadagh districts of Baku city were selected for the study, and the amount of waste released into the atmosphere (in thousands of tons) in those areas in 2022 was studied (table 1).
In the conducted experiments, an attempt was made to study the factors affecting the change in concentration of pollutants in atmospheric air. Initially, the average concentrations of nitrogen 4-
oxide, carbon dioxide, dust particles Pm2.5-10, and volatile hydrocarbons in the atmosphere for 2022 and 2023 were determined (table 2).
Table 1. In 2022, polluting substances emitted from selected sources into the atmospheric air of Baku city, in thousand tons.
Points The total amount of waste released into the atmosphere quantity likewise:
Solid particles gases and aerosols
Garadagh 43218,2 1162,9 42055,3
Nasimi 278,1 26,1 252,0
Sabunchu 973,3 13,1 960,2
Surakhani 1201,4 2,2 1199,2
The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the main atmospheric emissions of four petrochemical industries selected by season (months) along with the number of emission sources of atmospheric pollutants from the enterprise located in the area, the composition of pollutants, and the height of distribution of pollutants. They investigated the air quality effects of four typical petrochemical plants in the North China Plain as a model for studying atmospheric changes of chemicals. The model is based on real-time monitoring of pollutant mixtures from petrochemical plants. This research is critical in determining the impact of current pollutant mixtures from typical petrochemical plants, in the targeted development and implementation of environmental protection plans, and in the implementation of pollution prevention and control measures.
The results showed that the PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 pollutants from the petrochemical plants mainly spread to nearby areas, especially SO2. and NO2. Pollution can be controlled within petrochemical plants. At 9 km from the petrochemical plants, the share of SO 2 and NO 2 in atmospheric pollutants was up to 4.65%. The share of dust particles (PM2.5) in this pollution is less (less than 0.5%). The share of petrochemical plants in local pollution decreased significantly with increasing distance. The amount of SO2 and NO2 pollution in the North China Plain remains at about 0.1-0.2%, and the maximum amount occurred in January and July. The maximum contribution of PM 2.5 in this region was in April (0.42%), while in other regions it was less than 0.1%.
Pollutant mixtures from four typical petrochemical plants in the North China Plain had little effect on air pollutant concentrations in the North China Plain. However, this significantly affects the air quality in the plant area [14]
Table 2. Concentrations of some substances in the atmospheric air of Baku city in 2022 and 2023,
Substances Permissible thickness limit 2022 2023
Bulk particles (dust) 0,5 1,4 1,35
Nitrogen 4-oxide 0,2 0,4 0,37
Carbon dioxide 0,5 1,05 0,97
Volatile hydrocarbons 0,5 2,25 2,15
Then, the temperature changes of the last ten years for the city of Baku were compared (table 3). Average multi-year temperature for Baku city (average multi-year temperature for 1961-1990) is 14.70C
Table 3. Temperature variation in Baku by years
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Average annual temperature 15,5 15,6 15,2 15,5 16,0 15,6 15,7 16,1 16,2 16,3
The difference
between the mean
annual temperature and the multi-year
mean 0,8 0,9 0,5 0,8 1,3 0,9 1,0 1,4 1,5 1,6
Maximum (highest)
average monthly temperature 29,0 27,6 28,8 27,6 29,6 34,7 27,3 29,6 27,9 29,7
Minimum (lowest)
average monthly temperature 4,0 4,9 4,5 7,5 4,7 -1,5 6,0 5,5 6,1 5,8
The distribution of atmospheric waste concentration depending on the distance was measured for four pollutant components at all four locations. The oil and gas industry is located in three of the stations, Nasimi region was selected for comparison with those stations. Sabunchu oil and gas field is located 12 km northeast of Baku, there are 1124 active wells. The Surakhani oil and gas field is located 16 km northeast of Baku. Garadagh Oil and Gas Refinery is located in Garadagh. When investigating the influence of meteorological conditions and especially wind direction on atmospheric pollutants, it was found that northeast and south winds prevail in the Absheron peninsula. The most typical season for air pollution is summer, and the most variable and atypical season is autumn.
As a rule, the measurement of the amount of atmospheric pollutants at observation points is made at the heights of the troposphere close to the ground. At this height, the atmosphere mainly contains SO2, NO, NO2, CO, CO2 and volatile organic compounds, ozone, and other oxidants, and particles include dust, soot, smog, smoke, etc. contaminated with
During the studies of the amount of all four pollutants emitted into the atmosphere from the selected waste sources, it was determined that the amount of nitrogen oxide (NO2) was 3-5 times higher than the permissible concentration limit (TRL), the amount of CO and CO2 was measured at five observation points and was 2.1 times higher. , the amount of dust was 2.8 times greater than the amount of dust in three observation sites, and the amount of hydrocarbons in four observation sites was 8-11 times higher. At the same time, the spread of pollutants over certain distances and concentrations of pollutants at those distances were determined (table 4). As can be seen from the table, concentrations of pollutants decrease with distance from waste sources. Concentrations of all four pollutants in the Garadagh region are higher than in other observation points (Fig. 2), which is explained by the fact that the Garadagh Oil and Gas Refinery, Methanol plants, and Garadagh cement plant are located in the same region. At the same time, the frequent change of the south wind to the northeast wind in Absheron spreads the pollutants in the direction of the city of Sumgait, but due to the calculation of the northeast wind and geographical conditions, the pollutants are directed toward this region.
An increase in concentrations of pollutants in Baku's atmosphere is usually observed in AugustSeptember, which is explained by unfavorable weather conditions (high temperature, windless weather, high humidity, etc.).
Table 4. Dispersion of pollutants depending on the distance
Points Atmospheric Months <10km <20 km <35km
waste
Surakhani Dust February 0.77 0.73 0.72
May 0.82 0.78 0.76
August 0.94 0.84 0.65
December 0.65 0.67 0.6
Volatile February 3.3 3.1 3.4
hydrocarbons may 3,5 3.2 3.6
August 3,84 3.78 3.73
December 3.15 2.96 3.35
NO2 February 0.6 0.56 0.58
may 0.71 0.68 0,61
August 0.86 0.75 0,75
December 0.57 0,6 0,55
CO2 February 0.81 0.79 0.73
May 0.93 0.88 0.72
August 1.05 1.00 0.95
December 0.84 0.81 0.76
Sabunchu Dust February 0.85 0.76 0.68
May 0.88 0,67 0,62
August 0.92 0,81 0,79
December 0.8 0,72 0,57
Volatile February 3.1 2.52 2.94
hydrocarbons May 3.4 2.85 3.25
August 4.2 3.56 3.83
December 3.15 2.96 3.35
NO2 February 0.63 0.6 0.53
May 0,58 0.54 0.63
August 0,78 0.72 0.68
December 0.71 0.63 0.57
CO2 February 0.83 0.75 0.66
May 0.91 0.87 0.82
August 1.00 0.96 0.93
December 0.88 0.80 0.77
Nasimi Dust February 1,05 0.62 0.75
May 0.94 0.92 0.86
August 1.35 1.2 0.96
December 0.88 0.77 0.68
Volatile February 2.46 2.2 2.94
hydrocarbons May 3.5 2.93 3.26
August 3.87 3.41 3.64
December 2.65 2.1 2.55
NO2 February 0.69 0.63 0.56
May 0.76 0.71 0.63
August 0.85 0.79 0.73
December 0.57 0.53 0.51
CO2 February 0.84 0.79 0.72
May 0.90 0.86 0.82
August 1.03 0.97 0.93
December 0.86 0.82 0.77
Garadagh Dust February 0.73 0.66 0.63
May 0.95 0.86 0.81
August 1.4 1.25 0.97
December 0.76 0.67 0.61
Volatile February 3.75 3.5 3.1
hydrocarbons May 3.86 3.0 3.62
August 4,5 3.92 3.46
December 3.3 3.15 2.6
NO2 February 0.56 0.52 0.51
May 0.69 0.63 0.58
August 0.78 0.74 0.69
December 0.58 0.55 0.53
CO2 February 0.87 0.82 0.79
May 0.93 0.91 0.89
August 1.05 0.98 0.96
December 0.90 0.88 0.84
Fig. 2. Distribution of pollutants in Baku city
In the experiments, the data from the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and the Institute of Ecology of the National Aerospace Agency of Azerbaijan were used.
Fig. 3. Comparison of the pollutant studied in 2022 and 2023 with the GHG.
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