CC BY
14Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 12 (2017 10) 1916-1932
УДК 338.43:332.1
Regional Trade as a Factor of Territorial Food Market Development
Eva V. Shcherbenko and Vasiliy V. Kuimov*
Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
Received 26.05.2017, received in revised form 27.11.2017, accepted 06.12.2017
The article presents the analysis of the state of the food trade sphere in Russia. It gives an estimation of retail trade in food products of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and reveals the trends of the development of retail trade of the FMCG format in the regional market. Besides, the article estimates the structure of the cost of a minimum set of food products, studies the influence of the sanctions policy on the formation of the food retail market and shows the role of trade in the process of adaptation of food market entities to the conditions of sanctions. In the end, the article gives the data on the dynamics of the assortment and prices ofretail trade enterprises on food products and shows the results ofresearch of new technologies of interaction between manufacturers and retail chains, including technologies of "Private label". The article also generalizes the role of retail trade in shaping the competitive conditions of the food market.
Keywords: food retail, retail trade, assortment of food products, prices for food products, private label.
DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0193. Research area: economics.
Introduction
The sphere of trade is one of the most important spheres of life support for the population, which is not only directly dependent on other markets, but also affects the development of other industries, as it acts as a link between the manufacturer and the consumer. By means of it, market coordination of the commodity supply and consumer demand is carried out. As a source of cash proceeds, trade forms the basis for the financial stability of the state.
The retail industry of food products in the Russian Federation has consistently
demonstrated high growth rates. Thus, from 2004 to 2015, the sector's turnover increased almost by 5 times and in 2015 amounted to more than 13 trillion rubles. According to the operative report of the Federal State Statistics Service, in 2016, compared to 2015, the retail trade turnover decreased by 5.2 % in comparable prices and amounted to 28.137 trillion rubles. In January 2017, the retail trade turnover was 8.9 billion rubles and decreased by 0.7 % against the level of January 2016. Per capita in the country as a whole, the sector's turnover also shows strong growth, which should determine
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
* Corresponding author E-mail address: kuimov1945@mail.ru; sherbenko@mail.ru
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the increase in the consumption of products per person as the reason for the increase in sales of retailers. However, the decline in consumer activity is currently a key factor affecting the development of the food retail market in Russia. Higher growth rates of turnover per capita are recorded for the group of food products. At the same time, experts note that the number of customers in grocery stores in the physical volume decreased by about 10 % on average. The number of purchases in the check is also decreasing, and shoppers are increasingly giving priority to inexpensive goods. Thus, the growth in retail trade turnover, both in its total volume and per capita, confirms the trend of price growth (Table 1-2).
The rise in prices causes a decline in purchasing power in all categories of goods, a change in the structure of consumption, a shift in
demand towards essential goods, cheaper goods (Pokupatel'naia sposobnost'...) (Fig. 1).
In the structure of retail turnover for eight years (until 2013), the share of non-food products increased and prevailed (Table 3).
However, in the period from 2013 to
2016, the share of food purchases in the total retail turnover of the region grew by more than 3 %. In 2016 and at the beginning of
2017, this trend continued. Thus, in 2016 in the structure of retail trade turnover, the share of food products, including beverages, as well as of tobacco products, amounted to 45.4 %, the share of non-food products amounted to 54.6 %.
Statement of the problem
Trade in the Krasnoyarsk Territory provides the sphere of final consumption of goods by
Table 1. Retail trade turnover in Russia, million rubles
Total Including Retail trade turnover of trading organizations^ Sale in retail markets and fairs
Food products2' Non-food products3'
2000 2352274,3 1093195,2 1259079,1 1735155,3 617119,0
2001 3070014,0 1416832,3 1653181,7 2294218,0 775796,0
2002 3765363,6 1753919,6 2011444,0 2842887,9 922475,7
2003 4529632,9 2091747,8 2437885,1 3454648,5 1074984,4
2004 5642497,7 2580299,2 3062198,5 4381550,9 1260946,8
2005 7041509,1 3217647,3 3823861,8 5545798,0 1495711,1
2006 8711919,9 3947402,3 4764517,6 7000310,4 1711609,5
2007 10868976,4 4891343,5 5977632,9 9218579,4 1650397,0
2008 13944183,1 6495646,2 7448536,9 12113250,1 1830933,0
2009 14599153,1 7097079,1 7502074,0 12655449,2 1943703,9
2010 16512047,0 8002168,2 8509878,8 14457153,8 2054893,2
2011 19104336,5 9104324,3 10000012,2 16898443,1 2205893,4
2012 21394526,2 9961361,5 11433164,7 19126304,5 2268221,7
2013 23685913,5 11143008,9 12542904,6 21453829,3 2232084,2
2014 26356237,3 12380805,5 13975431,8 24057249,0 2298988,3
2015 27538370,8 13419312,7 14119058,1 25369766,8 2168604,0
1) including individual entrepreneurs engaged in activities outside the market;
2) since 2008. Food products, including beverages, and tobacco products;
3) since 2008. Non-food products with the exception of tobacco products.
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Table 2. Retail trade turnover per capita for the Russian Federation, rubles
Total Including
Food products0 Non-food products2'
2000 16162 7511 8651
2001 21181 9775 11406
2002 26109 12162 13947
2003 31557 14573 16984
2004 39166 17910 21256
2005 49063 22420 26643
2006 60901 27595 33306
2007 76111 34252 41859
2008 97688 45506 52182
2009 102245 49705 52540
2010 115591 56018 59573
2011 133633 63684 69949
2012 149401 69562 79839
2013 165051 77648 87403
2014 180410 84747 95663
2015 188096 91658 96438
Beef Chicken Fish Milk Butter Blacktea
Fig. 1. Change in purchasing power of per capita money income of the population of the Russian Federation
Table 3. Structure of retail turnover of the Russian Federation by main commodity groups
Years 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Retail Turnover in Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Food products (including beverages and tobacco products) 53,8 44,3 41,4 44,2 47,5 45,4 43,7 41,9 41,8 43,1 45,2 45,4
Non-food products 46,2 55,7 58,6 55,8 52,5 54,6 56,3 58,1 58,2 56,9 54,8 54,6
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nearly 2,875.8 thousand people in total (this is a preliminary estimate of the number of permanent residents on January 1, 2017 according to Rosstat). The share of the employed in trade is 16.4 % of the total number of the employed in the economy of the region.
The retail trade turnover in the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period of 2016 amounted to 497.3 billion rubles, of which 225.7 billion rubles for food products, including beverages, and tobacco products. Compared to 2013, the retail trade turnover in value terms in 2016 increased by 1.07 %. However, we should note the decrease in the index of physical volume of turnover, which in 2014 was 101 %, while the last 2016 showed the volume indicator of 98.6 %.
Among the regions of the Siberian Federal District in terms of retail trade turnover per capita in 2012-2015, the Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks second, behind the Republic of Buryatia. In 2016, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was the leader in the Siberian Federal District in terms of retail trade turnover with 445,269.6 million rubles (Table 4) (Federal'naia sluzhba...).
The trend of increasing retail trade turnover per capita in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was maintained only until 2014. In 2015, its decrease down to 165.4 thousand rubles per capita is recorded, which is less than the corresponding indicator of 2014 by 4 %.
The increase in the money supply volume of sales explains the growth in average prices for all product groups. According to the data of the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the composite consumer price index for the period from the beginning of the year in September 2016 was 103.3 % (100.4 % in 2015), including 102.2 % for food products (99.7 % in September 2015), 101.1 % for nonfood products (100.8 % in 2015), 103.5 % for services (100.5 % in 2015).
The data on the level of prices for food products, which are given below for almost a decade, shows their significant growth, including the reporting period in 2016. According to statistics, the cost of a fixed set of food products in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2016 in relation to its value in 2015 grew by 2.9 % and amounted to 4,152.71 rubles per person. This set includes such groups of products as meat products, fish products, fats, dairy products, chicken eggs, sugar and confectionery products, bread, flour, cereals and pasta, fruit and vegetable products, including potatoes, etc. Increase in the cost of fixed set food products in 2015 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was 9.4 %.
The largest share of the population's spending on food purchases falls on bread, flour, cereals and pasta, while it grew in 2016 compared with the previous period. The share of dairy products increased too. In 2016, however, the share of fruit and vegetable products and meat products in the total value of the conditional food package declined.
According to Krasnoyarskstat, the retail trade turnover of retail chains in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2016 amounted to 104 billion rubles. Compared to the figures of the previous year, the turnover increased by 6.3 %, including the volume of sales of food products, including beverages, and tobacco products - by 6.9 %, nonfood products - by 5.6 %.
According to the statistics body of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the turnover of chain retailing is 20.9 % of the retail trade turnover as a whole. Retail chains in 2016 accounted for 25.6 % of the retail trade turnover in food products in the region, including beverages, and tobacco products (23.7 % in 2015) and 17 % of the retail trade in non-food products (15.8 % in 2015). Compared to the previous year, the retail trade turnover of retail chains increased by 6.3 % in 2016 (Stolitsa 24).
Table 4. Retail trade turnover per capita in the regions of the SFO (in actual prices, rubles)
2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Russian Federation 16046 49063 60901 76111 97688 102245 115591 133633 149401 165051 180410 188096
Siberian Federal District 12633 41892 52893 65996 83776 82867 91799 107192 120963 132484 139720 141859
Republic of Altai 6429 19608 25607 36074 51771 53142 58738 68981 75583 83988 97474 100956
Republic of Buryatia 10959 36472 43769 56437 70665 77844 88021 103903 116893 134060 141496 165812
Republic of Tuva 5843 18447 22279 26224 30695 33443 38512 44509 48949 54096 60063 68576
Republic of Khakassia 10313 22841 30391 40121 51896 59634 69260 86496 106164 113937 123176 137261
Altai Territory 9221 32543 42444 53937 70308 65303 74411 90402 105754 118096 128376 134925
Zabaikalye Territory 8419 35002 42302 51193 67881 75885 84899 96453 105860 116140 124928 135400
Krasnoyarsk Territory 16141 43881 56886 75202 97365 98555 110312 127607 149112 162148 171796 165372
Irkutsk Region 15767 41587 51625 61465 78332 78287 81043 93088 103165 110126 118287 120490
Kemerovo Region 12994 49976 64013 80381 98562 84420 93591 104236 115686 125935 122765 126178
Novosibirsk Region 14573 52572 66600 80739 102627 104862 117111 137594 147816 159368 168581 161317
Omsk Region 10477 41169 50510 64234 82565 84480 93537 115704 133668 149230 158990 155026
Tomsk Region 12387 45497 55341 62827 73252 73034 78979 88355 99139 110583 115052 124791
Table 5. Retail trade turnover per capita in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2014-2015
2014 2015 Increase/decrease rate
Retail Turnover, bin 490,6 473,4 0,96
Population, thousands of people 2858,8 2866,5 1,002
Per capita retail turnover 171,6 165,4 0,96
Table 6. Average consumer prices for certain types of food products in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, rubles per kg
Product Years
1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016
Beef 34,07 52,02 109,87 122,83 127,38 161,09 180,95 189,19 235,55 239,44 243,89 327,51 313,06
Pasteurised milk with 2,5-3,2 % fat content 8,20 10,98 18,41 19,95 25,71 28,85 25,55 32,83 34,95 36,71 45,23 49,58 54,87
Butter 60,91 76,27 116,70 114,36 154,02 176,81 197,21 255,64 254,50 274,57 352,24 408,16 482,69
Sunflower oil 26,71 25,89 43,59 40,99 61,50 76,58 60,86 72,03 82,32 85,17 76,45 113,76 116,08
Chicken eggs, 10 eggs 15,00 18,24 23,55 26,63 33,04 38,01 33,19 38,04 41,39 40,54 50,55 57,33 60,89
Wheat flour 4,60 8,99 12,69 13,87 18,62 23,40 19,81 21,67 22,24 27,70 29,10 34,57 35,24
Bread and flour products 5,08 9,35 16,51 18,40 21,01 41,20 42,90 46,03 52,09 57,36 No data available No data available No data available
Potato 3,28 6,00 12,19 13,76 18,61 19,23 16,03 23,53 16,51 24,23 No data available No data available No data available
Others
Fruits and vegetables, icltiding potato Bread, flour, cereals and pasta Sygar and pastry Chicken eggs Dairy products Fats
Fish products Meat products
I Dec 15 .Dec 16
10
15
20
25
30
Fig. 2. The structure of the value of a fixed set of food ] Methods
For many years, the Department of Trade and Marketing of Siberian Federal University has been conducting research into the problems of the functioning of the food market, including new patterns of behavior of market actors, principles and logic of networked business organization (Kuimov et al., 2016; 2015). Based on the study of the activities of commodity producers in the region, the article draws conclusions about the structure of the food production market and its dynamics. In order to assess the current situation, for several years a study of the "observation" format has been conducted, which allows us to generalize the parameters of the supply of food products in the region's retail sales market, including assortment, prices, and methods of sales.
Discussion
The market of food products of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the city of Krasnoyarsk is developing according to its own scenario, different from the European part of the country. According to expert estimates, the dominant position that is about 45 % of the market is occupied by local trading companies. Chain retailing in food products in Krasnoyarsk is represented by regional retail chains of different scale. The largest players are retail
ducts in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
chains "Komandor" and "Krasnyi Iar". These chains are also active in the development of the regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Federal and foreign players are increasing their share of presence in the Krasnoyarsk Territory market, but they are doing this gradually. Strong federal and international chains, which are well represented in the regional center, are not yet rushing to develop the territory of the region (Table 7). According to the players' estimates, federal and foreign retailers account for about 40-45 % of the structured market of the Krasnoyarsk food retailing (in 2011 experts estimated this share as 15-20 %). Such a distribution of forces is not typical for the European part of Russia, where "federal" and foreign companies dominate.
Changes in the political and economic situation in the world community have determined some trends in the functioning of the food markets of Russian regions. On August 6, 2014, Presidential Decree No. 560 "On the application of certain special economic measures to ensure the security of the Russian Federation" came into effect, which limited the importation of certain agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs to Russia. The ban touched on goods produced in countries that imposed sanctions against Russian citizens and companies. In particular, those are all the countries of the
Table 7. Retail chains operating in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Chain/company title Status Format Number of retail facilities, ones Total area of retail facilities, sq. m.
1. "METRO" International Cash and carry 2 16 315
2. "OK" Federal Hypermarket 3 17 000
3. "Lenta" Federal Hypermarket 3 17 250
4. "Magnit" Federal Hypermarket 2 No data available
5. "FixPrice" Federal Discount store 13 No data available
6. "Komandor" Group of Companies Regional Hypermarket; Supermarket; Neighbourhood store; Discount store 135 479 576
7. "Krasnyi Iar" Regional Grocery store; Discount store 83 39 912
8. "Chistye Luga" Regional Neighbourhood store 45 1 900
9. "Krasnoiarskii khleb" Regional Neighbourhood store 39 H/g
10. "Big C" Regional Grocery store 13 16 000
11. "Svetofor" Regional Discount store 20 24 000
12. ROSA Regional Supermarket 15 18 700
13. "Miasnichii" Trading House Regional Neighbourhood store 7 850
7000
5000 3000
1000
-1000
Food production Food processing
Fig. 3. Number of enterprises by type of activity, units
6S17
U96
«3 224
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
European Union, the USA, Canada, Australia and Norway.
The Russian food embargo was most quickly responded to by the trade sector, since banned goods are mainly imported goods entering the wholesale chain and further to the retail counters. The current market situation immediately dictated the conditions of activity for Russian producers, producers from other countries, both forming limits and providing opportunities.
The modern food market of the region represents a complex combination of the actions of regional food producers, its processors, the
efforts of economic entities of neighboring regions and food importers to enter and consolidate in this market, as well as trade that ensures the sale of these goods to the end consumer.
Studies have shown that the number of intermediaries (wholesale and retail traders) is greater than the number of producers and processors in the structure of the food market in the region: one manufacturer and processor account for almost 14 trading enterprises (5 wholesale and 9 retail ones).
It was the sphere of trade that assumed responsibility for the so-called front of actions to
change the structure of the food supply market, which determined the change in the parameters of functioning for all its participants.
If we miss the price aspects, then there are no special changes for the consumer in the retail sales of food products as such. However, business entities have carried out and are still doing colossal work to replace the relevant assortment items and the list of supplier countries that fell under the ban of products by analogues from other countries and similar Russian goods. The most "affected" category is elite cheeses. But even here solutions were found long ago: this is Switzerland,
which was not affected by the sanctions with its own cheese, these are producers from Argentina, Chile; cheese is actively supplied by Belarus and Kazakhstan. Retail chains actively switched to work with Far Eastern seafood producers. European fruits and vegetables are replaced by fruits from Middle and Southeast Asia, the famous Polish apples - by apples from Serbia.
The results of research on the situation in the food sales market show that retail trade enterprises in the city of Krasnoyarsk offer the consumer a wide range of food products, most of them in domestic production (Table
Table 8. Assortment of basic food products in federal retail chains of the city of Krasnoyarsk, items/including imported ones (February 2017)
Products Lenta Svetofor OK Metro
1 2 3 4 5
1. Milk 6 1 43 14/2
2. Sour cream 6/1 3 15 8
3. Farmer cheese 3 - 11 12
4. Eggs 2 1 6 6
5. Beef 7 - 14 15
6. Pork 4 1 13 20
7. Chicken 4 1 20 5
8. Cooked sausage 15 3 23 16
9. Cooked smoked sausage 15/1 1 32 14
10. Sausages 10 4 13 18
11. Wheat bread 7 1 11 -
12. Rye bread 3 - 8 -
13. Buckwheat 5 1 19 9
14. Rice 4 1 20 17
15. Millet 6 - 17 12
16. Pasta - elbows 15/7 1 34 6/2
17. Spaghetti 8/2 1 23 12/2
18. Butter 18 - 21 23
19. Cheese 25/5 5 15 50/3
20. Sunflower oil 9 1 18 15
21. Fresh-frozen fish 19 - 25 76
22. Sugar 2 1 6 9
23. Straight white wheat flour 4 1 9 5/7
24. Meat pelmeni 23/1 2 13 26
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8). The widest intraspecific assortment for choosing is offered to consumers by the retail chains "Metro" and "OK". Such retail chains as "Svetofor" form their competitive advantages due to the price factor and the reduction of logistics costs, the costs of maintaining a wide range.
Regional trade networks also form a wide choice of food products for the consumer (Table 9). Such goods as milk are offered in the assortment of 7 to 32 items, sour cream is presented by 3-14 types, the consumer has an average choice of 15 types of boiled sausage.
Imported products are presented only in several categories of basic food products that have been evaluated. This is pasta, cheese, butter. The import is present in a certain share; the assortment is formed mainly by Russian goods. The main suppliers of the main imported food products represented in Krasnoyarsk retail trade are Finland, Belarus, Serbia, Germany, Italy, Spain, Argentina, Norway, Armenia, etc. (Table 10).
The growth of loyalty to local producers, formed in recent years, contributes to the increase in the share of regional products in the product
Table 9. Assortment of basic food products in regional retail chains of the city of Krasnoyarsk, items/including imported ones (February 2017)
Products/retail chains Alleia Komandor Khoroshii Krasnyi iar Baton Big C Rosa Chistye Luga
1. Milk 32 29 5 6 3 6 10 4
2. Sour cream 14 9 3 5/1 6 5 7/1 3
3. Farmer cheese 4 1 1 7 - 4 7/1 -
4. Eggs 6 3 4 4 2 5 8 -
5. Beef 1 1 - 5 - 9 3 -
6. Pork 6 2 1 4 - 5 2 -
7. Chicken 1 2 1 4 1 6 -
8. Boiled sausage 12 5 9 17 9 4 20 10
9. Cooked smoked sausage 16 10 7 19/1 1 9 23 1
10. Sausages 6 7 4 18 2 5 23 5
11. Wheat bread 6 5 1 4 1 7 8 1
12. Rye bread 4 - 1 5 2 - 6 1
13. Buckwheat 9 6 3 5 2 6 7 1
14. Rice 15 12 5 6 1 5 28 -
15. Millet 4 4 1 3 1 5 5 1
16. Pasta - elbows 6 9/1 6 34/12 2 4 25/4 -
17. Spaghetti 6/1 13/1 2 16/3 1 6 14/4 -
18. Butter 10 11 5 11 4 8 27/1 4
19. Cheese 34/3 27/2 6 30/9 7 7 29 10
20. Sunflower oil 14 8 5 17 2 5 13 1
21. Fresh-frozen fish 21/1 11 5 28/2 5 8 15 -
22. Sugar 7 3 3 6 2 4 9 1
23. Straight white wheat flour 4 3 1 3 1 3 12 1
24. Meat pelemeni 18 9 6 29 5 8 19 2
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Table 10. Countries-suppliers of food products to the market of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Product groups Countries
Milk Finland, Belarus
Sour cream Belarus
Farmer cheese Belarus
Cooked smoked sausage Serbia
Pasta - elbows Germany, Italy, Spain
Spaghetti Germany, Italy, Spain, France
Butter Germany
Cheese Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Belarus, Armenia, Argentina
Straight white wheat flour Finlnd
Meat pelmeni Lithuania
Fresh-frozen fish Norway
range of retail chains. The share of regional products in the range of regional retail chains grew from 16-18 % in 2014 to 35-40 % in 2016.
The current situation ofthe commodity supply in the markets of food products is characterized by a very wide range and the constantly updated list of products at manufacturing enterprises.
Each retail enterprise independently selects manufacturers and suppliers of products in order to form an optimal assortment policy proceeding from their interests and possibilities. In this case, the product itself, the terms of supply (price, terms, payment time) and logistical and marketing support are of importance. It is retail trade that should create opportunities for the development of the market for regional producers. What is the current situation?
The structure of the product assortment of regional production in retail chains is represented by:
- goods produced in the region under local and federal brands;
- private label of the chain (if the participants in the process are regional producers, which is often not the case);
- goods of own production, sold in the stores of the chain.
In the category of products produced on the territory of the region, in addition to the products of local producers, a number of federal and international holdings whose production capacities are located on the territory of the region are represented by such companies as Dymov, Coca-Cola, Danone.
The presence of such production on the one hand indicates favorable conditions for the organization of production in the region, and on the other hand, speaks of the inability of local enterprises to compete with federal and international companies. Before becoming a holding structure, many enterprises operated independently, for example, Milko Krasnoyarsk Milk Plant currently owned by Danone Russia JSC.
In the structure of the range of retail chains, such products of local producers as confectionery products and dairy products are widely represented. They are successfully realized along with federal and foreign trademarks. Some local products take a leading position in the market and are successfully realized not only in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, but also in the territory of other regions. Thus, the products of Krasnoyarsk Mayonnaise Plant LLC are the leader in the market of mayonnaises.
Food retail has managed to adapt quickly to new post-sanction conditions and form a high-quality offer on the market. However, it should be recognized that regional food manufacturers are experiencing strong competition from products of other Russian regions. For example, according to experts, about 80 % of dairy products on the shelves of retail chains are imported (Stolitsa 24).
The main problems in the development of marketing of regional products are:
> Small volumes of production, the need to organize frequent supplies to the retail chain, high logistics costs (30-40 %). Other barriers to enter the retail chains' market;
> Problems of seasonality and shelf life. Working with natural raw materials assumes a limited shelf life of finished products and raw materials. Climatic conditions determine, in turn,
the complex formation and maintenance of raw materials;
> Weak marketing support for the product. Small marketing budgets.
An assessment of the current situation suggests that many trading retail chains are narrowing their assortment list by reducing the assortment groups and types within them. This is largely determined by a decrease in the income of the population. According to the estimates of the Association of Retailers, purchasing power is falling in all categories of goods, the structure of consumption is changing, and demand is shifting towards the consumer's most needed and cheaper goods. The statistics also confirm the decline in the purchasing power of the Russian Federation's incomes, starting from 2013 (Table 11).
Table 11. Purchasing power of average monetary income of the population of the Russian Federation (kg)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1 2 3 4 5 6
Beef 95,2 105,3 108,8 98,0 92,9
Chicken 214,3 236,5 231,6 222,0 221,4
Fish 229,4 250,5 239,4 192,3 171,9
Milk 602,2 630,5 570,3 560,5 514,6
Butter 91,4 93,6 82,1 78,0 70,8
Black tea 40,3 42,1 41,0 33,4 28,9
Table 12. Private label in the range of retail chains functioning in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Chain/company title Number of denominations of Private label/Number of items in assortment
2010 2014 2015 2016
1. "METRO" 41000/3526 5858/43584 5500/50000 9048/52000
2. "OK" - 5120/64000 768064000 9600/64000
3. "Lenta" - 2691/23000 3380/26000 3900/30000
4. "Magnit" - - 3472/31000 3990/35000
5. "Komandor" No data available 352/31000 592/29600 462/30000
6. "Krasnyi Iar" No data available 258/18400 300/20000 336/21000
7. "Chistye Luga" No data available 260/415 216/240 No data available
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In these conditions, in order to strengthen the position of the brand of the retail chain, increase the company's profitability and expand the assortment, the private label technology is actively used. Private label is a product that is produced under the brand and on the order of a particular retail chain. Currently, goods sold under the auspices of private label are present in the assortment of most retail chains functioning in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 12).
The largest number of assortment units manufactured and offered under private label is represented in retail chains of international and federal format. The reasons for the active use of the private label technology are increased
competition and the need to avoid direct price comparison, reduction of real incomes of the population and search for ways to preserve buyers and, as a consequence, gain and profit. The difference in the cost of private labels with similar products of brands of manufacturers is from 15 to 30 % for different product categories (Table 13-14). This is conditioned by the lack of costs for advertising, brand promotion, savings on packaging, and a reduction in logistics costs due to the lack of intermediate links between production and the store.
The given data of the food retail survey of the Krasnoyarsk Territory characterize the growth in the share of private label goods from federal
Table 13. Comparative price characteristics of private label products to a similar product in the store (for example, Krasnyi Iar)
No. Product Manufacturer Price of private label in % in relation to a similar product in the store
1 Condensed milk Prostoi Vybor 60 %
2 Butter Selo Masloboevo 72 %
3 Milk Selo Masloboevo 72 %
4 Buttermilk Selo Masloboevo 100 %
5 Fermented baked milk Selo Masloboevo 71 %
Table 14. Share of goods under private label in retail chains' turnover
Chain/company title Status Format Share of private label in turnover, %
2010 2014 2015 2016
1. "METRO" International cash and carry 8,6 11,3 11 17,14
2. "OK" Federal hypermarket No data available 8 2 5
3. "Lenta" Federal hypermarket - 11,7 13 13
4. "Magnit" Federal hypermarket - - 11,2 11,4
5. "Komandor" Regional hypermarket; supermarket; neighbourhood store; discount store 8,9 5 2 1,54
6. "Krasnyi Iar" Regional grocery store; discount store 9 1,4 1,5 1,6
7. "Chistye Luga" Regional neighbourhood store 60 62,6 90 87
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retail chains (Magnit, Lenta and OK), and the reduction of this indicator among regional retail chains ("Komandor", "Krasnyi Iar", "Chistye Luga"). The largest increase in the share of goods of the private label category is demonstrated by the international retail chain "METRO", which increased the share of goods under private label to 17.14 % in the total sales volume.
The situation of the private label format development in the market of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is identical to Russian and world trends. The share of private label goods in the segment of everyday goods in Russia as a whole increases annually and reaches 5.1 % in 2016 (Fig. 4).
World trends in the development of private label state that the retail chains of world leaders, such as ALDI. LIDL, have the share of private label in the range of goods that is 70-80 %. Thus, the share of private label in Switzerland accounted for 45 %, Britain, in Spain - for 41 %, in Germany - for 32 %. There is a great potential for the development of private label in Russia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. According to RomirScanPanel of households in 2015, 96 % of Russian consumers purchased goods under private labels at least once a year (Kuimov, 2015).
The partners of the chain that produce private chain products or by chain standards are both local producers and companies of another region. At the same time, the following factors influence the choice of the partner:
1. The ability to follow the specified quality standards of production.
2. The ability to provide the necessary volume and rhythm of production.
3. Logistical costs.
Regional retail chains are currently working to expand the range of local production and own production using local raw materials. Large retail chains can act as an effective catalyst for local production. However, in pursuit of their business goals, retail chains are currently playing a different role, creating serious competitive conditions for the products of local producers, compelled to withstand the rivalry of the mass of goods from other countries and regions of Russia, which are offered by the retailers in a wide range.
Thus, the formation of food prices is largely determined by retail chains. In the structure of the value of food commodities, expenditures on commodity circulation, taxes, and intermediary costs prevail in contrast to the cost of production of goods. With an increase in the price of food, the redistribution of the price load does not occur at the expense of reducing the intermediary part of the allowances, but at the expense of cheapening of raw materials, reducing the cost of sorting, packing and storing the goods (increasing the shelf-life means using the artificial components of the product). In the formation of prices for socially important food products, costs of retail outlets for renting premises, marketing and branding play a decisive role (Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Sibirskogo...).
Rigid conditions of competition for the products of local producers determine the cheap
6 5,1
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Fig. 4. Share of private label goods in the segment of everyday goods in Russia
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(often poor quality) foods presented by retailers in the region, as well as food sold under a falsified trademark. The trend of growth in demand for fast food products is actively supported by retail chains through the expansion of an assortment of dangerous and harmful to human health products, including sweet carbonated drinks, snacks, long-term storage products and unreasonably high caloric content.
The desire to offer a more affordable product to the consumer generates the demand of retail chains and the purchase of food at a reduced cost by mixing quality raw materials with low-quality ones, raw materials of a different grade, increasing the shelf life of food products (products with transgenic ingredients, using palm oil or goods of doubtful origin).
The supply of large retailers of the FMCG format with food requires the purchase of large quantities of goods. For their production manufacturing enterprises do not always use high-quality and natural raw materials because of the shortage of production capacities of the agrarian sector (dairy and meat cattle breeding, fish farming). In addition, the domestic auxiliary production of food dyes, spices, emulsifiers, color stabilizers, thickeners, etc., is poorly developed.
The results of the inspection of the Krasnoyarsk Center for Standardization, Methodology and Testing, conducted throughout 2016 and in previous years, will allow us to judge about the scale of falsification of food. Thus, for example, the inspection of the samples of butter present in the retail sale from December 14, 2016 showed that "... one third of the samples were found not to meet the quality and safety requirements ....". Experts examined 15 samples of oil with a mass fraction of fat of 72.5 % purchased in the retail chains of the regional center. Products are manufactured in the cities of Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk, in Berezovsky, Emelyanovsky, Novoselovsky, Sukhobuzimsky
districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as well as in other regions of the Russian Federation, namely, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Chelyabinsk regions, Khakassia and Bashkortostan. If previously 10-15 % of products were withdrawn during the inspections as obviously substandard, now their number has increased to 50 %, and in some cases to 100 %.
Increased competition from local food brands of neighboring regions is another factor in the formation of the region's food market. The formation of the commodity offer by the federal retail chains "OK", "Metro", "Magnit" mainly takes place centrally at the location of the transport hub, which explains a big number of mainly dealer brands of own production of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, St. Petersburg commodity producers in these shops. Competition for Krasnoyarsk commodity producers is strengthened by the access of retail chains from neighboring regions to the Krasnoyarsk food market, including Kemerovo retail chain "Kalina-malina", Khakassia retail chain "Mavr" and Krasnodar retail chain "Magnit".
A number of small retail chains of "neighborhood store" format satisfy the steady solvent demand for eco-friendly, fresh, high-quality products of local producers in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, namely "Lavka poleznye produkty", "Moloko i miaso", "Provintsiia", "Chistye luga" and "Prem'er, butcher's shop". The widest range of products is offered only by the chain of stores "Lavka poleznye produkty", where products are predominantly dairy ("Sibirzhinka"), meat ("Tesinsky"), bakery products ("Melnik", "Divinka"), mineral waters ("Tagarskaya"), some fruit and vegetable conservation. Besides, dairy and meat products are represented by enterprises of the Minusinsk District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory that is the territory with the best ecological conditions of agricultural production.
The barrier of small volumes of supply is often the main obstacle for cooperation of local commodity producers with large trade networks. This problem is solved by the application of practices of brand summarization of brand producers by means of implementation of integration strategies. Thus, for example, the brand " Selo rodnoe" united under itself production of several agricultural producers. Such a merger of various manufacturers allowed reducing expenses on transport logistics, and, accordingly, adjusting pricing. At the moment the brand is represented in regional retail chains, the quality control of the brand's products is conducted by the Krasnoyarsk Center for Standardization, Metrology and Testing. This is control over the production of goods at a plant and technological audit of its own production. At this stage, the brand "Selo rodnoe" is represented only by dairy products, but in the future the brand plans to expand the assortment to meat, vegetable, etc.
Conclusion/Results
The research allowed summarizing a number of factors that shape the competitive situation of brands of local commodity producers in the food market of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
It should be noted that the strength of these factors is largely determined by retail chains. In particular, it is:
• Formation of food prices by retail chains;
• A high percentage of falsified food sold under a counterfeit trademark;
• Increased competition from local food brands of neighboring regions;
• Underdevelopment of local food markets.
In general, the retail food market in Krasnoyarsk and the region as a whole creates conditions for the development of local food production, one of the tasks of which is harmonization of relations with major retail chains and retail in general. This implies, among other things, both the formation of retail chains operating in the region and the participation in the formation of through (production-processing-logistics centers-retail) differentiated production-distributing lines on the basis of various integration forms of business on the production and sale of regional and domestic manufacturers' products (associations, strategic alliances, trade-purchasing cooperatives, unions, organization of private label production).
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Региональная торговля как фактор развития продовольственного рынка территории
Е.В. Щербенко, В.В. Куимов
Сибирский федеральный университет Россия, 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 79
Приведен анализ состояния сферы торговли продовольственными товарами России. Дана оценка розничной торговли продовольственными товарами Красноярского края. Раскрыты тенденции развития сетевой торговли формата FMCG на региональном рынке. Проведена оценка структуры стоимости минимального набора продовольственных товаров. Исследовано влияние политики санкций на формирование рынка розничных продаж продуктов питания. Показана роль торговли в процессе адаптации субъектов продовольственного рынка к условиям санкций. Приведены данные динамики ассортимента и цен предприятий сетевой торговли на продукты питания. Показаны результаты исследования новых технологий взаимодействия производителей с торговыми сетями, в том числе технологии «Собственной торговой марки». Обобщается роль сетевой торговли в формировании конкурентных условий рынка продовольственных товаров.
Ключевые слова: продовольственный ритейл, розничная торговля, ассортимент продовольственных товаров, цены на продовольственные товары, собственная торговая марка.
Научная специальность: 08.00.00 - экономические науки.
