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Distribution of the Steppe Eagle in the Indian Subcontinent: Review of Records from 1882 to 2013 AD РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ СТЕПНОГО ОРЛА НА ИНДИЙСКОМ СУБКОНТИНЕНТЕ: ОБЗОР С 1882 ПО 2013 ГОДЫ
Pande S.A., Deshpande P. (Ela Foundation, Pune, India)
Mahabal A.S., Sharma R.M. (Zoological Survey of India, WRC, Pune, India)
Панде С.А., Дешпанде П. (Фонд Эла, Пуна, Индия)
Махабал А.С., Шарма Р.М. (Зоологические исследования Индии, Пуна, Индия)
Contact:
Satish A. Pande Pramod Deshpande Ela Foundation, C-9, Bhosale Park, Sahakarnagar-2, Pune, 4H009, India [email protected] pramod.deshpande@ gmail.com
Anil S. Mahabal Radheshyam M. Sharma Retired Scientists, Zoological Survey of India, WRC, Pune, 411044, India [email protected] [email protected]
Резюме
Сообщения о распространении степного орла (Aquila nipalensis) на зимовках и миграциях через Индийский субконтинент в восточной литературе встречаются редко. Чтобы получить целостное представление о статусе этого орла, областях его распространения, путях миграции, высотной поясности его мест обитания, предпочтений при выборе ареала и состояния популяции, мы проанализировали имеющуюся литературу и подтверждённые фотографические наблюдения, касающиеся встреч степного орла на полуострове Индостан за последние 131 год, с 1882 по 2013 гг. За изученный период всего 16 879 степных орлов было отмечено в 9 странах полуострова Индостан: в Индии, Афганистане, Пакистане, Непале, Тибете, Бутане, Сиккиме, Мьянме и Бангладеш. Он встречался в 26 охраняемых территориях и был отмечен в таких природных зонах, как альпийские луга и лес, скалы в Гималаях, равнины на реке Ганг, в прибрежных полосах, пустынях, полупустынях, пастбищах, сухих лиственных лесах, на заболоченных территориях, а также на ирригируемых полях и на городских окраинах. Скопления орлов наблюдались около помоек и мест захоронений. Мы отмечаем распространение степного орла в южном и восточном направлениях в Индии, по сравнению с ранними наблюдениями. Степной орёл распространён по всей Индии, за исключением островов в Аравийском море и Бенгальском заливе. Ключевые слова: степной орёл, Aquila nipalensis, Индия. Поступила в редакцию: 08.10.2013 г. Принята к публикации: 21.11.2013 г.
Abstract
The reports of distribution of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in the Indian subcontinent during wintering migrations are scattered in the oriental literature. To obtain a holistic understanding of its status, distributional pattern, migratory pathway, altitudinal range, habitat choice and populations, we analyzed the published literature and the confirmed photographic records from the Indian subcontinent during 131 years from 1882 to 2013. In all, 76,879 Steppe Eagles were reported from 9 countries in the Indian subcontinent: India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanmar and Bangladesh. It occurred in 26 Protected Areas and was recorded in habitats such as alpine meadows and forests, cliffs in Himalayas, Gangetic plains, riverside habitat, desert, semiarid regions, grassland, dry deciduous forest, wetland, irrigated cultivation and urban fringes. The eagles congregated around garbage and carrion dumps. We report a southward and eastward extension of their distribution in India as compared to the earlier records. They are distributed in entire India except in oceanic islands in the Arabain Sea and Bay of Bengal.
Keywords: Steppe Eagle, Aquila nipalensis, Indian Subcontinent. Received: 08/10/2013. Accepted: 21/11/2013.
Введение
Степной орёл (Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) является зимнем проходным мигрантом и регулярным зимним посетителем индийского субконтинента (Ali, Ripley, 2001). Об этом виде на Индийском субконтиненте имеется лишь скудная и разрозненная информация. В этом сообщении, помимо информации о распространении степного орла, мы представляем целостные данные о статусе вида, высотном диапазоне, выборе местообитаний, популяционной и возрастной структуре, а также сезонности появления этого орла на Индийском субконтиненте.
Методы
Доклады о распространении степного орла разрозненны и случайны. В связи
Introduction
The Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833, Falconiformes: Accipitridae) is a winter passage migrant and regular winter visitor to the Indian subcontinent (Ali, Ripley, 2001). Scanty and scattered information is available on this species from the Indian subcontinent. In this communication besides the distribution of the Steppe Eagle, we present the holistic data on the status, altitudinal range, habitat choice, populations, age pattern and seasonality of occurrence of this eagle in the Indian Subcontinent.
Methods
The reports of distribution of the Steppe Eagle are scattered. Hence, in order to get a holistic view, we referred various newslet-
Степной орёл (Aquila nipalensisj Фото К. Гадже, Фонд Эла.
Steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensisj. Photo by K. Ghadge, Ela Foundation.
с этим, чтобы получить целостное представление, мы обращались в различные бюллетени, журналы, перечни, отчёты о состоянии, отчёты об обследованиях и инвентаризации по Индийскому субконтиненту, особенно по девяти странам — Индии, Афганистану, Пакистану, Непалу, Тибету, Бутану, Сиккиму, Мьянме и Бангладеш — за период с 1882 по 2013 гг. Кроме того, мы проанализировали имеющуюся литературу. Мы также рассмотрели подтверждённые фотографиями сведения, опубликованные на различных орнитологических вэб-сайтах. Были учтены только те записи, где степной орёл был подтверждён по фотографиям и была указана местность наблюдения.
Результаты и обсуждения
Сводные данные из записей о степном орле на Индийском субконтиненте представлены в таблице 1. Всего 120 записей о встречах степного орла были из Индии и 24 записи — из других стран Индийского субконтинента. Эти записи из 9 стран показывают, что всего 76935 степных орлов были встречены на субконтиненте за 131 год, с 1882 по 2013 гг. Зимующие степные орлы регистрировались с сентября по май на обоих путях пролёта — и туда, и обратно, а также во время зимнего пребывания. Было сообщение из Непала, что молодые и незрелые орлы (56 %) преобладают над взрослыми (44 %) (De Roder, 1989), в то время как в Пуне (Индия) отмечено, что взрослые (n=93; 69 %) были обычнее молодых (n=41; 31 %) (Pande et al., 2010).
Орлы держались в группах птиц и только из своего вида, и совместно с другими
ters, journals, checklists, status reports, survey reports and inventories from the Indian Subcontinent, particularly from 9 countries, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanmar and Bangladesh during 1882 to 2013. Further, we compiled and analyzed the available published literature. We also examined the confirmed photographic records as published in various ornithological websites from India. Only those records were accepted where the identification of Steppe Eagle could be confirmed from the hosted photographs and where the locality of observation was mentioned by the photographer.
Results and Discussion
The compilation of the distributional records of Steppe Eagle from the Indian Subcontinent is presented in table 1. Total of 120 records of the occurrence of Steppe Eagle were from India, while 24 records were from the other countries in the Indian Subcontinent. The distributional records of Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis from 9 countries in the Indian subcontinent revealed that in all, 76,935 Steppe Eagles were reported from the Indian subcontinent spanning 131 years from 1882 to 2013 AD. The wintering Steppe Eagles were reported from September to May, both in onward and return migration and during their winter sojourn. In Nepal, it was reported that juvenile and immature eagles (56 %) dominated over adults (44 %) (De Roder, 1989), whereas in Pune, India, it was observed that adults (n=93; 69 %) were commoner than the young (n=41; 31 %) (Pande et al., 2010).
The eagles were seen as single species or in association with other raptors. Within the same region where the Steppe Eagles were sighted, up to 59 raptor species have been recorded indicating that such regions were suitable raptor habitats. The altitudinal distribution within the Indian subcontinent ranged from 0 m in Gujarat and Kerala to 4500 m asl in Arunachal Pradesh. In India, the Steppe Eagle occurred in 27 Protected Areas (Reserves, Wild Life Sanctuaries and National Parks).
The analysis of distributional records mentioned in the Table 1 show that it occurs in a variety of habitats such as alpine mead-
Табл. 1. Записи о степном орле (АциПа ™ра1еп515) на Индийском субконтиненте (1882-2013). Распределение записей из Индии (приводятся по административным регионам) и других стран Индийского субконтинента. В таблице также указаны год наблюдения, высота / местообитание, население, количество других видов хищных птиц из региона и источник информации.
Table 1. Records of Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in the Indian Subcontinent (1882-2013). The distributional records are mentioned for India (division and state wise) and for other countries of the Indian subcontinent. The table also mentions the year of observation, altitude / habitat, population, number of other raptor species from the region and the source.
Altitude, Habitat Number of other
Высота над Population raptors
Locality уровнем моря, Статус и Число других Source
Локализация Year / Год местообитание численность хищников Источник
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
INDIA
NORT-EAST INDIA
I Arunachal Pradesh
Namdapha NP Nov 2006 45GG m, M, F 1 7 Sp. Srinivasan et al., ZGlG
(27023'N, 96015'E)
2 Manipur
Loktak Oct-March 7б5 m, W, L 1 5 Sp. Choudhary, ZGG9
(23°49'-25°42'N 1999-2000
93°00'—94°45'E)
3 Mizoram
Saiha Feb-March 2009 1ZZ6 m, F 1 1 Sp. Ved & John, ZG11
(21°58'N-24°35'N,
91°15'E—93°29'E)
4 Assam
Kaziranga NP 1993-1999 55-75 m, W, F Rare 59 Sp. Barua & Sharma, 1999
(26°35'—26°45'N
93°05'—93°40'E)
Nameri NP 1996-2003 79-l5GG m, M, F Rare 41 Sp. Barua & Sharma, ZGG5
(26°50'—27°02'N
92°38'—93°00'E)
Guwahati Feb 2013 54 m, U, G 1 Dutt, ZGH
S Meghalaya
Meghalaya 1990-1994 15G-1961 m Rare B Sp. Majumdar, 1995
25°47'-26°10'N
89°45'—92°47'E
EASTERN INDIA
б Orissa S. Orissa (22°N) Wanderer ДИ & Ripley, ZGG1
7 West Bengal
West Bengal l9B5-l99l - Common ZG Sp. Majumdar et al., 199Z
West Bengal - - Common - Naoroji, ZGG6
NORTH AND NORTH-WEST INDIA
8 Jammu Kashmir
Ladakh - SCD Passage - Naoroji, 2006
9 Himachal Pradesh
Dharmasala, Kangra. October 2001- l5GG-Z4GG m, V 8194 ЗЗ Sp. Besten, 2004
(32°22'N 76°32'E) March 2002
Chamba 2000-2004 l55G-45GG m 6 ZZ Sp. Mahabal, 2005
(32°57'N 76°13'E),
Lahul Spiti
(32°50'N 77°83'E)
and Shimla
(31°10'N 77°17'E)
Dharmasala 1969 Z16B m, V, AF 1 - Abdulali, 1969
Pong Dam, Kangra 2005-2008 4Зб m 2 15 Sp. Paliwal and Mehta, 2009
32°01'N 76°98'E
Simbalbara WLS, Sirmour 2006-2008 93Z m 1 10 Sp. Sharma et al., 2009
30°26'N 77°30'E
Simla Undated ZZ13 m, ДF Common - |ones undated
ID Uttarakhand
Uttarkashi March 1987 3GGG m, Д^ M 2 1 Sp. Naithani & Bhatt, 2010
Pauri Jan-Dec 2005-2008 54G-ZlBG m, M, F 30 9 Sp. Nayar, 1987
Dehra Dun Valley 1982-2000 ZGGG m, V, F Common - Singh, 2000
(30°04'—30°45'N
77°35'—78°15'E)
Chenab Valley, March-April ZBGG-3ZGG m, V, F Common 11 Sp. Bhattacharya and Satyakumar,
Chamoli district 2005 2007
Kedarnath Musk Deer Reserve, 2006 116g m, M, F Rare Myers and Singh, 2006
Uttaranchal ßG045'N 79°36E)
t 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kumaon Apr 1995- 1200-3500 m, M, F Rare 36 Sp. Sultana & Khan, 2000
(28°43'55"-30°30'12"N, July 1997
78°44'30"—80°45'E)
Kumaon Himalayas 2004-2005 1200-3500 m, M, F 1 20 Sp. Ilyas, 2005
Chamoli district 2006-2007 1293 m, F 1 23 Sp. Tak & Sati, 2008
(30°40'N 79°35'E)
Nandadevi NP, Joshimath 1994-1996 2500 m, M, AF 1 - Tak, 1997
Corbett NP, 1982-1985 1869 m Common 15 Sp. Lamba, 1987
Ranikhet & Nainital
29°13'-29°35'N
78°33'-78°46'E
Corbett NP, April-June 1869 m, F, R >100 50 Sp. Naoroji, 1999
Ranikhet & Nainital 1993-1996
Corbett NP Jan 2009 1869 m, F, R 1 - Joshi, 2009
Ranikhet Feb 2011; 2012 1869 m, F, M 1 - Jingar 2011, 2012
Dudhwa NP 1998 150 m, F - - Javed & Rahmani, 1998
(28°30.5N 80°40.8E)
11 Uttar Pradesh
Dehra Dun, Pauri, Tehri, 1990-1994 2084-2500 m 10 22 Sp. Tak, 1995
Chamoli and Nainital
29°53'N 78°93'E
Katerniaghat WLS 2005 1056 m, F Rare 10 Sp. Kalam, 2005
(28°15'N 81°61'E)
12 Delhi
Delhi 1995-1996 705 m Rare 16 Sp. Tak and Sati, 1997
Okhla Barrage 2003; 1993 705 m, W Rare 26 Sp. Urfi, 2003; Alstrom, 1993
Delhi city 1991 705 m, U Common 44 Sp. Anonymous, 1991
13 Haryana
Kalesar WLS (30°24'N 77°32'E) 1993-1995 700 m, F Rare 19 Sp. Kalsi, 1998
Hissar 1969 210 m, U 1 - Abdulali, 1969
Hisar 1952 210 m, U - Donald, 1952
14 Punjab
Punjab 1993 180 m, C - - Singh et al., 1993
Lyallpur |an 1929 184 m, C 1 Husain and Bhalla, 1937
CENTRAL INDIA
15 Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh & Before 2004 250 m Common 58 Sp. Chandra & Singh, 2004
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh & 2005-2007 250 m Common 30 Sp. Ghosh et al., 2008
Chhattisgarh
Kuno WLS, Dec 2006- 229 m, F Rare 16 Sp. Ramesh et al., 2011
(25°30'N 77°07'E) Apr 2007
Gwalior 1969 197 m, D 1 - Abdulali, 1969
Gond 1969 200 m, D 1 - Abdulali, 1969
Raipur 1935 295 m, D 1 - D'Abreu, 1935
WESTERN INDIA
16 Rajasthan
Desert NP, Jaisalmer March 1995 229 m 1 15 Sp. Kankane, 2004
25°47'-26°46'N
70o15'-70°45'E
Jorbeer, Bikaner Sep-May 2003-2006 235 m, SA 1100 - Sharma & Sundar, 2009
National Chambal Sanctuary: 2006-2010 200-500 m, R Rare - Nair & Krishna, 2013
Rajasthan, UP, MP
(24°55'—26°50'N
75°34'-79°18'E)
Tal Chhapar WLS Sept 2007 302 m, SA Rare 7 Sp. Praveen, 2007
(27°47'N 74°26'E)
Tal Chhapar Dec 2008 302 m, SA 1 - Rao, 2008*
Tal Chhapar, Chiru district 2006-2008 302 m Rare 4 Sp. Sanjeev Kumar, 2009
Tal Chhapar Nov 2012 302 m, SA 1,1 - Shukla, 2012*; Krishnamoorti, 2012*
Sambhar Lake 1990-2009 360 m, L, W Common 26 Sp. Sangha, 2009
(26°52'—27°02'N
74°54—75°14'E)
Mount Abu WLS March 2001- 1158 m, M, F 6 17 Sp. Sangha & Devarshi, 2006
(24°33'—24°43'N May 2005
72°38'—72°53'E)
Keoladev NP, Bharatpur 2003-2006 100 m, W 1 32 Sp. Venkitachalam et al., 2008
(27°07'N 77°29'E)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Keoladev NP, Bharatpur 1985-1989 100 m, W 8 10 Sp. Naoroji, 1990
(27°07'N 77°29'E)
Churu district, Thar desert 2008-2009 292 m, Ds 1 21 Sp. Singh et al., 2009
(27°05'N 73°05'E)
Bikaner Jan 2013 242 m, SA 1, 1 - Krishnan A., 2013*; Ravi, 2013*
Bikaner March 2013 242 m, SA 1 - Krishnan K. P., 2013*
Udaipur Nov 2011; Dec 2011 500-1300 m, SA, L 1, 1 - Joshi, 2011*; Parashar, 2011*
|aisalmer |an 2013 231 m, SA 1 - Deomurari, 2011*
17 Gujarat
Dhabla Pound & 2000-2003 53 m, F 8 Sp. Iyer, 2005a
Thol Bird Sanctury
Thol Bird Sanctury 2005 53 m, F - - Iyer, 2005b
Thol Feb 2009 F 1 Sp. Hathi, 2009*
Nal Sarovar 2004 53 m, L, W Rare - Parasharya, 2004
(22°58'44"N 72°21'15"E)
Chari Dhand, Banni WLS 1990; Jan 2005 3 m, Gr 250 32 Sp. Tiwari & Varu, 2005
Banni WLS Nov 2007 3 m, Gr 1 - Bharadwaj, 2007*
Chari Dhand Jan 2008 <10 m, Gr 1 - Deomurari, 2008*
Pung Bet, Little Rann of Kutch 1998-1999 2-3 m 1 15 Sp. Dutta, 2000
Little Rann of Kutch WLS 2007; 2008 2-3 m, Ds Rare - Varu, 2007; Vora et al., 2009
Little Rann of Kutch WLS 1969 2-3 m, Ds 1 - Abdulali, 1969
Little Rann Jan 2009 2-3 m, Ds 1 - Bhatt, 2009*
Kutch Dec 2011; 2012; Nov 2012 2-3 m, Ds 1,1,1 - Brid, 2011*; Dani, 2012*; Subramaniyan, 2012*
Little Rann Jan 2013, Feb 2013, Feb 2013 2-3 m, Ds 1,1,1 Sheth, 2013*; Belur, 2013*; Mehta, 2013*
Great Rann of Kutch Feb 2008, Dec 2008 2-3 m, Ds 1 - Reddy, 2008* Sachdev, 2008*
Kalavad Road, Rajkot Nov 2004 142 m, SA, C 29 - Mashru, 2005
Ahmadabad |an 2013 53 m, G 1 - |ingar, 2013*
18 Maharashtra
Bapdeo Ghat, Pune 1970-1978 630 m 1 - Mahabal & Lamba, 1987
Garbage dump, Devachi Uruli, Dec 2005- 611 m, G, U 134 - Pande et al., 2010
Pune (18°52'N 73°84'E) Jan 2006 (93 A; 41 Juv)
Pune Dec 2011 611 m, G 1 - Kurhade, 2011*
Pune May 2009 611 m, G 1 - Pishsey, 2009*
Pune Dec 2012 611 m, G 1,1 - Pawar, 2012*; Avate, 2012*
Nashik (20°14'N 73°78'E) 2004 565 m, C Rare 30 Sp. Raha et al., 2004
Aurangabad 1985-2000 582 m, SA Occasional - Yardi, 2000
(19°87'N 75°33'E)
Pachgani Nov 2003; Jan 2013 1293 m,G 200, 1 - Prasad, 2003; Rao, 2013*
Hadapsar, Pune Jan-March 2003 611 m, G 200 - Prasad, 2003
Mumbai 2000-2002 0-10 m,U 11 - Monga, 2001
Mumbai 1938 0-10 m,U Straggler - Ali & Abdulali, 1938
Elephanta Island, Mumbai 1994 0-625 m, Is Few - Clark, 1994
Dhule district 1882 250 m, SA Abundant - Davidson, 1882
Nagpur 1935 SA 1 - D'Abreu, 1935
Gautala Autramghat Sanctuary, 2005 200 m, F, M 1 12 Sp. Pande & Pathak, 2005
Jalgaon district.
(20°10'N 74°54'E)
Tansa WLS, Thane district 2005 11 m, L, F 1 15 Sp. Pande & Pathak, 2005
(19°24'N 73°07'E)
19 Goa
Carambolim Dec 1996 59 m, L 1 - Lainer (Holt), 2004
Bondla WLS Nov 1997 915 m, F 1 Juv - Lainer (Holt), 2004
Chorao-Tikanem Dec 1997 15 m, F 1 A - Lainer, 2004
Curtorium Tank Feb 2002 38 m, L 2 A - Lainer, 2004
SOUTH INDIA
20 Karnataka
Belgaum Dec 2004- 779 m, G 7 2 Sp. Sant, 2005
(15°87'N 74°50'E) !an 2005
21 Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu 2006-2008 - Rare 16 Sp. Thirumalai, 2009
Madumali NP - 960 m, F Straggler - Naoroji, 2006
Pt. Calimere WLS Dec 1988 0 m, SC 1 1 Sp. Rajan et al., 1994
Pt. Calimere WLS 1990 0 m, SC 1 - Natrajan et al., 1990
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Madras (Chennai) 1844 5 m, SC, U - - lerdon, 1844
22 Kerala
Periyar Tiger Reserve & 2004 1337 m, F, L Straggler - Sashi Kumar, 2004
Mahendragiri RF, Kanyakumari
Forest Division
80°20'N 77°33'E
Kuttanad 1995-2007 0.6-2.2 m, F Rare 14 Sp. Narayanan et al., 2011
(9°17'-9°40'N
76°19'—76°33'E)
Kumarkom, Kottayam 2008 1600 m, W Rare - Narayanan et al., 2008
Kattampally wetland, Kannur - 200 - 3200 m, W 1 Imm - Sashi Kumar in Naoroji, 2006
OTHER COUNTRIES
23 AFGHANISTAN
Afghanistan 1959 1250 m, M - - Paludan, 1959
Dare-Adzhar, Nuristan - 1230 m, M Rare - Argandeval, 1983 in Naoroji,
2006
24 PAKISTAN
Karachi city Nov 1979 10 m, U 1 22 Sp. Roberts, 2003
Pakistan 1996 25 m - - Khan et al., 1996
Esar, Karachi Nov 2004 10 m, U 1 1 Sp. Naoroji, 2005
Taunsa Barrage WLS 2009-2011 137 m, W Rare 10 Sp. Bibi & Ali, 2013
(30°30'N 70°50'E)
Dera Ismail Khan Sept-May 1998 157 m, SA Rare 41 Sp. Kylänpää, 2000
(31°49'N 70°57'E)
Wazirabad 1969 22 m, SA 1 - Abdulali, 1969
25 BHUTAN
Tongsa March 1994 2200 m, M 2 2 Sp. Bishop, 199
26 NEPAL
Kathmandu Valley 1983 2000 m, M, V 45,000 - Fleming, 1983
Khare, Annapurna Valley October 1985 1646 m, M, V 10,000- De Roder, 1989
20,000 30 Sp.
(28% Juv; 28%
Imm; 44% A)
South Col, Mt. Everest Autumn 1952; 7925 m, M 1 - Ali & Ripley, 2001;
May 1960 1 Singh, 1961
Nepal provinces 1985 1800 m, M, V F 100/hr - Inskipp & Inskipp 1993, 1994
(about 1000)
Saibu, Bagmati—Kathmandu Nov-April 2003; 1300 m, M, V 24/day - Riessen, 2007
2006
Dhading, Kathmandu Sept 2006 1250-1540 m, M Common 7 Sp. Choudhary, 2007
Dhampus, Hanja, Kali Gandgki, Nov 1976-1980 1750 m, M, V 566 - Fleming, 1983
Arun, Dudhkosi Valleys
27 SIKKIM
Dzongri Ridge, western Sikkim Nov 1980 1800 m, M 5 - Fleming, 1983
28 TIBET
Eastern Tibet Nov-March 1995 1350 m, AF, SCD 1 - Ellis et al., 2001; 2002
29 MYANMAR
Puttao lan-Nov 1999 2100 m, C 8 3 Sp. King, 2011
30 BANGLADESH
Bangladesh 1996 0-1000 m Rare - Thompson & lohnson, 1996
Abbreviations: A - adult; AF - alpine forest; C - cropland; D - Deccan plateau; Ds - desert; F - forest; G - garbage / carcass dump; Gr - grassland; Imm - Immature; Is - island; Juv - juvenile; L - lake; m - meters above mean sea level; M - mountain; MP - Madhya Pradesh; NP - national park; R - river; RF - reserved forest; SA - semi-arid; SC - sea coast; SCD - subarctic cold desert; Sp. - species; U - urban fringes; UP - Uttar Pradesh; V - valley; W - wetland; WLS - Wild Life sanctuary.
Сокращения: A - взрослые; AF - альпийский лес; С - пахотные земли; D - плато Декан; Ds - пустыня; F - лес; G - свалка мусора / туши; Gr - пастбища; Imm - неполовозрелые, молодые; Ice - остров; Juv - особи первого года жизни; L - озеро; m - м над уровнем моря; M - гора; MP - Мадхья Прадеш; NP - национальный парк; R - река; RF - охраняемый лес; SA - полузасушливые; SC - морское побережье; SCD - субарктическая холодная пустыня; Sp. - виды; U - городские окраины; UP - Уттар Прадеш; V - долина; W - водно-болотные угодия; WLS - заповедники дикой природы.
* - Source is from photographic records. / Данные взяты из фото-записей.
* - The confirmed photographic records of Steppe Eagle are gleaned from the website / Подтверждённые фото-записи о степном орле были взяты с сайта: http://www.indianaturewatch.net/.
The names of the photographers and the year the photograph was taken are as follows / Имена фотографов и годы фотографий следующие: Avate, Abhijeet, 2012; Belur, Sugandhi Rana, 2013; Bharadwaj, Gobindsagar, 2007; Bhatt, Nirav, 2009; Brid, Deepak, 2011; Dani, Indraneel, 2012; Deomurari, Arpit, 2008; 2013; Dutt, Nirupam, 2013; Hathi, Dhaivat, 2009; Jingar, Malhar Raj, 2011, 2012, 2013; Joshi, Pradeep, 2011; Joshi, Sagar, 2009; Krishnamoorthi, Santosh, 2012; Krishnan, Anuroop, 2013; Krishnan K.P. 2013; Kurhade, Vijay, 2011; Mehta, Nihar, 2013; Parashar, Sanjay, 2011; Pawar, Vishwatej 2012; Pishsey, Santosh, 2009; Rao, Madhukar, 2007, 2008; Rao, Rahul, 2013; Ravi, Savitha, 2013; Reddy, Sridhar, 2008; Sachdev, Rahul, 2008; Sheth, Tapan, 2013; Shukla, Sudhir, 2012; Subramanian, Sunder, 2012.
хищниками. В тех же регионах, где встречались степные орлы, до 59 видов хищных птиц также были отмечены, что показывает, что такие регионы являются подходящими для обитания пернатых хищников. Распределение по высоте встреч на Индийском субконтиненте варьировало от 0 м над уровнем моря в Гуджарате и Керала до 4500 м в Аруначал-Прадеш. В Индии степной орёл встречается в 27 особо охраняемых природных территориях (заповедниках, национальных парках и заповедниках живой природы).
Анализ распределения записей, указанных в таблице 1, показывает, что орлы встречаются в различных местообитаниях, таких, как альпийские луга, горные леса, скалы в Гималаях, на склонах с редкой растительностью, на Гангской равнине, по берегам рек, в пустынях и в полупустынных регионах, на пастбищах, в тропическом лесу, в сухом лиственном лесу, по опушкам лесов, на болотах, орошаемых полях и на городских окраинах. Интересно отметить, что орлы собирались вокруг мусора и падали на свалках Раджастхана (Tiwari, Varu, 2005; Sharma, Sunder, 2009), Гуджарата (Mashru, 2005), Махараштры (Pande et al., 2010; Rao, 2013) и Карнатака (Sant, 2005), что указывает на их привычку подбирать отходы. Кроме того, было замечено, что степные орлы также использовали ранние утренние термики на мусорных свалках для дальнейшей миграции (Pande et al., 2010). Мы отмечали случаи, когда степные орлы преследовали лугового луня (Circus pygargus) и чёрного коршуна (Milvus migrans) для кражи добычи у них, а также случаи клептопаразитиз-ма. Степных орлов регулярно встречали в группах с большеклювой вороной (Corvus macrorhynchos).
Как видно из записей, степные орлы в ходе миграций с мест гнездования в регионах с умеренным климатом на Индийский субконтинент проходят через «буты-
ows, alpine forest, cliffs in Himalayan zone, slopes with sparse vegetation, Gangetic plains, riverside habitat, desert, semiarid regions, grassland, tropical thorn forest, dry deciduous forest, edge forest, wetland, irrigated cultivation and urban fringes. It is interesting to note that the eagles congregated around garbage and carrion dumps at Rajasthan (Tiwari & Varu, 2005; Sharma & Sunder, 2009), Gujarat (Mashru, 2005), Maharashtra (Pande et al., 2010; Rao, 2013) and Karnataka (Sant, 2005), indicating its habit as a scavenging raptor. Further, it was noticed that the Steppe Eagles also use the early morning thermals on garbage dumps for onward migration (Pande et al., 2010). We recorded instances when the Steppe Eagles chased Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus) and Black Kite (Milvus migrans) for stealing prey from them, cases of klep-toparasitism. So also, we commonly noticed that the Steppe Eagles were mobbed by Jungle Crows (Corvus macrorhynchos).
It is evident from the records that the Steppe Eagles while migrating from their breeding grounds in the temperate regions to Indian subcontinent, the eagles bottle necked at various Himalayan valleys in Nepal (Annapurna, Kali Gandgki, Arun, Dud-hkosi) and in India (Kangra and Dharamsala in Himachal Pradesh), where they were reported in large numbers in passage.
Ali and Ripley (2001) have reported the southern extent of the Steppe Eagle in India up to Mumbai, however, our records show that the species is occurring further south of Mumbai, Maharashtra, in the states of Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Further, Ali and Ripley (2001) have also stated that this species was a straggler in South Orissa, Assam and East Pakistan, but we find its distribution further east in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and Bangla Desh.
Within India we have classified the records of the Steppe Eagle according to the following divisions and states (fig. 1):
a) North-East India; n=7 (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Assam);
b) Eastern India; n=not available (Orissa and West Bengal);
c) North and North-West India; n=8380 (Jammu Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttara-
Степной орёл (Aquila nipalensisj Фото К. Гадже, Фонд Эла.
Steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensisj. Photo by K. Ghadge, Ela Foundation.
56' 72' 78' Si" SO' 96'
№> IT 78' 84" 90' 96'
лочные горлышки» в нескольких долинах в Гималаях в Непале (Аннапурна, Кали Ган-дгки, Арун, Дудхкоси) и в Индии (Кангра и Дхарамсала в штате Химачал-Прадеш), где они были зарегистрированы в больших количествах.
Ранее считалось, что южная граница распространения степного орла в Индии — до Мумбаи (Ali, Ripley, 2001), однако, наши данные показывают, что вид пролетает и южнее Мумбаи (штат Махараштра), в штаты Гоа, Карнатака, Тамил-Наду и Керала. Кроме того, С. Али и С. Рипли (Ali, Ripley, 2001) также утверждают, что этот вид был редок в Южной Ориссе, Ассаме и в Восточном Пакистане, но мы находим его распространение далее на восток в Аруначал-Прадеш, Манипур, Мизорам и Бангладеш.
Внутри Индии мы классифицировали учёты степных орлов в соответствии со следующими районами и штатами (рис. 1):
а) Северо-Восточная Индия; n=7 (Аруначал-Прадеш, Манипур, Мегхалая, Мизорам и Ассам);
б) Восточная Индия; n=нет данных (Орисса и Западная Бенгалия);
в) Северная и Северо-Западная Индия; n=8380 (Джамму Кашмир, Хима-чал-Прадеш, Уттаракханд, Уттар-Прадеш, Дели, Харьяна, Пенджаб и Чандигарх); появление орлов в Химачал-Прадеш от Дха-рамсала, Кангра и Симле; в Уттаракханде от района Хамоли; в Дели, было сообщено, как обычное.
г) Центральная Индия; n=5 (Мадхья-Прадеш и Чхаттисгарх);
д) Западная Индия; n=1939 (Раджастхан, Гуджарат, Махараштра и Гоа); в Раджастхане орлы распространены в Бика-
Рис. 1. Карга распределения встреч степного орла (Aquila nipalensisj на Индийском субконтиненте.
Fig. 1. Map of distribution of meetings the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensisj in the Indian subcontinent.
khand, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Chandigarh); Occurrence in Himachal Pradesh from Dharamsala, Kangra and Simla; in Uttarakhand from Chamoli district; and in Delhi, was reported as common.
d) Central India; n=5 (Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh);
e) Western India; n=1939 (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa); In Rajasthan it was common in Bikaner and around Samb-har lake. In Gujarat it was common in Banni. In Maharashtra it was common in Pune and Pachgani.
f) South India; n=15 (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala).
We found no records from two states of Eastern India (Bihar and Jharkhand) and Oceanic Islands (Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea and Andaman & Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal) (fig. 1).
g) In the other countries within the Indian subcontinent the Steppe Eagle was common in Nepal (n=66,567 approx.), while it was poorly reported from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanmar and Bangladesh.
Conclusions
The Steppe Eagle is a common winter visitor to India and we found records of its occurrence from 9 countries in the Indian subcontinent. From 2004 onwards, it was noticed that the Steppe Eagles were recorded across entire India. Higher populations were recorded in northern states of India and Nepal, where the concentration of populations was along the Himalayan foothills in the east-west direction. They were scarcely reported from elsewhere except India and Nepal. There were no reports from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands and from Sri Lanka. They associated with various raptor species throughout India. Though the Steppe Eagles occupied wide range of habitats, they were seen to congregate on garbage dumps. Theoretically, they are at a risk of poisoning by ingesting pesticides and rodenticides, because of their scavenging habit.
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Степной орёл (Aquila nipalensisj. Фото К. Гадже, Фонд Эла.
Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensisj. Photo by K. Ghadge, Ela Foundation.
нер и вокруг оз. Самбхар; в Гуджарате — в Бани; в Махараштре — в Пуне и Пачгани.
е) Южная Индия; п=15 (Карнатака, Тамил Наду и Керала).
Мы не нашли никаких записей из двух штатов Восточной Индии (Бихар и Джарк-ханд) и океанических островов (Лакшад-вип о-вов в Аравийском море и Андаманских и Никобарских о-вов в Бенгальском заливе) (рис. 1).
ж) Из других стран Индийского субконтинента степной орёл обычен в Непале (п=66567 — оценочно), в то время как очень мало сообщений из Афганистана, Пакистана, Бутана, Сиккима, Мьянме и Бангладеш.
Заключение
Степной орёл является обычным зимним посетителем Индии, и мы нашли записи о его появлении в 9 странах на Индийском субконтиненте. Начиная с 2004 г., было отмечено, что степные орлы были встречены во всей Индии. Более высокая численность была зарегистрирована в северных штатах Индии и Непале, где концентрация орлов приходится на предгорья Гималаев в направлении с востока на запад. Очень мало сообщений о встречах степного орла из других стран, за исключением Индии и Непала. Также не было никаких сообщений с Андаманских и Никобарских островов, с о. Лакшадвип и из Шри-Ланки.
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