CC BY
92УДК 80
Koblanova G.B.
student of Karakalpak State University (Uzbekistan, Nukus)
PROVERBS AND SAYINGS AS AN OBJECT OF PHRASEOLOGY
Abstract: in this article, proverbs and sayings in English, Russian and Karakalpak languages are studied as a phraseological unit. In addition, proverbs and sayings in English, Russian and Karakalpak are analyzed using examples. At the same time, the trilingual translations of phraseological units are compared.
Key words: proverbs and sayings, literary language, phraseology, equivalent words, colloquial speech, poetic work, definition, complex sentences.
Proverbs and sayings were created by generations of people, they reflect the history and worldviews of the people who created them, their traditions, customs, customs, culture, common sense and humor. In any language, they are of the greatest value for enriching the literary language, for giving it expressiveness, accuracy. The huge number of proverbs and sayings in the language from ancient times attracted folklorists as well. A very debatable and controversial issue was the inclusion of proverbs and sayings and the composition of phraseology.
With regard to the volume of phraseology, scientists adhere to diametrically opposite points of view, depending on one or another understanding of the phraseological unit. V.V.Vinogradov includes stable sentences, including proverbs in the number of phraseological units. Mongolian phrase stamps, clichés typical of various literary styles, and literary quotes, and winged expressions, and folk proverbs, and sayings also belong to the field of phraseological units [1, 61]
In most cases, proverbs are included in phraseology. The question of the inclusion of proverbs and sayings in the phraseology has long been the subject of lively discussion between linguists. As a rule, opponents of the inclusion of proverbial
sayings in phraseology are those scientists who believe that phraseological units with a phrase structure that perform a nominative function and act as equivalent words in the role of one of the sentence members can be full phraseological units (e.g. N. N. Amosova, M. Babkin, S. I. Ozhegov, A. I. Molotkov). All stable entities that are not units of nomination are excluded from the phraseology. So, A.I. Molotkov writes: "... the semantic nature of the proverb is different from phraseological unit: the content of the statement conveyed by the sentence-proverb is based on judgment, while the lexical meaning of phraseological unit is one or another concept" [2, 10].
Opponent of the inclusion of the proverb in phraseology is also V.P. Filitsin. She claims that proverbs, unlike sayings, are devoid of grammar. V.P. FMLITSINA believes that a proverb is a decomposable combination of words in which the meaning of each word does not change from the use of its combination, for example, "Волков боятся - в лес не ходить" [3,54].
However, most scholars, V.V. Vinogradov, V.A. Arzangelsky, E. B. Berdimuradov, A. B. Kunin, N. M. Shansky, Yu. Yu. Avaliani, I.I. Chernyshevka and others, who are stable in their structure of meaning of the sentence consider as an integral part of the phraseology.
Moreover, proponents of the inclusion of stable sentences in the composition of phraseology are among the phraseological units of this type mainly proverbs and sayings. Of particular note is the monograph by V. A. Arkhangelsky, "Sustainable Phrases in the Modern Russian Language," in which, against the background of a general analysis of Russian phraseology, the author puts the common words, proverbs and sayings in the first place "by communicative significance" [4, 154].
The direct and figurative meanings seem to coexist in the same proverb. In this case, the main role is played by the figurative meaning, which determines the nature of the functioning of the proverb in speech. As a result of this approach, some proverbs are considered as phraseological units, while others are excluded from the phraseology.
Proverbs are usually understood as short sayings in relation to various aspects of life, included in the circulation of colloquial speech. A proverb is always a sentence. She pursues a didactic goal - to teach, warn, advise, etc.
A. Potebnya wrote about the generalizing nature of the proverbs: "For this expression to really become a proverb, you need to take a case or a series of cases from another sphere, you need a particular image to have allegorical meaning, and then it becomes both a poetic work and a proverb".
Unlike phraseological units of other types, proverbs are often complex sentences. In view of the clearly expressed structural and semantic features, the separation of proverbs from other types of phraseological units is usually not difficult. Much more difficult is the definition of a proverb.
In the preface to his collection of proverbs, V. I. Dahl wrote: "A proverb is a devious expression, figurative speech, a simple allegory, a blunt expression, a way of expression, but without a parable, without judgment, conclusion, application. This is one first half of the proverbs." Under the understanding of the proverb V.I.Dal let two types of formations:
1. Sustainable sentences: "У него в глазах двоится", "Язык лыка не вяжет" and so on.
2. The combinations that it holds as part of the proposals:"Он сваливает с больной головы на здоровую", " Он чужими руками жар загребает".
V.I.Dal points out that one word is often repeated, sentenced, without much sense and meaning, and sometimes, by local or personal habit, is called a proverb. Yu.M. Sokolov, V. Chicherov take the same position on this issue. We adhere to the opinion of NN Amasova, according to which independent sentences are called proverbs. She points out that proverbs and sayings are "parables-miniatures."
The question of the difference between proverbs and sayings is also important in the Karakalpak language, where they are denoted by the terms "Naqil-maqallar". Famous Karakalpak scientists - linguists K. Aimbetov, E. Berdimuroatov, T. Nietullaev, M. Kalenderov and others, based on the works of famous Russian scientists
V.V. Vinogradov, A.I. Smimitsky, A.V. Kunin, developed the phraseological theory units and carry proverbs and sayings to this system.
Phraseological units include winged expressions, proverbs and sayings. They, unlike lexical units, have a number of characteristic features. Consider the most important characteristic features of phraseological units that distinguish them from words, phrases and other lexical units.
1. Phraseological units are always complex in composition, they are formed by combining several components, which, as a rule, have a separate stress, but do not preserve the meaning of independent words. For example: Hold one's hand -воздержаться от чего либо; o'zin uslap tutiw. Honest to God! Видит Бог! Quday biledi!
2. Phraseological units are semantically indivisible; they usually have an undivided meaning that can be expressed in one word. For example:
Lose one's head - растеряиься; albiraw.
Lose one's heart - влюбиться, jaqsi ko'rip qaliw.
Make a poor mouth - прибедняться; o'zin biyshara etip ko'rsetiw.
This feature is not characteristic of all phraseological units. There are those that equate to a completely descriptive expression. For example: Have a green thumb -золотые руки (о садоводах); altin qollar(bag'manlar haqqinda); Have all one's goods in the shop window - выставлять напоказ; ko'rgizbege shig'ariw. Have a lot on the ball - быть очень способным; ju'da' uqipli boliw.
Such phraseological units arise as a result of figurative rethinking of free phrases.
3. Phraseological units differ from free phrases in the constancy, stability and stability of their composition. One or another component of phraseologies cannot be replaced with a word that is close in meaning, while free phrases easily allow such a replacement. For example: Instead of "a ladies' man - дамский угодник" we cannot say "a gentlemen' women". Instead of "lady luck - госпожа удача" we cannot say "man luck".
In this case, you can compare the free phrases: to read a book; to read a novel; to read a story. However, some phraseological units have options: With all one's heart - Shin ju'regi menen.
Nevertheless, the existence of variants does not mean that in these phraseological units one can arbitrarily update the composition.
So, proverbs and sayings contain sociocultural value, they contain information about culture, traditions, education and upbringing, and folklore. They are the combat elements of the language and act not as signs of things and phenomena, but as signs of situations or relations between things.
REFERENCE:
Виноградов А.М. Русская фразеология, её развитие и источники. Л., 1970.
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Шмелов Д.Н Современный русский язык. Лексика. М. 1977.
Архангельский В.И. Устойчивые фразы в современном русском языке. Ростов-
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