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Prospects of development of ecological tourism in Tuapse district of Krasnodar region
Section 11. Regional studies and socio-economic geography
Volkova Tatiana Aleksandrovna, Associate Professor, Candidate of geographical sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of international tourism and management Ryzhivolova Ella Aleksandrovna, Associate Professor, Candidate of geographical sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of international tourism and management Antiptseva Yulia Olegovna, Candidate of geographical sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of physical geography
Khodykina Anna Fedorovna, Student at the Department of geography Okonishnikova Yulia Evgenyevna, Student at the Department of geography «Kuban state university», Krasnodar E-mail: Mist-next4@inbox.ru
Prospects of development of ecological tourism in Tuapse district of Krasnodar region
Abstract: Sustainable development of mountain territories should improve the quality of life of the local population, which is defined by such indicators as augmentation of the level of economic wellbeing, improvement of social conditions of living in the given area, increase of the culture of interrelations and importance of the uniqueness of lifestyle. Tuapse district is one of the most popular recreational places in Krasnodar region. Various kinds of economic activity are realized in Tuapse district. Their combined impact has led to a significant depletion of natural resources. Further uncontrolled recreational use of the territory may lead to gradual degradation of landscapes and loss of their attractiveness to the tourists.
Keywords: tourism, Krasnodar region, ecological tourism, Black sea coast, sustainable development.
The article is prepared within the frames of the grant № 15-12-23010 a (p) of the Russian scientific fund for the humanities and administration of Krasnodar region.
Socio-economic role of tourism in the mountain territories is performed through the carried-out functions, among which, the most important functions are: economic, social, cultural-cognitive, therapeutic, integrative, ecological, international, political. The idea of sustainable development of mountain territories is based on conceptual restrictions leading to the fact that the process of satisfaction of the current needs should be performed without damage to the future: without depletion of natural, cultural resources and without harm to the environment. Understanding of the concept of sustain-ability ensures the opportunity to plan effective long-term development of tourism and implies the system of rational nature use in the mountain tourist center [4; 9].
Sustainable development of mountain territories should improve the quality of life of the local population, which is defined by such indicators as augmentation of the level of economic wellbeing, improvement of social conditions of living in the given area, increase of the culture of interrelations and importance of the uniqueness of lifestyle. The improvement of the quality of tourist services for proper recovery of psycho-physical strengths of the man and his socio-cultural development are related to the sustainable develop-
ment of mountain territories. Preservation and reproduction of natural resources is one of the conditions ofperformance of numerous functional kinds of activity in mountain territories.
Tuapse district is one of the most popular recreational places in Krasnodar region. High demand from the point of recreation and tourism is determined by convenient transport links, unique combination of relief and natural conditions. Tourist practice is notable for high activity and, mainly, spontaneous nature. Various kinds of recreational activity were developed in the considered territory.
Primarily, they include trekking, the objects of which are the massif of the mount Indyuk as well as the peaks of Semashkho and Dva Brata. Like trekking paths, cycling paths and jeeping tours are mainly associated with low and medium mountain areas. For mountain-climbing, the peaks of Indyuk, Indyushka, Sobor-skala, Khozhash rock are used. A big number of rapids and obstacles, high flow rate in the upper reaches of the rivers Pshish and Pshekha allow their use as the objects of sport water tourism. Another kind of recreational activity, less popular due to the spread of karstic processes, is caving. Karst forms represented by wells and small caves are associated with Skalisty khrebet and a small part of Yuzhny Bokovoi
Section 11. Regional studies and socio-economic geography
khrebet in the districts of the peak of Boz-Depe and khrebet Pseush-ko. Narrow sites with steep slopes of the valley of the upper reach of the rivers Pkhesha and Kuapse are suitable for canyoning. From the point of aesthetic of relief, there is a big number of observation points overlooking eccentric mountain landscapes. There are a few therapeutic institutions on the coast, and in the low and medium mountain area, there are several tourist bases for trekking-lovers (walking for therapeutic and cognitive purposes). Thus, a wide range of recreational activities is developed within the considered district due to a unique combination of natural recreational resources.
Various kinds of economic activity are realized in Tuapse district. Their combined impact has led to a significant depletion of natural resources. Recreation, compared to other activities, is most permissive kind of activity, especially within mountain territories. In the mountain part of the studied district, it is most obvious due to wide spread of timber-harvesting and extraction of mineral resources. Also, as a result of development of tourism, there is additional load on coastal zone, where recreational-hotel complex is combined with residential, port and other kinds of economic activity [8].
As mentioned above, tourism is characterized with expressed spontaneity, which eventually leads to noticeable changes in the appearance of landscapes. For instance, mass weekend recreation in the area of the massif of the mount Indyuk has led to the appearance of the beaten tracks around it. Other consequences include littering, vandalism expressed in the spoiling of tree trunks or rock exposure, erosion of soil layer, contamination of superficial and underground waters, oppression of vegetation cover. Examples listed above do not exhaust the list of negative consequences having, as a rule, direct and indirect expression. Due to the latter, their total number may reach dozens and even hundreds of manifestations (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Traces of digression of soil cover and general oppression of vegetation at the reference site
One cannot not take into account the fact that the largest number of especially protected natural territories (EPNT) is concentrated in Tuapse district. They include 12 geological, 6 hydrological, 34 botanical, 11 complex, 1 landscape monuments of nature and 2 wildlife sanctuaries [6]. Hence, any, including recreational one, activity is subject to restriction. In this respect, ecological tourism should become a priority kind of tourism in the described territory. Its peculiarity lies in the opportunity of active leisure time of the man in the natural environment not only with the use of its recreational, cognitive and other opportunities, but with consideration of its preservation at practical level [7].
Ecological tourism is characterized by being turned towards nature and use of primarily natural resources; orientation to ecological education and enlightenment, formation of moral attitude to nature; care about the preservation of local socio-cultural environment; economic efficiency and ensuring of sustainable development of those districts, where it is performed. One of the directions of ecological tourism is the organization of ecological tracks. Unlike regular tourist paths, they are designed to solve a whole complex of tasks: expansion of elementary knowledge about objects in visitors; teaching skills of detection and assessment of the results of human effect on the environment; cultivation of ecological culture of human behavior. Together with the tasks of education, cultivation and recreation, ecological tracks contribute to the protection of nature because they are the regulators of the visitor flow. The experience of creation of such tracks can already be found in our region. The example is the path functioning in the yew and boxwood forest in the Caucasian biosphere sanctuary [1; 2]. For Tuapse district, one can propose the following itinerary for ecological track: st. 1733 km — m. Indyuk — m. Kruglaya — m. Semashkho — m. Dva Brata — st. Anastasievskaya. This route can be used for familiarization with geo-morphological peculiarities of the district and, in the whole, with mountain landscape of the North West Caucasus.
The conclusion about the need of development of ecological tourism in the considered territory is confirmed by the morphomet-ric analysis of the relief conducted by us based on the assessment of qualitative and quantitative parameters (indicators of vertical and horizontal dissection, steepness and exposition of slopes) [3].
Successful realization of projects in the sphere of ecological tourism will depend on the correct selection of a site for organization and conduct of recreational activity, ecologically grounded development of projects and adherence to the rules, norms and instructions considering the vulnerability and assimilating ability of the natural environment. After the construction of objects of tourist infrastructure, the compulsory measure consists in the normalization of recreational load and monitoring of all components of the natural complex. As a concrete practical measure, it makes sense to develop recreational activity in other, including adjoining territories. Their development will contribute to distribution of high recreational load typical for the researched district. Such districts and separate natural objects include the upper reach of the rivers Pshisha, Gunaika as well as Pshekha with tributaries Khokhopse, Tugups, Pshekhashka, Maratuka; low mountain sites of Skalisty khrebet; khrebet Nizhnie Vyshki.
Non-organized form of tourism in Tuapse district is determined by historically established traditions and development of infrastructure. Further uncontrolled recreational use of the territory may lead to gradual degradation of landscapes and loss of their attractiveness to the tourists. The situation becomes complicated due to the issue of future recreational activity on the territories with EPNT status,
Rural tourism on the territory of Krasnodar region
because in spite of all recommendations, currently, there is a ten- Apparently, it will cause more serious, irreversible changes in the dency towards the weakening of nature protection legislation [7]. geosystems of these territories.
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Volkova Tatiana Aleksandrovna, Associate Professor, Candidate of geographical sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of international tourism and management Punko Inga Merabovna, Teacher at the Department of international tourism and management
Zhulikov Anton Andreevich, Teacher at the Department of international tourism and management
Khodykina Maria Fedorovna, Teacher at the Department of international tourism and management, FSBEI HE Kuban State University, Krasnodar Ponomarenko Anastasia Andreevna, 3rd year student at the Department of geography, Specialized training in Service Kuban State University, Krasnodar E-mail: Mist-next4@inbox.ru
Rural tourism on the territory of Krasnodar region
Abstract: Active development of rural tourism on the territory of Krasnodar region helps solve two quite important tasks: diversification of tourist product within the region's territory and development of rural area; rise in the living standards of rural population at the expense of new jobs, increase of the prestige of living in rural area, development of general infrastructure as well as enhancement of investment attractiveness of the village. Functional departmentalization within rural tourism unions may become one of the possible directions of development of rural tourism in the conditions of rural area of Krasnodar region. Keywords: Krasnodar region, rural tourism, tourism, tourist and recreational complex.
The article was prepared within the grant № 15-12-23010 а (р) of the Russian scientific fund for the humanities and administration of Krasnodar region.
Rural tourism is an independent kind of tourism based on spe- area) and motivation of improvement of tourist trips (acquainting cial forms of leisure activities (for instance, taking care of domestic oneself with rural area and rural life style). The kinds of tourism animals, tasting dishes of local cuisine, walks and picnics in rural directly related to rural area may include: recreational, active, cog-
