CC BY
82
DOI 10.14526/01_1111_157
PROBLEMS OF DOPING USE IN SPORT
Lyudmila D. Nazarenko - doctor of pedagogics, professor, Lyubov I. Kostyunina - doctor of pedagogics, professor, Irina N. Timoshina - doctor of pedagogics, professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail: ld nazarenko@mail.ru
Annotation. The problem of using doping in sport has a long history, which starts from the ancient Olympic Games. Widespread practice of pharmacological means use as physical activity stimulant gradually displaced the importance understanding of a trainer's professional training improvement, his knowledge improvement in medical-biological disciplines. It is necessary for a sports teacher to master not only the mechanism of each physical exercises influence on an organism, but also the mechanism of pharmacological means influence on physiological systems. Material. The authors offer a new approach to the system of sports training improvement, which doesn't use doping. Sports training of a highly- qualified athlete is a long-term and difficult process, it provides mutual creative activity of a trainer and a sportsmen. A trainer has to realize, that he is also responsible for the upbringing of his students, their personality formation - initiative, creative, independent, ready for constructive work. Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, the work of scientific-methodical centers organization, observation, interview, explanatory work concerning the damage of doping. Results. The article is about the reasons why sportsmen use pharmacological means, which help to achieve high results, among which the leading place takes insufficient professional competence of trainers; lack of knowledge in the sphere of medical-biological disciplines, in particular physiology andphysiology of sport, considering the mechanisms of muscular load influence on an organism; the peculiarities of physiological systems reaction to different kinds of doping; unpreparedness of trainers to fulfill a gradual explanatory work concerning the damage of doping. Conclusion. The important directions of sports training system development, which doesn't use doping, in the author's opinion, is the system of trainers' professional training improvement; effectiveness increase of the physically gifted children and teenagers selection system; systematic, gradual explanatory work organization concerning the damage of doping; the system of doping control improvement.
Keywords: sports training, doping, explanatory work concerning the damage of doping, medico-biological disciplines.
Urgency. Sport was always important in life of society, being spectacular, full of competition, emotions, beauty of movements and varied aesthetic content [7]. It attracts attention of people, fans, starting from ancient times. The fact that well-known masters of different kinds of art, literature, poetry were permitted to take part in the Olympic Games proves great importance of sports competitions influence on people around. Sport is considered as one of the kinds of activity, which provides personality
harmonization. Since ancient times is known the motto "panem et circenses!" (Latin for "bread and circuses"). Sport, which is based on playing and competitive activity, is one of the most attractive performances, as it demands the existing abilities realization, full self-sacrifice, volitional, moral and physical qualities.
The peculiarity of sports activity is the opportunity for self-actualization and self-realization and it demands hard work, great psychological and muscular tension.
Sport has a great upbringing potential, placing a person into conditions, which demand volitional qualities, ability to concentrate own intellectual skills and physical efforts in order to achieve the set aim. The specificity of sport is competitive activity, which provides great emotional raise of sportsmen and spectators. In each kind of sport there are own rules and laws, which determine activity and behavior of the competitions participants. For sport creative, constructive character is typical. Under a systematic influence of the selected physical exercises constructive changes, body shape improvement, which attracts attention not only of spectators, but also artists, sculptures and other people connected with art, happen in the organism of a sportsman.
For reasons beyond one's control ancient Olympic Games cease to exist. Their revival in 1894 with the help of Pierre de Coubertin was accepted by world community as the greatest event, based on the ideas of humanism, serving peace. The Olympic Games were characterized by fair rivalry in accordance with the motto: "Citius, Altius, Fortius!" ("Faster, higher, stronger!"). It provided acknowledgement of an Olympian the example for each sportsman.
In terms of sports rivalry development there appeared the problem of special stimulating substances use, which increase psychic and physical steadiness in stress situations of sports activity. Nowadays the problem of taking pharmacological means in order to increase stress resistance, physical working capacity, endurance and in order to decrease the bound of tiredness, became so urgent that it became difficult to see how victory is achieved: with the help of the ability to select medical preparations or with the help of high level of sportsmanship. The scale of this problem is underlined by great damage for health and the number of lethal effects increase, as a result of uncontrolled doping use [4, 6, 11].
The aim of this research work is a theoretical substantiation of the necessity to focus efforts of the state and society on cleanup of sport from special psychotropic
and other pharmacological means use, which decrease the efforts of a sportsman and a trainer in achieving sportsmanship and a sportsman's intellectual and creative potential harmonious development and realization.
Objectives: 1. To reveal the reasons of doping use by sportsmen.
2. To create the main directions of sports training system improvement, where doping is not used.
Material. The number of publications increase, concerning the problem of doping spread among sportsmen of all countries; International Olympic Committee report proves wide spectrum of sanctions, trials, appeals, concerning doping regimen violation. The problem is that different stimulants for sportsman's stress resistance, psychic and motional working capacity increase were used since the ancient Olympic Games. It is known that the participants of the Olympiads took hallucinogenic and sedative extracts of psychotropic mushrooms, different herbs and different wines. Greek athletes used protein, sesame seeds, not forbidden to use pharmacological means, including codeine, strychnine and others. Since 1940 the analogs of sex hormones-steroids, which provide muscles hypertrophy, were used.
Special literature analysis proves that different pharmacological means were used and are used till now in all countries. However, an actual beginning of a widespread doping use is 1935, as this year injection testosterone appeared, which was used by sportsmen from Germany at the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936. Owing to this preparation national team of Germany won. Doctors, trainers from the USA created own methodology of anabolic steroids use, which reflects the ways of dosage setting, duration of use, rehabilitation period. In the Soviet Union special anti-dote laboratory of All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Physical Culture was created, which has modern equipment and highly-qualified specialists for doping expertise at a high scientific level.
In due time new facts of a ruinous influence of all kinds of doping on an organism were revealed. Influencing central nervous system, in particular on synoptic transference, pharmacological preparations block the transfer of influence from one neuron to another, not causing the sense of nervous-muscular tiredness, preventing protective inhibition, which fulfills defensive function [8]. As a result there appears overtension of an organism, which causes death.
One of widely-spread dopes is phenamine, which provides endurance increase and extreme power increase. As ephedrine, this preparation causes the sense of fit of energy, working capacity increase, however, then we have peripheral vessels contraction, blood pressure, heart rate increase; then goes excessive excitability, heart pains, general asthenia and depression.
Hard consequences from pharmacological preparations led to the necessity understanding to use the definite means in war with doping. In 1989 in Strasbourg International convention about doping prohibition in sport was adopted. Nowadays sports results achieved the level, that there are almost no abilities of an organism for further improvement of sports achievements. However, many sportsmen, trainers and other specialists consider that not all reserves are used, which help to demonstrate record results without special pharmacological preparations.
Research results and their discussion. Materials of our research works revealed the main directions of sports training system improvement without doping use. One of such kind of directions is more effective system of physically gifted children and teenagers selection. It is necessary to use the methods, which help to determine the degree of correspondence between a child's physiological abilities and intensity of muscular load of a definite kind of sports activity. It is known that each person has his own limit of abilities, which determines physical working capacity. In this connection we can reveal young sportsmen's peculiarities of genetic determinants
demonstration. For example, it is known that inborn sprinters have higher percent of quick muscle fibers in comparison with other distance runners [8]. In a modern system of sports selection trainers often are oriented at physical readiness indices while holding tests, which very often don't reflect real abilities of an organism.
The important direction in sports training system improvement is the effectiveness increase of a trainer's professional readiness in kinds of sport. Insufficient professional competence of trainers very often becomes the reason why talented children and teenagers leave some kind of sport. A well-known gymnastics trainer, who trained famous O. Korbut; E. Volchetskaya and other great women-gymnasts, gave young trainers tasks to give methodical orders to those who train, directed to more qualitative fulfillment of exercises during warming-up. It turned out that R. Knysh during a warming-up gave 28 such kind of methodical orders, other trainers didn't give a one.
The Olympic champion in sprint V. Borzov said the following about his trainers [5]: "the first trainer B.I. Voytas gave many-sided training. From the first day sportsmen from his group went in for acrobatics, apparatus gymnastics, exercises with feasible bar, played football and basketball, fulfilled running exercises at a special sawdust field for muscular power of legs development, fulfilled high and broad jumping, threw different projectiles. Warming-up continued almost an hour." When V. Borzov entered physical culture Institute he started to train with V.V. Petrovskiy. In order to improve individual technique of running from the starts till finish he searched for motional actions, which correspond with height, constitution peculiarities, weight and other parameters; he revealed an optimal time and volume of a training lesson. V.V. Petrovskiy analyzed the results of 9 strongest sprinters of the World and made a table, which shows their best achievements in the following distances running: 30 meters with the start, 30 meters from a low start; 60 meters from a low
start; 100 meters from a low start. These results were used as control normatives for students. With the help of the table a trainer revealed not developed motional-coordinating qualities, technical defects, gained harmony in speed-power qualities, endurance, motional rhythm development. Greta attention was paid to psychological training, during each competition the definite individual objectives were set, for example, to win the start at the distance, run as relaxedly as possible, without any tension.
The level of a trainer's professional competence, together with other criteria, can be determined according to the absence of elimination among young sportsmen. Talented children and teenagers very often leave sport for the following reasons:
- not emotional character of the training lessons;
- lack of games and competitive methods with the orientation at individual technique development;
- inability to use artistic images, which help to understand the essence of the fulfilled motional action;
- unwillingness of a trainer to reveal intellectual and motional potential of each student;
- not understanding the importance of respect for each child and teenager, their acknowledgement as a personality;
- absence of creative attitude to the training process and others.
One of the most important directions of a negative attitude upbringing to pharmacological preparations is a systematic, purposeful work organization, concerning the reasons explanation for their use and their ruinous influence on an organism. Interviews, lectures should be with illustrative, demonstrative material using the definite facts; sportsmen's surnames, who died during or after the competitions because of doping use. The difference should be explained between the victory, which is achieved owing to long-term trainings, intellectual, many-sided physical development, volitional and creative potential realization and victory owing to
doping use. In the first case a person realizes the role and place of sport in his life, the need for training lessons during the whole period of life; in the second case the understanding of own wrong behavior, sports ethics violation and great harm to own health comes late.
Popularization of sport without doping should take great place in training sportsmen of different age, level of mastery, experience of competitive activity. It is necessary to explain the importance of the Olympic ideal, formed by the father of modern Olympic Games Pierre de Coubertin, the main principles of which are the following: democratism, internationalism, equality of all people and nations, education in the style of a real patriotism in combination with mutual respect of nations. The motto of the modern Olympic Games is "Faster, higher, stronger!" and it underlines honesty of sports competitions; considers an Olympian, who made an oath of an honest struggle, the example for each sportsman.
During the lectures and interviews the reasons for doping use are revealed. The main reasons are the following:
- physical, technical-tactical and psychological unpreparedness of a sportsman to take part in competitions;
- material values predominance over spiritual ones, created by people;
- a sportsman's and trainer's desire to be famous at any cost and others.
Great responsibility for doping use lies on a trainer. Accepting a child or a teenager into sports section, he takes responsibility not only for his physical and technical training, but also for upbringing, together with parents. Everyday long-term training lessons are to form not only a developed athlete, but also a personality, able to place society interests higher than personal ones, if they correspond to the principles of general humane morality. A trainer is to provide prophylaxis, explain the inconsistency of an honest sports struggle and the use of doping.
One of the main directions of sports training system development, which doesn't use pharmacological preparations, is, in our opinion, the organization and use of a gradual control over the state of sportsmen before the competitions of any level and scale. While forming a team of some educational establishment, town, region a trainer is responsible for the athletes' readiness to have honest sports competition, without any doping. The national team of the Russian Federation includes sportsmen, who went through preliminary doping control. A sportsman and a trainer are both responsible for pharmacological preparations use [11].
It is necessary to hold special seminars, scientific conferences for trainers, which concern the problem of sport without doping During such kind of events the main question is about permitted and not permitted doping The difficulty is in the fact that some preparations from the list of permitted safe dietary supplements and other, so called means of alternative medicine, in time due transfer into the list of forbidden preparations. At the same time, the date of such kind of decision is not known; the definite preparations, effective period ofwhich very often is long enough. That is why it is necessary to orient trainers at the training process development, at the search for effective directions and ways of the methods and techniques effectiveness increase, which provide sportsmanship improvement.
One of such kind of prospective approaches, in our opinion, is creation of technical mechanisms, which provide individual technique of exercises improvement, forming the content of the chosen kind of sports activity. The trainer Master of Sport of International Class E.A. Anisimova created a complex of technical means, which provide linearity of the running steps improvement in sprint; the amplitude of the head, and body (in front-back and side direction) oscillatory motions decrease; rational body position in space; movements consistency of the upper and lower extremities [1,2, 3, 9]. It proves that there are the reserves of special running and technical readiness increase not only among sprinters, but also among other sportsmen. There are
great opportunities of trainers' methodical readiness improvement, the aim of which is the abilities and skills of a sports teacher estimation concerning training activity; their creative potential revelation, the ability to set feedback with students during the training load fulfillment; readiness to fulfill upbringing activity, which demands attention and efforts, as well as sports training [ 10 ].
Thus, we come to the conclusion, that the existing system of training sportsmen of different level with its traditions, principles, mindsets, ideals is not perfect. There are the reserves of its effectiveness increase according to several directions, the main of which are the following:
- more effective system creation of physically gifted children and teenagers selection;
- the number of dropped out skilled and talented sportsmen decrease, owing to more qualitative training process organization;
- trainers professional competence increase.
The system improvement of training coaches can be realized by means of their readiness provision to fulfill upbringing activity; desire to constant sportsmanship improvement; the conditions creation for creative approach to the training process. Prevention work organization should be directed at the mechanisms explanation of different kinds of doping influence on the organism of a sportsman; the reasons for their use explanation; incompatibility explanation of doping use at all level of competitive activity - starting from town, region competitions to the highest level.
During doping-control the responsibility for the stimulating preparations use lies equally on a trainer and a sportsman. As the alternative to doping it is necessary to consider the reserves of the sports training system effectiveness increase revelation, one of which is constantly functioning scientific-methodical centers organization the aim of which is to improve professional competence of trainers, taking into account the latest achievements analysis
of the best sports schools in different countries.
References
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Submitted: 01.12.2016 Received: 04.12.2016
Lyudmila D. Nazarenko - doctor of pedagogics, professor, Head of the Department of Human Biology and the foundations of medical knowledge Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, Email: ld_nazarenko@mail.ru
Lyubov I. Kostyunina - doctor ofpedagogics, professor, head of department of theory and physical training techniques and safety of life Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia Irina N. Timoshina - doctor of pedagogics, professor, dean of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
