CC BY
46
DOI: 10.14529/hsm180209
PLANT ADAPTOGENS IN SPECIALIZED FOOD PRODUCTS AS A FACTOR OF HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION INVOLVING MICROBIOTA
I.Yu. Potoroko1, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-3059-8061, M.A. Berebin1, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-8142, I.V. Kalinina1, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-6246-9870, D.G. Ivanova2, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-8336-2925, Y. Kiselova-Kaneva2, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-9692-6227
1South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, 2Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
The aim of this study is to develop an adaptogenic drink based on the polyphenol complex of antioxidant activity optimized in terms of bioavailability. Materials and Methods. The study was performed on the base of the polyphenol complex of antioxidant activity made of taxifolin (Larix gmelinii extract with no less than 97.0 % of taxifolin) and plant extracts (Lonicera caerulea L, Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris) obtained in the research laboratory of the department of Food and Biotechnologies in the South Ural State University. To increase solubility and bioavailability of taxifolin we used 20-minute 630 W ultrasonic impact, providing taxifolin nano-structuring. The plant extract consists of reconstituted extracts from Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris and Lonicera caerulea L. in a 3:1 ratio with 0.1 % of taxifolin and the amount of dry substance of no less than 15 %. Taxifolin content in a final product is no less than 0.02 %. Results. It was established that taxifolin water solution is quite sensitive to ultrasonic cavitation. The morphological structure of taxifolin particles, treated with ultrasound, was close to a spherical shape. Particles were characterized by amorphous structure, which is positive for solubility and bioavailability properties. Antioxidant activity is 1.74-1.98 times higher than in the solutions obtained using a mechanical approach. This indicates the increased physiological value of solutions. The drink obtained on the base of beet and honeysuckle extracts with 0.1 % taxifolin had the total content of betanin and betaxanthine equaled 54 ± 2 mg/100 g and the total content of phenol substances of 194 ± 4 mg in terms of gallic acid. The consumption of a taxifolin plant extract-based drink results in the decrease of Streptococcus to significantly lower values. There is a shift in pH values in a range from 6.5 to 7.5 in comparison with the initial pH values of 5.5 ^ 6.0 units. Conclusion. The combination of secondary metabolites (polyphenols) in the form of Lonicera caerulea L. and Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris plant extracts with taxifolin is a very promising one for the technology of adaptogenic drinks to improve homeostatic mechanisms involving microbiota at the stage of oral intake.
Keywords: adaptogens, microbiota, specialized nutrition, antioxidant activity, bioavailability.
Introduction
The study of physiological regulatory mechanisms under huge loads is based on the search for completely new approaches to the prevention and treatment of their multiple consequences. Close interrelation of the environment and body is provided by the activity of complex systems based on different principles, including the famous principle of homeostasis (from Greek homoios -similar, stasis - state). If certain elements of these systems are violated, systemic disturbances occur, resulting in the consequences of various severity. The most frequent systemic disorders are connected with adaptation and manifested at various levels of human functioning (from dis-
adaptation at the morpho-functional level to psychic and social-psychic disadaptation) [15, 17, 31].
As a result, the stability and effectiveness of homeostasis mechanisms in different conditions require reinforcement, which can be obtained with the help of oral intake of various biologically active additives (BAA). One of the most famous examples of such BAAs is adaptogens of plant origin. It is traditionally considered that BAAs of plant origin possess a well-established pharmacological effect, which is mostly based on antioxi-dant activity [2, 3, 6].
Nowadays one of the main tasks of food sciences and biotechnology is the extraction of new natural ingredients with a targeted biological
activity, study of their physical and chemical properties and physiological effects as well as their ability to incorporate into the food matrix, maximally preserving biological activity.
Effects of ration on physiological processes of the body are thoroughly studied. This provides great opportunities to improve and maintain health with the help of food products and their ingredients (macro- and micronutrients) [1, 4, 6].
Such effects should be defined for several reasons.
Firstly, such an effect should be studied both at the initial (oral intake) stage and during intestinal passage.
Secondly, such an effect should be studied with regard to the interrelation of food ingredients with multifactor physiological systems of the gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, with exosecretory enzyme systems of cells, tissues and organs of different parts of the gastrointestinal tract as well as endo- and exoenzyme systems of microbiota. At the same time, in medicine, digestion (the movement of a bolus in the gastrointestinal tract, the changes occurring in it under the influence of digestive enzymes, the absorption of macro- and micronutrients, etc.) is studied and described quite thoroughly (especially in physiology and pathophysiology of digestion) [15, 17, 31]. However, there is a deficiency of the studies on a current situation, which is characterized by the revolution in food biotechnologies and attempts to create completely new food products based on replacing natural components with genetically modified, trans-isomer or artificially synthesized analogues.
Thirdly, the inclusion into a food matrix of the BAAs of adapter activity is a difficult task in terms of the provision of their bioavailability. The study of information on the improvement of bioavailability allows us to reveal the necessity to develop and select the effective methods for preserving all characteristics of BAAs before achieving physiological action.
Thus, a new direction is being formed in the creation of food products with the plant adapto-gens of targeted action that can fully implement stated functional effects, including the regulation of physiological homeostatic mechanisms, to provide body adaptation to changing environmental conditions and increasing loads. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to athletes, especially professional ones. Medical and biological supervision of athletes for the prevention of disadaptive disturbances and adjustment
to huge physical loads has become possible due to the inclusion of BAAs with a targeted biological activity in their ration.
Aim. Regulatory functions of the body provide neutralization, binding and excretion of H+ and OH- ions as a part of various chemical compounds, depending on peculiarities of metabolism and state of buffer systems. Negative influence of the high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell structures, resulting in DNA, proteins and lipids damage, has been studied quiet well. However, there is also a positive influence of ROS on the cell and its systems [11]. Currently the number of works devoted to the bioregulatory role of pro- and antioxidants in a body reaction to various mediators and environmental factors is increasing [22]. The maintenance of pH balance at a reference level is very significant for the body. This ratio influences metabolism, including oxidative phosphorylation, proteosynthesis and proteolysis, formation and decomposition of carbohydrates and lipids as the enzyme activity is optimal only for a certain ratio of H+ and OH- ions.
Nowadays human microbiome is considered as an important antigen reservoir, contacting directly with the immune system on all epithelial structures and playing an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis and health [33]. Another important emerging trend in the study of microbiome is its study together with a diet and pro- and prebiotic factors [20].
Natural adaptogens, which are mostly produced as extracts or drinks, can be used as regulators of the buffer system. Phenolic compounds have special place among biologically active secondary metabolites responsible for an increase in the ability to protect cells under negative environmental factors [27, 30]. These compounds are characterized by various biological activity and widely recognized due to their ability to minimize risks for a cellular damage provoked by oxid-ative stress. Phenolic acids can account for about one-third of all phenolic compounds in human diet, while they have a high level of antioxidant activity [28].
Therefore, the development of the adapto-genic drink based on the polyphenol complex of antioxidant activity and optimized in terms of bioavailability is considered as relevant and being the main goal of our study.
Materials and methods
As a polyphenol complex of antioxidant activity we used the plant extracts obtained in
the research laboratory of the department of Food and Biotechnologies in the South Ural State University.
1) Extract of the Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) with a mass fraction of taxifolin of no less than 97.0 % in the form of cream-white mi-crocrystalline powder was produced in accordance with GOST 33504-2015 "Food additives. Taxifolin. Technical specification". Taxifolin is recommended to be added in soft drinks, yogurts and chocolate pastries (State registration certificate № RU 77.99.11.003.E.018404.05.11 dd. 06.05.2011).
Taxifolin belonging to the 6th grade of safety means that it is non-toxic. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a final statement on the safety of taxifolin as a new food ingredient. Animal studies revealed that the oral intake of taxifolin in the dose of up to 10 g per kg of a live weight did not provoke any disturbances of the body functional state.
Taxifolin is a flavanol, the antioxidant activity of which significantly exceeds many flavonoid compounds due to a specific structure (Fig. 1). The analysis of literature reveals that taxifolin possesses a wide range of biological and pharmacological effects.
Fig. 1. Taxifolin chemical structure
Due to its unique antioxidant activity taxifolin plays an important role in the maintenance of the circulation system, elimination of excessive free radicals, improvement of immune function, reduction of cancer cells and prevention of cardiovascular diseases [2, 6, 8, 13, 14, 28, 29].
2) Betacyanin water extract from table beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris) with a mass fraction of betanin of 1.5 ± 0.3 g/100 g [3]. Red and purple pigments of table beet are the result of a resonance structure between positive indole nitrogen atoms, 3-valent nitrogen of pyridine ring and the system of conjugated bonds (Fig. 2).
Betacyanin resistance depends on corresponding enzymes. It was established that red table beet contains a range of enzymes, in particular, P-glycosidase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase [4]. Betanins are mono- and diglucoside
phenol compounds. Under hydrolysis they split into carbohydrates (galactose, glucose, etc.) and aglycones presented by anthocyanidins (cyanidin, etc.). Betanin possesses high antiradiation and anticancer activity. Taxifolin is absorbed from the intestinal tract and acts like an antioxidant, protecting body cells [4, 12, 23].
Fig. 2. Betanin chemical structure
3) Honeysuckle water extract (Lonicera caerulea L.) with a mass fraction of phenol substances in terms of chlorogenic acid of 0.318 ± 0.02 %. Honeysuckle is not only a source of biologically active substances but also an effective treatment for the prevention and cure of various diseases as well as for the recovery of body functions under different disturbances. The main substances, which determine the abovementioned properties, are Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) and Luteolin 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)- 5,7-dihydroxy-4-chro-menone (Fig. 3).
It was established that each of these biologically active substances can be used as an over-the-counter drug and adaptogene for cancer prevention, elimination of problems connected with oxidative stress and recovery after a huge psychological or physiological load [2, 27].
Dry plant extracts Lonicera caerulea L. and Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris were obtained using the methods described in the previous articles of the authors [3].
Taxifolin formulation consisted of several preparatory operations due to low solubility and bioavailability of the substance.
Low solubility (approximately 20 mg/l in water at environmental temperature) results
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Fig. 3. BAS Lonicera caerulea L chemical structure
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in a limited and slow taxifolin absorption, restricting its bioavailability. Moreover, taxifolin, as well as the majority of flavonoids, is chemically and thermally labile, it degradates quickly under the influence of alkaline conditions and high temperature [8, 13, 16, 21].
An increase in taxifolin solubility associates with the specific area of material surface, necessity for particle size reduction and enlargement of effective surface, contacting with the environment [26]. Therefore, to improve taxifolin solubility and bioavailability, it is important to receive small homogenous amorphous nanopar-ticles [7, 16, 26, 32]. We used ultrasound treatment, which allowed us to provide conditions for taxifolin nanostructuring.
1. Taxifolin sample solutions were obtained using the following technology:
Sample 1 (control) - taxifolin weighed amount (0,1 ± 0,001 g) is dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and blended in a laboratory shaker for 30 minutes;
Sample 2 - taxifolin weighed amount (0,1 ± ± 0,001 g) is dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and blended in a magnetic mixer at a temperature of no more than 55 °C for 30 minutes;
Sample 3 - taxifolin weighed amount (0,1 ± ± 0,001 g) is dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and exposed to 20-minute ultrasound treatment using VOLNA-L ultrasound equipment (Y3TA-0,63/22-0H, Biysk, Russia) at a frequency of 20 ± 2 kHz, radiation intensity up to 100 W/cm2, power of 630 Wt, temperature of no more than 55 °C.
To detect taxifolin particle size we used Na-notrac Ultra (Microtrac Inc., USA) analyzer. Measurements conducted with Nanotrac correspond with ISO 13321 standard.
We used a microscope to study taxifolin particles morphological characteristics and non-
colored specimens of a hanging drop type. The study was conducted with the help of ><1500 ALTAMI 13 6T microscope and a bright-field transmission method. Microscope fields were fixed using 13 ЦК digital camera for the microscope with USB 2.0 interface.
We also used a coulometer Expert-006-anti-oxidant (State register No CH PO № 23192) to detect antioxidant activity in terms of ascorbic acid.
2. Adaptogenic drink sample was obtained using a mechanical mixing of the plant extract with treated water and sugar according to the receipt developed.
The plant extract is reconstituted plant extracts of Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris and Lonicera caerulea L. in the ratio 3:1 with a taxifolin mass fraction of 0.1 % and a mass fraction of dry substances of no less than 15 %. Taxifolin content in a final product is no less than 0.02 %.
The drink obtained was estimated using the following criteria: organoleptic properties, mass fraction of dry substances, main groups of anti-oxidant substances, general antioxidant activity of the drink.
To establish the consumer's attitude towards the quality of a sample drink, we performed its assessment using descriptive and profile analysis. This analysis as well as QDA-method were developed in 70-s by the company Tragon (USA) and are still among the most popular methods of the sensory analysis, which allows creating products with desired properties [1, 5]. The content of dry substances was established with the help of the refractometric analysis; betalain content was registered by means of the spectrophotogra-phy; antioxidant activity was assessed using the coulometry and Expert-006-antioxidant equipment; total content of phenol substances was established with the help of the spectrography using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.
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Fig. 4. Distribution curves for the particles of taxifolin water solution: control, b - 0.1 % taxifolin solution treated for 20 minutes with 630 W ultrasound
To estimate the effect of drinks on homeos-tatic regulation, we formed groups of students on voluntary basis. They participated in the study having declared voluntary informed consent and the absence of intolerance to the ingredients used in the drink.
We estimated the microbial composition of salivary secretion, pH and enzyme activity of carbohydrate metabolism using traditional methods of analysis.
Saliva sampling was performed without saliva stimulation on an empty stomach in dry test-tubes after rinsing with water and after drink intake.
Experimental data were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics and Microsoft Excel program tools.
Results and discussion
1. Study of taxifolin sample solutions
Analyzing the disperse content we studied ultrasound as an instrument providing ultrathin dispersion, which allows decreasing significantly the interphase interaction of response elements. As it was mentioned, taxifolin solubility is connected with the specific surface of material and can be achieved due to the decrease of particle size [26]. In the scope of our research we worked on the creation of a balanced nano disperse system of taxifolin water solution to provide a better bioavai-lability of biologically active component.
The dispersive effect of ultrasound is based on the excessive pressure formed by the ultrasonic wave. This pressure combines with a constant hydrostatic pressure that results in a synergetic effect, which equals several atmospheres. In the rarefaction phase, cavities appear throughout the liquid, especially near the phase boundaries, where there are the smallest solid particles and gas bubbles [9, 10, 19].
All distribution curves obtained for the particles of taxifolin sample solutions had a similar character (Fig. 4), but varied in terms of the magnitude and location of peaks corresponding to particles of different dimensions.
The results obtained revealed that taxifolin water solution is quite sensitive to ultrasonic ca-vitation. In the control sample (without ultrasonic treatment), there were the particles of 1000 nm and more with the predominance of the particles of 2838 ± 52 nm. After 20-minute exposure to 630 W ultrasound disperse content changed. There were particles of three types: less than 100 nm, 100-500 nm, 500-1000 nm with the predominance of the particles of 337 ± 24 nm.
It should be taken into account that ultrasonic treatment can result not only in particle destruction, but also in particle coagulation, which is connected with the destruction of the solvate shell of particles in a disperse phase [9, 10]. Therefore, visualization of taxifolin particles allows determining the effect of ultrasound on particle destruction and describing their morphological characteristics.
Taxifolin molecules are polymers, separate links of which are rigidly bonded by hydroxyl groups. A decrease in polymerization results in the increase of the activity of substance, its solubility, ability to enter into chemical reaction and other properties. The structure changes under ultrasonic treatment (Fig. 5).
The microscopic examination of a nontreated taxifolin, mechanically treated taxifolin and the taxifolin exposed to ultrasonic treatment is described in Fig. 5. In Fig. 5a taxifolin granules are presented like ordinary crystalline blocks of different size with a clearly visible shape. The morphology of granules is a fibrous non-homogenous plate-like structure of a crystalline type (Fig. 5b).
a) b) c)
Fig. 5. Microphotographs of taxifolin hanging drop technique samples (x1500): a - 0.1 % taxifolin (control), b - mechanically treated 0.1 % taxifolin; c - 0.1 % taxifolin exposed to 20-minute ultrasonic treatment of 630 W
Table 1
Total antioxidant activity of taxifolin water solutions (coulometric method, ascorbic acid mg/ml)
Name 0.1 % taxifolin solution
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Antioxidant activity; ascorbic acid, mg/ solution, ml 3.84 ± 0.08 4.36 ± 0.14 7.61 ± 0.12
The morphological structure of the taxifolin treated with ultrasound (Fig. 5c) was close to a spherical shape, while its particles were characterized by amorphous structure, which is positive for taxifolin solubility and bioavailability [16, 29]. Taxifolin bioavailability increases due to a rigid monomeric structure.
During the next stage we assessed the antioxidant activity of sample solutions. Taxifolin proves its effectiveness at a level of cell membranes even at the lowest concentrations. To improve the effectiveness and migration ability of the substance it is necessary that the size of its particles correspond to the size of cells.
The results obtained (Table 1) correspond to the results of the disperse analysis and prove that the ultrasonic treatment of taxifolin solution improves its antioxidant activity.
Antioxidant activity of the 0.1 % taxifolin solution obtained using ultrasonic treatment 1.74-1.98 times exceeds the same parameter for the solutions obtained on the basis of the mechanical approach, that proves the increased physiological value of ultrasonic taxifolin solution.
The results obtained were the reason to choose ultrasonic taxifolin solution as a model for an adaptogenic drink.
2. Study of a model adaptogenic drink based
on plant extracts
When creating functional drinks, it is necessary to take into account their attractiveness for consumers. Therefore, we conducted the organo-leptic analysis of a drink and received its sensory profile. The drink based on beet and honeysuckle extracts with taxifolin was characterized by intense fragrance and balanced sweet-and-sour taste. Taxifolin introduction had no negative effects on the organoleptic characteristics of the drink.
The study of physical and chemical drink properties is presented in Table 2.
The study of honeysuckle pharmacological activity reveals its antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and cancer preventive effects. Biologically active substances of beet are presented by betalains, namely betanin and betaxanthine. These are highly active red and yellow pigments with antihypertensive, antitumor, hypoglycemic
Table 2
Physical and chemical properties of a model adaptogenic drink
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Dry substance content, % 6.40 ± 0.03 Total content of phenolic substances, mg of gallic acid 194 ± 4
Betanin and betaxanthine total content, mg/100 g dry substance 54 ± 2 Antioxidant activity, mg of ascorbic acid 12.64 ± 0.02
and chemopreventive activity [3, 4]. The presence of plant raw in the drink demonstrates its potential for maintaining or improving health, providing stability and effective mechanisms of homeostasis under various conditions.
The analysis of the antioxidant activity of a beet and honeysuckle drink with taxifolin in comparison with the results of previous studies demonstrates the synergetic effect of plant raw biologically active substances and taxifolin. 3. We performed a complex assessment of adaptogenic drink effect on homeostatic regulation involving microbiota As a result of the study it was established that the taxifolin drink based on beet and honeysuckle extracts contributes to a change in salivary pH. After drink intake there was a shift in pH values within the range from 6.5 to 7.5 in comparison with the initial pH of 5.5 ^ 6.0. The increase in the acidity of salivary secretion contributes to the development of microorganisms as an ideal pH level is more than 7.0 (reference values are from 5.6 to 7.6) [15, 17, 18].
Saliva contains digestive enzymes: a-amylase and maltase, as well as non-digestive enzymes: kallikrein and lysozyme. Amylase is the main enzyme splitting starch into trisaccharides, which
account for more than 15 % of all saliva proteins. For a maximum effect of a-amylase pH level should be equal 6.6 ^ 6.8. Amylase activity of saliva or amyloclastic force is expressed by the amount of 0.1 % starch solution in ml, which can be split in 1 ml of saliva under the temperature of 38 °С for 30 minutes. Under normal conditions saliva amylase activity equals 160...320 units.
Salivary amylase, as well as pancreatic amylase, splits a-1.4-glycoside bonds in the molecules of starch and glycogen with the formation of dextrin and a small quantity of maltose. Chloride ions activate salivary amylase, while polyphenols act as an inhibitor for enzyme activity. Under the intake of a taxifolin drink there is a decrease in a-amylase activity by 120.180 units, it means that the improvement of homeostatic mechanisms can be achieved due to the oral intake of adaptogenic plant complexes.
Saliva performs protective functions. In the oral cavity there are microorganisms, which are not dangerous under normal conditions; constant microflora serve as an improvised biological barrier, as these microorganisms stop the growth of pathogenic microbes. According to different authors, the quantity of bacteria in the oral cavity varies from 43 millions to 5.5 billions, while
Pod Streptococcus
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Fig. 6. Microphotographs of the fixed specimens (Gram stain, "1500) of salivary microflora before (a) and after (b) the intake of the adaptogenic drink
the number of the different types of microorganisms varies from 100 to 160 [15, 17, 25, 31].
In the samples made of different saliva specimens (Fig. 6) there were different microbes in terms of Gram stain and morphology - streptococcus, tetracoccus, rods and curved forms. The intake of a taxifolin drink provides changes in the level of streptococcus to a statistically significant lower level.
Coccus in the oral cavity are mostly presented by streptococcus (Streptococcus saliva-rius, S. sanguis, S. mutans, S. milleri, S. mitis) being a group of opportunistic and nonpathogenic coccus, which split different carbohydrates with the formation of lactic acid and other organic acids.
Rod-shaped Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are mostly presented by Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fuso-bacterium.
Lactobacteria (L. acidophilus, L. brevis, L. fermentum) participate in the provision of colonization resistance and influence various pathogenic microorganisms.
According to scientists, the ratio of the certain types of bacteria in saliva can become an indicator in the diagnostics of the diseases provoked by homeostasis disturbances and dysfunctional gastrointestinal upsets [24].
Conclusion
Obtaining a water-soluble taxifolin complex with a high pharmacological activity and development of the better ways of its dissolution still remain relevant. Such plant extracts as Lonicera caerulea L., Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris and tax-ifolin are quite promising for the creation of a functional food based on the combination of secondary metabolites (polyphenols). The synergetic effect of taxifolin, EGCG, Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) and Luteolin 2-(3,4-Dihy-droxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-chromenone with betacyanin provides the regulatory functions of homeostasis involving microbiota.
The work was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, Contract № 02.A03.21.0011 and by State Assignments № 40.8095.2017/БЧ (2017123-ГЗ) and № 19.8259.2017/БЧ.
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Received 7 April 2018
УДК 796.093 + 612.3 DOI: 10.14529/hsm180209
РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫЕ АДАПТОГЕНЫ В СОСТАВЕ ПРОДУКТОВ СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРОВАННОГО ПИТАНИЯ КАК ФАКТОР ГОМЕОСТАТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕГУЛЯЦИИ С УЧАСТИЕМ МИКРОБИОТЫ ОРГАНИЗМА
И.Ю. Потороко1, М.А. Беребин1, И.В. Калинина1, Д.Г. Иванова2, Й. Киселова-Канева2
1 Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск, Россия 2Медицинский университет, г. Варна, Болгария
Цель работы - разработка адаптогенного напитка на основе полифенольного комплекса антиоксидантной активности, оптимизированного по биодоступности. Материалы и методы исследования. Исследование выполнено на основе полифенольного комплекса антиоксидантной активности: дигидрокверцетина (ДГК) (экстракт Дауской лиственницы (Larix gmelinii) с массовой долей ДГК не менее 97,0 %) и фитоэкстрактов Lonicera merulea L. и Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris, полученных в условиях исследовательской лаборатории кафедры «Пищевые и биотехнологии» ФГАОУ ВО «ЮУрГУ» (НИУ). Для повышения растворимости и биодоступности ДГК использовалось ультразвуковое воздействие (УЗВ), позволяющее обеспечить условия наноструктурирования ДГК в режиме 20 ± 2 кГц с интенсивностью излучения до 100 Вт/см2, мощностью воздействия 630 Вт при температуре не более 55 °С, в течение 20 мин. Фитоэкстракт представлял собой восстановленные растительные экстракты Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris и Lonicera сaerulea L. в соотношении 3:1, содержанием ДГК 0,1 % и массовой долей сухих веществ не менее 15 %. Содержание ДГК в готовом напитке составляло не менее 0,02 %. Результаты. Установлено, что водный раствор ДГК весьма чувствителен к ультразвуковой кавитации. Морфологическая структура частиц ДГК раствора, обработанного УЗ была приближена к сферической форме, частицы при этом характеризовались аморфной структурой, что положительно сказывается на растворимости и биодоступности. АОА в 1,74-1,98 раза превышает значения этого показателя для растворов, полученных на основе механического подхода, что указывает на повышенную физиологическую ценность. Напиток, полученный на основе свекольно-жимолостного экстракта с 0,1 % ДКГ имел общее содержание бетанина и бетксантина, 54 ± 2 мг/100 г СВ; общее содержание фенольных веществ - 194 ± 4 мг в пересчете на галловую кислоту. Потребление ДГК-ного фитоэкстрактного напитка обусловливает изменение уровня Streptococcus до статистически достоверно более низкого уровня. Наблюдался сдвиг значений рН в диапазоне от 6,5 до 7,5 ед. при начальном значении рН 5,5 ^ 6,0 ед. Заключение. Комбинации вторичных метаболитов (полифенолов) в виде фитоэкстрактов Lonicera сaerulea L. и Beta vulgaris L. ssp.vulgaris и ДГК являются перспективными в технологии адаптогенных напитков для подкрепления гомеостатических механизмов с участием микробиоты уже на этапе перорального поступления в организме человека.
Ключевые слова: адаптогены, микробиота, специализированные продукты питания, антиоксидантная активность, биодоступность.
Статья выполнена при поддержке Правительства РФ (Постановление № 211 от 16.03.2013 г.), соглашение № 02.A03.21.0011 и при финансовой поддержке государственных заданий № 40.8095.2017/БЧ (2017123-ГЗ) и № 19.8259.2017/БЧ.
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Потороко Ирина Юрьевна, доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пищевых и биотехнологий, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-3059-8061.
Беребин Михаил Алексеевич, кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой клинической психологии, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-7195-8142.
Калинина Ирина Валерьевна, кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры пищевых и биотехнологий, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-6246-9870.
Иванова Диана, доктор биологических наук, профессор отдела биохимии, молекулярной медицины и нутригеномики лаборатории нутригеномики, функциональных продуктов питания и нутрицевтиков, Медицинский университет. 9002, Болгария, г. Варна, ул. Марин Дринов, 55. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-8336-2925.
Киселова-Канева Иоана, кандидат биологических наук (PhD), доцент, начальник отдела биохимии, молекулярной медицины и нутригеномики лаборатории нутригеномики, функциональных продуктов питания и нутрицевтиков, Медицинский университет. 9002, Болгария, г. Варна, ул. Марин Дринов, 55. E-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-9692-6227.
Поступила в редакцию 7 апреля 2018 г.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ЦИТИРОВАНИЯ
FOR CITATION
Plant Adaptogens in Specialized Food Products as a Factor of Homeostatic Regulation Involving Microbiota / I.Yu. Potoroko, M.A. Berebin, I.V. Kalinina et al. // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. - 2018. - Т. 18, № 2. -С. 97-108. DOI: 10.14529/hsm180209
Potoroko I.Yu., Berebin M.A., Kalinina I.V., Ivanova D.G., Kiselova-Kaneva Y. Plant Adaptogens in Specialized Food Products as a Factor of Homeostatic Regulation Involving Microbiota. Human. Sport. Medicine, 2018, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 97-108. DOI: 10.14529/hsm180209
