CC BY
22
25 20 15 10 5 0
21,6
17,14
12,37 8,5
1
1 i i
Girls
Boys
Lower classes pupils
Higher classe pupils
Figure 6. Punishment by gender and age of the pupils
ers (m).
Conclusions:
The punishment is a permanent phenomenon in the case of physical education.
Most often used psychological punishment in verbal and nonverbal forms.
Teachers (w) exercise more punishment than teach-
References:
In general, female pupils practiced more on punishment than boy pupils.
The punishment is practiced more on lower pupils of classes.
1. Fischer Gochros H. L., Planned Behaviour Change. Social Behaviour Modification in Work.New York; Journal psychology - No. 2-1985. - P. 36-45, 71.
2. Karaj Th., Punishments parents of youth. Sociological journal. - Tirana; - No. 1-1996. - P. 12-14.
3. Subashi G., Daci J., Didactic physical education. - Tirana; - 2004. - P. - 24, -157.
4. Daci J., Subashi G., Misja B., Theory and methodology of physical education. Tirana; - 2005. - P. - 165.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLL-17-1-34-37
Ikonomi Edison, Doc. PhD.
Sport University Tirana Albania Faculty Science of Movement E-mail: [email protected] Shehu Aida, Doc. PhD.
Sport University Tirana Albania Faculty Science of Movement E-mail: [email protected]
Physical exercise in everyday life
Abstract: In studies, physical exercise is commonly assessed by a series of questions tapping the frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activities at work, leisure time physical exercise, and housework physical activity. In "modern" times, physical activity consists mostly of leisure-time physical exercise because levels of physical activity at work or at home are quite scarce. One of the main methods of assessment of leisure-time physical exercise consists of employment of the Minnesota leisure-time physical activity
(LTPA) questionnaire, which measures leisure-time exercise by questions tapping the frequency, intensity, and duration of walking (for pleasure, shopping or chores), daily climbing of stairs, and up to three different sport activities, including number of months engaged over the year. The quantitative data from the physical exercise at leisure time are used to obtain scores of daily energy expenditure by the LTPA method a standardized procedure which has been widely used in numerous studies.
Keywords: energy expenditure, exercise, physical activity, leisure-time.
In several population based studies, physical ex- the Minnesota leisure-time physical activity (LTPA)
ercise is assessed by a series of questions tapping the frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activities at work, leisure time physical exercise, and housework physical activity:
• Physical activity at work: is measured by a series of questions taping the frequency, intensity, and duration of physical exercise at work (working hours per week, average time of standing and walking at work, and hard/demanding physical work such as lifting or carrying heavy loads), including also the walk on the way to work and back [3, 251-253].
• Leisure time physical exercise: is measured by a series of questions tapping the frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity during leisure time (walking for pleasure during the week and at the weekend, walks to perform visits, to shop, or to do chores, daily climbing of stairs, and three possible different sport activities over the year (for further details see Appendix 1). A summary question used for the leisure time activities is the so called "sweat" question, where participants are asked whether they engage in a vigorous physical activity during leisure time lasting at least 20 minutes that leads to perspiration or shortness of breath, and the frequency of this exertion (Appendix 2) [2, 106-108].
• Housework physical activity: is measured by a series of questions tapping the frequency, intensity, and duration of housework physical exercise (gardening, housework such as home maintenance, mopping the floor, cleaning windows, etc.) [6, 287-289].
The quantitative data from the three types ofphysical activities (i. e. physical exercise at work, at leisure time, and at home) are used to obtain scores of daily energy expenditure by the Minnesota leisure time questionnaire method a standardized procedure which has been widely used in numerous studies [1, 31].
In "modern" times, physical activity consists mostly of leisure-time physical exercise because levels of physical activity at work or at home are quite scarce. Therefore, measurement of leisure time physical activity is of paramount importance [4, 146-149].
One of the main methods of assessment of leisure-time physical exercise consists of employment of
questionnaire, which measures leisure-time exercise by questions tapping the frequency, intensity, and duration of walking (for pleasure, shopping or chores), daily climbing of stairs, and up to three different sport activities, including number of months engaged over the year. The quantitative data from the physical exercise at leisure time are used to obtain scores of daily energy expenditure by the LTPA method [1, 341-343; 7, 52-55].
In order to obtain one single figure that could be compared in a continuous scale for every person's energy expenditure, the individual variables describing a person physical activities need to be transferred into kcal scores for every single activity and then added to form a total (overall) score. This is done using the activity metabolic index from the LTPA questionnaire [1,345-347]. According to this instrument, each activity is given a certain intensity code which reflects energy expenditure in Kcal per minute. Individually varying basal metabolic rates are not taken into account; therefore, all results of energy expenditure (expressed in kcal per minute) are estimates. The energy expended in a specific activity is estimated as the product of the intensity code ("I") and the duration of exercise in minutes over a year ("D").
In the Minnesota LTPA questionnaire, the ratio of the metabolic rate during work to the basal metabolic rate provided an intensity code. The following equation expresses the relationship between "D" (aggregated duration of a given exercise), "M" (number of months per year for a given activity), and "T" (average time for a given activity for each month, which is a product of monthly frequency with time per occasion for a given activity: [1, 355]
D = M x T
The overall Activity Metabolic Index (AMI) for a whole year is, therefore, calculated as follows:
Total AMI = I x D
In order to obtain a daily score for each individual, as is the case in many studies (because the dietary calorie intake is also expressed usually on a daily basis), the total AMI is divided by 365.
Table 1. - Intensity codes for selected physical activities [5, 360-361]
Activity Intensity code (Kcal/min.)
Types of sport
Swimming (at pool or beach) 6,0
Home exercise/aerobics/fitness 4,5
Basketball (warming-up, i. e. non-game) 6,0
Jogging/running 7,0
Weight lifting/muscle building 3,0
Bicycling to work and/or pleasure 4,0
Light athletics (home exercise) 4,0
Soccer 7,0
Stairs
Using stairs (one flight of stairs = 30 sec.) 4,0
Walking
At slow pace 3,0
At moderate pace 3,5
At fast pace 4,0
Appendix 1. Measurement of leisure time physical sport activities or any physical activity: activity Yes □ No □
1. Do you engage in your leisure-time, regularly in If "Yes":
Table 2.
What is the main physical activity you engage in? On average, how many hours a week do you do it? How many months a year do you engage in this physical activity? What do you assess/estimate to be the intensity of the exercise?
a) less than 1h b) 1 to less than 2h c) 2 to less than 3h d) 3 to less than 4h e) 4h or more a) Mild (don't feel at all tired) b) Moderate c)Hard (heavy breathing)
2. In your spare time, do you walk for the sake of If "Yes": walking (at least once a week): a) How many times a week? Yes □ No □ b) Average time each walk: If "Yes": c) At what speed: a) How many times a week? Brisk/fast □ Moderate □ Slow □ b) On average, for how long (time)? c) At what speed: Appendix 2. Additional physical activity/exercise at Brisk/fast □ Moderate □ Slow □ leisure/spare time 3. In your spare time, do you walk to visit, to shop, 1. Do you engage in an additional physical activity: to do chores, etc.: Yes □ No □ Yes □ No □ If "Yes": Table 3.
What is the main physical activity you engage in? On average, how many hours a week do you do it? How many months a year do you engage in this physical activity? What do you assess/estimate to be the intensity of the exercise?
a) less than 1h b) 1 to less than 2h c) 2 to less than 3h d) 3 to less than 4h e) 4h or more a) Mild (don't feel at all tired) b) Moderate c) Hard (heavy breathing)
2. Beside above, do you engage in a supplementary Yes □ physical activity: If "Yes"
Table 4.
No □
What is the main physical activity you engage in? On average, how many hours a week do you do it? How many months a year do you engage in this physical activity? What do you assess/estimate to be the intensity of the exercise?
a) less than 1h b) 1 to less than 2h c) 2 to less than 3h d) 3 to less than 4h e) 4h or more a) Mild (don't feel at all tired) b)Moderate c)Hard (heavy breathing)
3. To sum up your activity during your leisure time, do you engage in vigorous physical activity that lasts at least 20 min. and causes you to breath heavily and to sweat:
Yes □ No □
4. How frequently do you engage in this activity: >4 times/week □ 2-3/week^ 1 / week □ 2-3/month □ 1/month □ <1/month □
References:
1. Taylor H. L., Jacobs D. R., Schucker B., Knudsen J., Leon A. S., Debacker G. A Questionnaire for the assessment of leisure time physical activities. - J. Chron Dis - 1978. - P. 31, 341-355.
2. Aadahl M., Kjaer M., J0rgensen T. Perceived exertion of physical activity: negative association with self-rated fitness. - Scand J. Public Health - 2007. - P. 103-109.
3. Kaewthummanukul T., Brown KC., Determinants of employee participation in physical activity: critical review of the literature. - AAOHN J. - 2006. - P. 249-261.
4. Markola L. Albanian physical activity culture of the body. - Tirana - 2008. - P. 146-155.
5. Tzormpatzakis N., Sleap M., Participation in physical activity and exercise in Greece: a systematic literature review. - Int. J. Public Health - 2007. - P. 360-361.
6. Okano G., Miyake H., Mori M. Leisure time physical activity as a determinant of selfperceived health and fitness in middle-aged male employees. - J. Occup Health - 2003. - P. 286-292.
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