CC BY
27
Freeman, 189 p. (in English)
4. Cherenkov, A.V., Shevchenko, M.S., Romanenko, O.L. et al. (2009). Grain quality of winter wheat in southern Ukraine and ways to improve it. Bull. Inst grain. households Islands, no. 37, pp. 8-12. (in Ukrainian)
5. Galova, Z., Knoblochova, H. (2001). Biochemical characteristics of five spelt wheat cultivars (Triticum spelta L.). Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, no. 4,
pp. 85-87. (in English)
6. Zielinski, H., Ceglinska, A., Michalska, A. (2008). Bioactive compounds in spelt bread. Eur.Food Res. Technolol, no. 226, pp. 537-544. (in English)
7. Eshchenko, V.O., Kopytko, P.H., Opryshko, V.P. et al. (2005). Basic scientific research in agronomy. Kyiv: Diya, 2005. 286 p. (in Ukrainian)
N. M. Osokina
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor of Department of Technology of Storage and Processing of Grain Uman National University of Horticulture [email protected]
UDC 664.64.016.3:664.71
K. V. Kostetska
PhD of Agricultural Sciences, Lecturer of Department of Technology of Storage and Processing of Grain [email protected]
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND QUALITY INDICATOR OF BARLEY
Abstract. The study has been conducted during 2011-2015 in the Department of Technology of storage and grain processing of Uman National University of Horticulture and on the production complex farm «Prolisok+» in the village of Graniv, Haysyn ditrict, Vinnytsia region. The aim of the research is to study the physical and mechanical properties and quality of barley grain depending on weather conditions and properties of the variety.
Studies of eligibility of certain varieties of barley grain for the use in the processing industry is new.
Barley grain of Zvershennya, Komandor and Svagor varieties has marked peculiarities of type and variety, meets the requirements in terms of external geometric parameters, volume, area of the outer surface, sphericity, specific and volume weight, volume of surface layers of grains and mass fraction of endosperm starch, indicating its suitability for processing. There was a tendency of changes in the geometric characteristics of the grain of the varieties studied under the influence of weather conditions of the year of study. Significant difference in physical indicators of grains of different growing years was recorded in the barley grain of Zvershennya variety in terms of external surface area, specific surface and volume of surface layers; Komandor - thickness, volume and specific surface; Svagor - volume. Large linear dimensions are found in the barley grain of Svagor variety. Keywords: grain, barley, variety, physical and mechanical properties, quality.
Н. М. Осокша
доктор стьськогосподарських наук, професор кафедри технологи збер^ання i переробки зерна Уманський нацюнальний ушверситет садiвництва К. В. Костецька
кандидат стьськогосподарських наук, доцент кафедри технологи збер^ання i переробки зерна Уманський нацюнальний ушверситет садiвництва
Ф1ЗИКО-МЕХАН1ЧН1 ТА ЯК1СН1 ПОКАЗНИКИ ЗЕРНА ЯЧМЕНЮ
Анотащя. Дослщження проведено впродовж 2011-2015 рр. на кафедрi технологи' збер'тання i переробки зерна Уманського НУС та виробничому комплекс фермерського господарства «Прол'сок+» в с. Гран'!в Гайсинського району В'шницько!' област'1.
Мета дослщження - вивчення ф'зико-механ'чних та як'сних властивостей зерна ячменю залежно в'щ погодних умов i особливостей сорту.
Дослщження придатност зерна ячменю певних сорт'в для використання в переробнй промисловостi е новим. Зерно ячменю сорт'в Звершення, Командор та Свагор мае вираженi особливост роду та сорту, в'щпов'щае вимогам за зовн'шн'ми геометричними показниками, об'емом, площею зовнiшньоi' поверхн'1, сферичнстю, питомою i об'емною масою, об'емом поверхневих шар'!в зернiвки та масовою часткою крохмальноi частини ендосперму, що свщчить про його придатнсть для переробки.
Спостер'галась тенденцiя змiни геометричних характеристик зерна ячменю сортв, що вивчали п'щ впливом погодних
умов року дослщження. 1стотну рiзницю за ф'зичними показниками зерна р'зних роюв вирощування заф'ксовано в
зернi ячменю сорту Звершення за величиною площi зовнiшньоi'поверхн'1, питомоi поверхн'1 й об'ему поверхневих шар'в
зернiвки; Командор - товщини, об'ему, питомоi поверхн'1; Свагор - об'ему.
Б'льш' л'н'йн' розм'ри визначено в зернi ячменю сорту Свагор.
Ключов'1 слова: зерно, ячм'нь, сорт, ф/зико-механ/чн:' властивост'1, як'сть.
Н. М. Осокина
доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор кафедры технологии хранения и переработки зерна Уманский национальный университет садоводства Е. В. Костецкая
кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент кафедры технологии хранения и переработки зерна Уманский национальный университет садоводства
ФИЗИКО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЕ И КАЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЗЕРНА ЯЧМЕНЯ
Аннотация. Исследование проведено в течение 2011-2015 гг. на кафедре технологии хранения и переработки зерна Уманского НУС и производственном комплексе фермерского хозяйства «Пролисок+» в с. Гранов Гайсинского района
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Винницкой области. Цель исследования - изучение физико-механических и качественных свойств зерна ячменя в зависимости от условий погоды и особенностей сорта.
Исследование пригодности зерна ячменя определенных сортов для использования в перерабатывающей промышлености является новым.
Зерно ячменя сортов Свершение, Командор и Свагор имеет выраженные особенности рода и сорта, соответствует требованиям по внешним геометрическими показателями, объемом, площадью внешней поверхности, сферичностью, удельной и объемной массой, объемом поверхностных слоев зерновки и массовой долей крахмальной части эндосперма, что свидетельствует о его пригодности для переработки.
Наблюдалась тенденция изменения геометрических характеристик зерна ячменя сортов, что изучали под влиянием погодных условий года исследования. Существенную разницу по физическим показателям зерна разных лет выращивания зафиксировано в зерне ячменя сорта Совершение по величине площади внешней поверхности, удельной поверхности и объема поверхностных слоев зерновки; Командор - толщины, объема, удельной поверхности; Свагор - объема.
Большие линейные размеры определены в зерне ячменя сорта Свагор. Ключевые слова: зерно, ячмень, сорт, физико-механические показатели, качество.
Setting of the problem. Indicators of properties of grain can be divided into two groups: properties peculiar to grain of the crop, as well as properties that vary within the same crop. The technical process of grain processing should be improved towards obtaining maximum endosperm, increasing product yield of highest grades and improving their quality [1-5].
Studies of eligibility of certain varieties of grain for use in the processing industry is new. In addition, there are no recommendations for triticale grain production for the moment. Eligibility of grain for industry is characterized by its quality as a raw material for recycling.
Analysis of recent studies and publications. Barley -one of the oldest cultures. In Ukraine barley grown four to five thousand years BC. Barley is widely used by man for food, feed and industrial purposes [6, 7].
For grain, as a raw material for processing, its biometric characteristics, size and uniformity of grain mass have the main technological importance [1, 6].
The shape and linear grain size influence the choice of sieves or separators as well as the characteristics of shelling machines. In addition, the geometric characteristics of the grain determines its density when forming the layer and peculiarities of moving grain while transportation. Different from the average, values of grain shape affect the porosity, the angle of repose and the angle of friction. The larger geometric size of grain is, the greater the angle of slope is, which has a positive effect on gravity feed of grains during transportation by gravity pipes. Because of the complexity of the processes, many cereal and flour mills are characterized by a significant extent of processing grain products, which reaches a few kilometres of machines and different mechanisms for average powered plants [6, 8-10].
That is why the study of physical and mechanical properties of grain has not only theoretical but also practical meaning. Given that these properties vary considerably depending on weather conditions, growing technologies and features of varieties, it requires thorough study. In addition, physical and mechanical characteristics of triticale grain have not been studied enough and thus it determines the relevance of the study.
The aim of the research is to study the physical and mechanical properties and quality of barley grain depending on weather conditions and properties of the variety.
Research Methodology. Barley grain of Zvershennya and Komandor varieties were grown on the experimental field of educational research and production department of Uman National University of Horticulture, while barley of Svagor variety was grown in the experimental field of the farm «Prolisok+» in Graniv village, Haysyn district of Vinnitsa region.
The study was conducted during 2011-2015 in the Department of Technology of storage and grain processing of Uman National University of Horticulture and on the production complex farm « Prolisok+» in Graniv village, Haysyn ditrict, Vinnytsia region.
Linear dimensions were measured for the grain of barley by the method described by G. A. Egorov [4].
Grains volume (V) and an external surface area (F) were
calculated by the formulas:
V = k»a»b»{, mm3
(1)
where - a, b, I are width, thickness and length of grain. k - research coefficient (for barley k=0,58).
F = 1,12xa2 + 3,76xb2 + 0,88x12, mm2 (2)
Peculiarity of grain form is evaluated by its sphericity, which is the ratio of external surface area equivalent grain bullet (Fsh) for up to actual grain area (F):
Ф =
(3)
Thus: Fsh = 4xixr2 ; r = 0,62x^y Specific surface of grain was set by the ratio of the area of the outer surface (F) to the volume of grains (V):
F/V (4)
The volume of surface layers (Vsl) of grain was determined by the formula:
V l = FxG, mm3
(5)
where G - the thickness of tissue (for barley 0,085 mkm).
Mass fraction of starchy endosperm was calculated by the formula:
m
V-V
y y s..
V
x100-m, % (6)
where mz - mass of a bud (for barley mz = 2,5%).
Specific gravity (density) of grain was determined by the formula:
P = m/V, (7)
where m is mass of grain, g/cm3. [3, 4, 6, 8-10].
To determine the quality of the grain standard methods were used: sampling [GOST 13586.3-83; GOST 24104-88]; determination of the color and smell [GOST 10967-75]; contamination [GOST 13586.6-93; GOST 13586.4-83]; debris [GOST 30483-97]; humidity [GOST 13586.5-93]; nature (bulk density) [GOST 10840-64]; 1000 grain weight [GOST 10842-89]; glasslike structure [GOST 10987-76].
Research results. The geometric characteristics of the grain determine its density when forming layer (porosity) and features of the moving grain during transportation. Because of the complexity of the processes cereal plants are characterized by a significant extent of processing grain products, which reaches a few kilometres of machines and various mechanisms (pneumatic pipes, elevators, conveyors, etc.) for average powered plants [8-10].
10 average-sized grains of barley were selected and their size was measured. According to the conducted measurements, indicators of geometric characteristics of the grain vary rather greatly.
To characterize the geometric features of grain, it is not enough only to specify linear dimensions. The value of volume, area, sphericity, specific surface of grains, specific
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F
F
and bulk density that play an important role in moisturizing, heating and cooling of the grain were determined by the average value of linear dimensions of barley of varieties studied, as well as the volume of surface layers of the grains and mass fraction of endosperm starch which characterize a possible yield of cereals output from such grain (Table 1).
The obtained values of physical and mechanical indicators of wheat and triticale (Table 1) are within the limits given in the sources of literature [2, 5, 6, 7]. The grains of barley variety of Zvershennya averages linear dimensions almost coincided with the corresponding average values of literature sources. However, the grains of barley of Komandor, the average for the years of research, the width and thickness of the grains is 0,1 mm larger, and the length is 0,3 mm less than the corresponding mean values from literature sources slight advantage grown in 2014.
In turn, the grains of variety of Svagor the length, width, thickness were respectively 9,6, 3,4, 3,0 mm, an increase of 10-26% of the corresponding mean values of sources and literature at 13-23% and 8-30% average data the grains of barley of Commandor and Zvershennya varieties respectively.
For grains of barley of Svagor variety value and volume of external surface area accounted for 49,9 mm3 and 129,1 mm2 respectively, more average values of literature sources respectively 1,9 and 1,4 times.
Specific surface of grains was determined by the ratio F/V. This indicator is extremely important in grain drying because it is responsible for the intensity of the heat exchange and moisture diffusion in the grain. The value of this indicator for barley is - 2,56-4,20 and exceed the average literature data for corresponding crops except barley of Komandor and Svagor varieties
all the years of study (Table 1).
It is obvious that with decreasing grain size decreases ratio value of volume and area of the outer surface; therefore, small grains should have a higher content of shells and smaller content of the endosperm.
Furthermore, cereals are obtained by means of endosperm and coat, aleurone layer and embryo should be sent in by-products and waste. It is therefore important to have information about the content in the grain endosperm of the parties and the amount of surface layers of the grains to
make a prediction about the possible yield of the product.
It is estimated that in the barley variety Zvershennya 63,3% starch of the endosperm, while in grades Komandor and Svagor to 6-12% more.
The volume of surface layers of grains of barley during the years of study varied within 7,62-11,08 mm3 (Table 1). Among the varieties studied, grains of Svagor variety (10,87-11,08 mm3) had the highest figure and Komandor variety had the lowest figure (30% less).
The highest value of bulk density was determined in the grain of barley of Svagor variety -0,64 kg/dm2.
Specific gravity (density) of the grain as a whole describes chemical composition, structure, fullness, hardness, strength, maturity of the grain and has a great impact on productive properties. Starch and minerals have the highest specific mass, therefore with the increase of their share density of grains increases, and, conversely, increased protein and lipid lower the density of grain. The highest value of specific gravity was determined in the grain of barley of Komandor variety - 1,30 g/cm3, while for Zvershennya and Svagor varieties - 1,5 and 14,6% less, respectively (Table 1).
The quality of the finished product depends on the quality of raw materials. Study of grain quality showed that the samples have smell and taste typical for crops.
Technological properties of grain are a combination of features and indicators of its quality which characterize the state of grain in processing and production processes and affect the yield and quality of the product.
Table 2 present comparative characteristic of technological properties of barley grain, of the varieties studied.
Determined that the value of barley grain humidity 6-10% less than the allowable upper limit. Total waste impurities content in the grain barley varieties Achievements matches the permissible limit, and barley varieties Commander and less Svahor admission rules 35 and 25% respectively. In turn, admixture grain barley varieties accomplishments, and Commander Svahor, average years of research, is 2,5, 3,3 and 2,8%, part of the permissible limits. Content compliance standards of quality grain impurities evidence of a thorough cleaning.
Weight of 1000 grains of barley varieties Commander was 32,6-37,6 g (with preferred grain in 2014), while class
Table 1
Physical and mechanical properties of barley grain
Variety Year Size, mm Grains volume, V, mm3 Sphericity, & External surface area, F, mm2 Specific surface of grain, F/V Volume of surface layers, Vsl, mm3 Mass fraction of starchy endosperm, me, % Specific gravity (density), p, г/см3 Bulk density, kg/dm2
length, I width, a thickness, b
Zvershennya 2011 8,9 2,6 2,1 24,3 0,43 93,8 3,86 7,97 64,7 1,29 0,62
2012 8,8 2,6 2,1 24,1 0,44 101,1 4,20 8,59 61,8 1,28 0,61
average 8,8 2,6 2,1 24,2 0,43 97,5 4,03 8,28 63,3 1,28 0,61
Komandor 2013 8,4 2,6 2,3 25,1 0,46 89,6 3,57 7,62 67,2 1,30 0,63
2014 8,4 2,8 2,5 29,4 0,47 90,9 3,09 7,73 71,2 1,28 0,62
2015 8,4 2,8 2,4 28,2 0,48 92,5 3,28 7,86 69,6 1,31 0,64
average 8,4 2,7 2,4 27,6 0,47 91,0 3,30 7,74 69,3 1,30 0,63
Svagor 2014 9,7 3,5 3,0 50,9 0,52 130,3 2,56 11,08 75,7 1,10 0,64
2015 9,6 3,4 3,0 48,9 0,50 127,9 2,62 10,87 75,3 1,12 0,65
average 9,6 3,4 3,0 49,9 0,51 129,1 2,59 10,98 75,5 1,11 0,64
According to literature sources* 7,010,0 2,03,0 1,73,0 12,045,0 - 58,5131,9 - 4,9711,21 62-69 1,131,28 0,540,70
8,7 2,6 2,3 26,0 0,45 94,1 3,62 8,00 67,0 - -
LSD 5% 0,45 0,15 0,13 1,70 0,03 5,30 0,16 0,45 3,81 0,06 0,03
Note. * - according to [5-7]: above the line - the border; below the line - average.
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Table 2
Characteristics and quality standards of barley grain
The actual quality grade
Zvershennya Komandor Svagor
Permissible limits (1 class) (DSTU 3769-98) [11] year Î
Indicator 2011 2012 average 2013 2014 2015 average 2014 2015 average
Moisture, % not more 14,5 13,4 13,8 13,6 13,0 13,0 13,5 13,2 12,6 13,6 13,1 0,66
Waste impurities, %: not more 2,0 2,0 2,1 2,0 1,1 1,3 1,6 1,3 1,9 1,1 1,5 0,08
- mineral admixture not more 0,3 -
Grain impurities, % not more 7,0 2,8 2,2 2,5 3,4 3,5 3,0 3,3 2,8 2,8 2,8 0,15
Contamination by pests, units of live specimens not allowed in addition to mite infestation level 1 not found
Nature, g/l no less 600 615 606 610 630 624 640 631 635 645 640 31,80
Weight of 1000 grains, g 20-55* 31,3 30,8 31,1 32,6 37,6 36,9 35,4 54,8 54,8 54,8 2,02
Note. * - according to literature sources [5-7].
achievements - 30,8-31,3 g (with preferred grain in 2011), in its all for variety Svahor this figure corresponded to 54,8 g (30-40% and 43-44% more than corn varieties Commander and Achievements respectively). Nature is indicated barley varieties was 606-645 g/l.
Barley does not apply to crops hulled because determination of films for the culture is not mandatory standards and is not standardized. However, we found that plivchastist barley is 10,9-12,2%, which corresponds to the source literature (10-13%) [6, 7].
In the specimens studied no pests were found.
Conclusion. Thus, comparing the geometric parameters of barley it was found that grain of Zvershennya variety has the most elongated shape and grain of Svagor variety has prevailing linear dimensions. It should be used while preparation of grain for processing as well as the selection of sieves, machines and speed of rotation of their working bodies.
There was a tendency of changes in the geometric characteristics of the grain of the varieties studied under the influence of weather conditions of the year of study. Significant difference in physical indicators of grains of different growing years was recorded in the barley grain of Zvershennya variety in terms of external surface area, specific surface and volume of surface layers; Komandor -thickness, volume and specific surface; Svagor - volume.
Large linear dimensions are found in the barley grain of Svagor variety.
Barley grain of Zvershennya, Komandor and Svagor varieties has marked peculiarities of type and variety, meets the requirements in terms of external geometric parameters, volume, area of the outer surface, sphericity, specific and volume weight, volume of surface layers of grains and mass fraction of endosperm starch, indicating its suitability for processing.
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