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Phraseologisms use in scientific & technical texts and their translation techniques
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2. Апресян Ю. Д. Проблема фактивности: знать и его синонимы.//Вопросы языкознания. - 1995. -№ 4. - С. 43-64.
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Bashmakova Irina Stepanovna, Irkutsk State Technical University, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, the Faculty of Applied Linguistics E-mail: bis61@mail.ru
Phraseologisms use in scientific & technical texts and their translation techniques
Abstract: The article dwells on the linguistic and extra-linguistic factors of phraseologization in scientific and technical texts. The phraseologism functions in technical texts are designated. The terminologization phenomenon of phraseologisms is identified. Interaction principles between phraseologism and its context are formulated. The main directions of contextualization in terms of discourse are determined. Idiomatic contexts are considered as mythological discourse components. Due to that point, the technique of analyzing and translating phraseologisms is defined. In the given article the terms phraseologism and idiom are considered as fully interchangeable.
Keywords: phraseologism, idiom, phraseologization, contextualization, linguistic factors, extra-linguistic factors, term, term formation process, target language, cognitive center, categorization, mythological discourse.
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Section 6. Linguistics
Phraseology is a unique treasure of any language. Being highly informative language units, phraseolo-gisms/idioms, constant combination of words with holistic meaning [1], reflect the history of people, the uniqueness of people’s culture, the events which once happened. As a result, the question ofphraseologism/id-iom translation into other languages is of particular importance in the science and practice of translation. Moreover, there is a tendency to use phraseologisms not only in belles-lettres but in technical texts, as well. The aim of the given article is to offer phraseologism translation technique based on the author’s interpretation approach to English idioms. According to the author’s point of view, any phraseologism has its cognitive center. The center is of a myth type [2, 119-124]. To know the myth means to interpret the necessary phraseologism in the right way, consequently, to translate the text itself into another language adequately. The author’s approach to understanding idioms gives wide opportunities for further discoveries in representing knowledge in mythological terms of language and speech analysis, which is the sphere of anthropologists, linguists and political scientists, in the course on intercultural communication, in the theory and practice translation.
The research materials are well-known English idi-oms/phraseologisms and newly formed ones. The research is focused on phraseological identification method [3].
Among linguists there are several notions which exist on the point how to translate texts from original language into other languages. Some scholars suppose that the information expressed by author in the text should be “reexpressed” by translator; others offer not to translate the words but to translate the text impression. In spite of the differences in approaches to the process of translation, we have to admit the fact that we can’t do without translation process today. As we live in the time of globalized world, we have to expand cooperation between states, to conduct intercultural dialogue, to be aware of great deal of information in various professional spheres. Accordingly, not only professional translators but, the great majority of population as well, have to do different sorts of text translation day by day.
For subsequent research, it is necessary to define the content of the term “text”. In the given article, the definition of Kintsch and van Dijk, based on cognitive linguistics principles, has been chosen [4, 5]. According to the scientists’ approach, discourse is considered to be the broadest linguistic object encircling not only the language structure of the speech product, but also
the typical parameters of the communicative situation. In contrast to discourse, text is a more specific phenomenon, which does not go beyond the actual structural and semantic parameters of speech works. In speech activity communicants can move from discourse to text and vice versa, depending on their role at a certain period of time. The first way is the production of speech, the search for linguistic means of expression of the information that speaker/writer intends to inform listener/read-er, i. e. from discourse to the text. The second way is the action of listener/reader. If the interpreter wants to penetrate deeper into the meaning of a particular text, as in the case of translation, he has to derive the necessary information out of the discourse components. Exactly discourse gives information about things or people, about events or actions, i. e. about the precise fragments of the world called a situation or models. As a result of the text understanding is the text meaning presentation in episodic memory in the form of a text base. The text base represents the meaning of the given context, whereas a model represents the referred situation (denotation of the text). This kind of model plays an important role in such mental activities as reasoning, image creation, recollection, recognition, etc. The above detailed review gives the opportunity to analyze texts with phraseologisms/id-ioms in their content more adequately. As it was mentioned above, the two terms phraseologism and idiom are regarded as interchangeable.
It is considered that idioms might be used for more expressiveness in belles-lettres only. However, with all its stylistic distance from fiction rich with expressive means, idioms can be used in scientific and technical texts, as well. The examples below are the illustrations to the given affirmation.
1. The Achilles’ heel of X-ray laser turned out to lie in how tightly the beam can be focused. (Helmholz association of German research center) [6].
2. The Achilles’ heel of senescent cells: from tran-scriptome to senolytic drugs [7].
3. Risk compensation: the Achilles’ heel of innovations in HIV prevention? [8].
4. BIS Working Papers No 456 The international monetary and financial system: its Achilles’ heel and what to do about it [9].
5. While translating the first sentence including the idiom “the Achilles’ heel”, we are to take into consideration the fact that X-ray laser has a destructive flaw which leads to fatal consequences. Such conclusion has to be done because of the extra information implicit in the discourse. No doubt, in any text where an idiom is
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Phraseologisms use in scientific & technical texts and their translation techniques
used, an addresser/addressee “extracts" extra knowledge out of his episodic memory. As a rule, such information is of a myth type. While analyzing the first example, we deal with the Greek legend about Achilles, a historical character, who was dipped to the water of the river Styx in order to be invulnerable. His mother held him by his heel, and consequently that was the only invulnerable part of Achilles’ body. Later, Achilles, a man of war survived in many great battles, was killed with a poisonous arrow got shot exactly to his heel [10]. The idiom Achilles’ heel becomes a mythological discourse unit where are no taxis relations. Exactly, the mythological discourse is the integer from which the part (idiom) is extracted from. The anthroponym Achilles as a part of the idiom is included harmoniously in the discourse structure which possesses the mythological narration. Accordingly, the use of phraseologism “Achilles’ heel” in the given above extract is not accidental but purposeful, viz. to persuade scientists to improve the laser quality as the use of it might lead to mortal consequences.
Many scientists specify the mythological contexts which denote knowledge (Losev, 1994, Pyatigorsky, 1996, 2004, Pakhomov, 2012) [11; 12; 13]. There is nothing haphazard in the world. Any myth is originated by facts. As any personalities or events are unique, they are the “core” of phraseologisms with its universal significance. Thus, myth is a symbol which has a generalized principle of semantic content further explication. It is considered, that all phraseologism components have equal parts in its formation [14]. Nevertheless, it is possible to make more radical affirmation. The affirmation is about cognitive center of phraseologism which represents specific knowledge of a mythological type [2, 73-78]. It is the center where illocution and proposition are in one. Being the cognitive center of phraseologism, it irradiates on the rest components by its symbolic meaning. Thereby, the translation of the text including phraseologism is implemented with taking into account the information, incorporated into the phraseologism generally and to its center, particularly. It is absolutely clear how to interpret the sentence or a text which includes phraseologism and this phraseolo-gism is with a proper name in its structure. However, far not all phraseologisms are formed with proper names. What is the way to translate the texts with phraseolo-gisms, trying to preserve the meaning that the author intends to bring to addressee’s mind?
The Russian linguist Retsker Ya. I., distinguishes three ways to transfer phraseologisms into a foreign language. They are: 1) with full image saving; 2) with a partial image
change; 3) with a complete image change [15]. Thus, while translating, one can present the concept in translator’s own words, or he can give the proper meaning of the words, or substitute signs of one semantic sign system by another semantic system signs. In each case, the choice of translation decisions depends on the particular use of the transformed idioms, on the presence or absence of correlative means in the target language.
Roughly we can divide all translations into phraseological and nonphraseological translations. Phraseological translation means the use of phraseologisms in a form of absolute equivalents or partial idiomatic compliance in the text of translation (e. g. to play the first violin = to play the first fiddle, to go against the flow=to go against the stream, etc.). Partial equivalents are: to stand sb.’s ground = to stand on one’s bottom, to laugh stealthily = to laugh into one’s sleeve, etc. Phraseological equivalent means such an idiom, which is fully matched to the meaning in the target language. As a rule, such idioms are based on a unique single image. Translators can transfer them to another language without any difficulties. As it was mentioned above, all phraseologisms which include proper names are based on a single image incorporated in myth. Hence, the meaning of the translated variants will be remained. Unfortunately, more often translators have to substitute phraseologisms or to omit them. In this case, nonphraseological translation is presented (e. g. in Russian “обобрать как липку” means “to rob sb.” but not to pluck linden flowers from the linden tree). As there are no equivalents in other languages to a large number of phraseologisms, translation transformations are used like the ones used for belles-lettres. Translation transformations are interlingual transformations of the original text elements with the view of achieving the translation equivalent in the target language. Such transformations give opportunity to convey to the reader more accurate meaning of the text with phraseologism. Taking into consideration large amount of translated works dealing with phraseologisms in technical texts, it can be concluded that the most frequently used means of transformation are: phraseological loan translation (literal translation), transliteration (alphabetic transfer), description (explanatory translation when the original phraseologism is described by details), approximate translation (the original phraseologism is interpreted by matching words with significant similarities which can reveal the essence of the described phenomenon).
As it was already mentioned above, the main peculiarity of scientific and technical text is accurate, complete presentation of the material with little amount of
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expressive elements which are often used in literature for emotional intensity. However, lately, more and more idiomatic combinations of a technical nature are used in scientific and technical texts (e. g. In full blast; Wing-box; The wire is alive; Hot side; Fish plate, The fly-by wire, egg and dart, etc.). The particularity of information expression does not prevent such phraseologisms to function as units of special concepts nominations in scientific and technical texts. In some cases, they represent author’s individuality or the oneness of the sphere use. In view of the fact that phraseologisms with technical focus are motivated by analytical entities, the translation problems are of the same sorts as with the translation of phraseologisms in belles-lettres.
It should be noted that phraseologisms in technical text have the traditional functions. They are: nominative, communicative, cognitive. Moreover, phraseologism in such texts is allotted by additional functions:
- The function to express information;
- Axiological or valuation function;
- The function to storage and transmit national and cultural concepts and concepts of professional knowledge;
- The function of conceptual lacuna filling by phraseologism which in compressed form contains the necessary information, explicable by linguacultural analysis;
- Text-forming function in the form of verbalized discourse markers that have phraseologism properties [16].
The process of phraseologisaton in technical texts is correlated with the processes of synonymy, polysemy, metaphor and metonymy that lead to the idiomatic properties formation of professional lexis. In turn, because of the multilingual communication increase in scientific and technological world, one can observe a terminolo-gization phenomenon of phraseologisms themselves. In this process, phraseologisms are endowed with additional significance and function as multi-terms.
There are two directions of phraseologism transition into the term category. They are:
1) when the phraseologism itselfbecomes the term (e. g. to drop out of the picture; the ports are very much on the ball);
2) when the term-phraseologism is transferred to another sphere, absolutely different in meaning (e. g. oil spill — in new category means to reveal a secret with serious consequences for the person whose secrets were revealed; a shot in the locker — in new category means remaining possibility).
The main function of scientific and technical text is to describe the linguistic and conceptual fact of a particular field of knowledge by professional lexical means. However, in scientific and technical texts, along with special terms phraseologisms (idiomatic expressions) are used, performing expressive function, comprising discourse markers. Extralinguistic factors that influence on the frazeologization process in scientific and technical texts are interdisciplinary sciences achievements, the results of globalization, active internationalization of production.
Conclusion:
1. The aim of scientific and technical text is to give information of a particular field of knowledge by means of professional lexis. However, along with professional terms in scientific and technical texts phraseolo-gisms/idioms are used.
2. Extralinguistic factors which influence on the process of phraseologization in scientific and technical texts are globalization, international cooperation in different spheres.
3. Traditionally, phraseologism/idiom is considered to be a unique sign which can hardly be interpreted by any logical scheme. However, the phraseologism meaning can be defined by the phraseologism cognitive center interpretation.
4. The world we are living in is the world of myths. Discourses can represent myths, as well. In this case, discourses are of irrational type. Phraseologisms with proper name are represented in communicant’s linguistic world as components of definite mythological discourses. In the act of phraseologism with proper name usage, the first indicators are the idiom links with the discourse of a definite type, and immanent meaning structure of the phraseologism. The proper name predicative meaning type of realization is significant.
5. The determination of phraseologism cognitive center and the way of its categorization is the main phraseologism translation technique.
References:
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2. Башмакова И. С. Когнитивные аспекты антропонима в составе английской идиомы. - Иркутск: Иркутский гос. лингвист. университет, 1998.
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Integrative approach to analysis of temporality markers in Ukranian poetry of the 20th century
4. Dijk T. A. van. Discourse as Structure and Process.//Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. -Vol. 1. - London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1997.
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Bondarenko Alla Ivanovna, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, doctoral student, Institute of Philology E-mail: alla_bon@ukr.net
Integrative approach to analysis of temporality markers in Ukranian poetry of the 20th century
Abstract: The paper suggests a linguistic methodology to analyse the functional-semantic field of temporality in poetic language. It argues for an integrative (polyparadigmatic) approach to the subject of analysis. It defines the nature of such approach, singles out the factors which justify its use, formulates its principles as well as anticipates the results of the study.
Keywords: functional-semantic field of temporality, temporality markers, integrative approach.
Бондаренко Алла Ивановна, Киевский национальный университет имени Тараса Шевченко,
докторант, Институт филологии E-mail: alla_bon@ukr.net
Интегративный подход к изучению маркеров темпоральности в украинской поэтической речи ХХ века
Аннотация: В статье рассматривается проблема поиска лингвистической методологии изучения функционально-семантического поля темпоральности в поэтической речи. Обосновывается интегративный (полипара-дигмальный) подход к предмету анализа, определяется его сущность, выделяются факторы, обусловливающие его выбор, формулируются принципы, прогнозируются результаты научного исследования.
Ключевые слова: функционально-семантическое поле темпоральности, темпоральные маркеры, интегративный подход.
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