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OVERVIEW OF THE EPIZOOTIC SITUATION OF ANTHRAX IN KAZAKHSTAN
BERDIKULOV MAXAT AMANBEKOVICH
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, «National Reference Center for Veterinary», Astana, st. 150 years of Abai, 22/3, A20C2D0M, Kazakhstan
SANSYZBAY ABYLAI RYSBAYULY
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences,Professor, «Kazakh National Agrarian Research University», Almaty, 26 Abai Avenue, A20C2D0M, Kazakhstan
PAZYLOV ERLAN KUTTYBAYEVICH
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, «National Reference Center for Veterinary», Astana, st. 150 years of Abai, 22/3, A20C2D0M, Kazakhstan
ORAL ZHULDYZ MEYIRZHANKYZY
Master of Veterinary Sciences, Almaty branch Sciences «National Reference Center for Veterinary», Almaty, 221b Rayymbek Avenue, A20C2D0M, Kazakhstan
RAKHYM ULZHAN
Master of Veterinary Sciences, Almaty branch Sciences «National Reference Center for Veterinary», Almaty, 221b Rayymbek Avenue, A20C2D0M, Kazakhstan
Annotation. The results of the analysis of the epidemiological situation of anthrax in Kazakhstan are presented. It has been established that epizootic distress in the country is caused by outbreaks of anthrax in hyperendemic and endemic territories among both agricultural and wild animals. The largest number of infected animals with anthrax is noted in Zhambyl and Karaganda regions.
The analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation of anthrax in Kazakhstan has been carried out, and the incidence forecast for 2018-2023 has been presented according to an official report in the WHO.
An epizootological investigation showed that cattle grazing was carried out on pastures common to these villages, where the soil source of infection is probably located - an old anthrax burial site.
For all regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the average epizootic index for 5 years was - 1, except for Zhambyl, Akmola and Kostanay regions, it ranged from 0.5-0.7. In the East Kazakhstan, North Kazakhstan, Akmola, Aktiubinsk, Turkestan and Abai regions, the epizootic index was 0.25, as well as in other regions, the epizootic index was 0, since no cases of anthrax infection were recorded.
Despite the downward trend in the incidence of anthrax in the world, this particularly dangerous infectious disease of animals and humans has a transcontinental nature of spread and requires constant monitoring and updating of information on its situation.
Key words: monitoring, epizootic analysis, anthrax.
Introduction. Anthrax, a zoonotic infection caused by Bacillus anthracis, continues to be a serious problem for veterinary medicine and public health almost all over the world. Currently, according to the WHO, anthrax diseases in humans, cattle and small cattle have been registered in 158 countries. Every year, 2,000 to 20,000 cases of human disease are registered in the world. The disease is widespread in many countries in Africa, Asia, South and Central America, the Middle East and the Caribbean. The Bacillus anthracis reservoir is very resistant, since in the soil the spore forms of the pathogen not only persist for a long time, but also recline with the transition to vegetative, and then back to the spore form. Such passages increase the viability of bacilli and without
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decontamination, soil foci can exist indefinitely for a long time, being a source of infection for both domestic and wild ungulates [1-5].
1 Preventive and anti-epidemic measures are the most important tasks, since there are a large number of epizootic, epidemic, soil foci, and permanently disadvantaged settlements with anthrax in Kazakhstan. The presence of such foci causes an immediate epidemiological danger in the form of human disease. The medicines available in the arsenal of health authorities (antibacterial drugs) are not effective in all cases. Antibiotic-resistant forms of anthrax are found in nature. Indication and identification of altered forms of the pathogen is difficult. The use of vaccines increases the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures, but is not an absolutely guaranteed way to combat anthrax.
Materials and methods. Analysis of the epidemic and epizootic situation of anthrax in Kazakhstan and the world for 2018-2023. The collection and analysis of materials was carried out in electronic libraries, articles of information resources were used: data from the WHO, the official website of the World Animal Health Information System, https://www.woah.org /.
When analyzing the epizootic situation, a comprehensive epizootic research method was used: 1) a comparative historical description of the epizootic process; 2) a comparative geographical description of the epizootic process; 3) statistical research and epizootic analysis. Collection of information (number of susceptible, diseased, fallen animals, type, age of diseased animals; seasonality of the disease, number of vaccinated and examined animals) and registration of disadvantaged settlements for the period from 2018 to 2023.
According to the analysis of available statistical data from the international information database OIE. Wahis for the period from 2018 to 2023, the regions of Kazakhstan are permanently disadvantaged by anthrax.
In this project, data from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan were used in depth for 5 years, as well as official reports brought to the media.
Results and discussion. The analysis of antiepizootic measures carried out against anthrax in the Republic shows that in recent years this disease has been registered annually, while the number of foci of this disease is characterized by constancy, so in 2018 7 foci were registered, in 2019 -7, in 2021 -9, in 2022 6 were noted and in 2023 - 10 cases. The disease was recorded during this period among various animal species, but most often among cattle, equine and swine.
Currently, the zoning of the territory according to the degree of trouble due to anthrax is carried out in order to rationally organize preventive and antiepizootic measures. In 2018, 7 outbreaks of anthrax were registered in the country in Zhambyl region - 4 foci and East Kazakhstan region - 3.
In 2019, there were 5 cases of anthrax infection in the Akmola region and 2 in the Aktobe region.
In 2021, 4 foci of anthrax were registered in Kostanay region, 2 in North Kazakhstan region, and 3 in Turkestan region.
In 2022, -2 foci in Zhambyl region, 2 in Kostanay region, as well as in 2023, -2 foci in Zhambyl region, 4 foci in Abai region and 4 foci in Akmola region were eliminated and officially published on the WOAH website. All types of farm animals (cattle, swine, equine, small cattle) were susceptible.
For all regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the average epizootic index for 5 years was - 1, except for Zhambyl, Akmola and Kostanay regions, it ranged from 0.5-0.7. In the East Kazakhstan, North Kazakhstan, Akmola, Atiubinsk, Turkestan and Abai regions, the epizootic index was 0.25, as well as in other regions, the epizootic index was 0, since no cases of anthrax infection were recorded.
The focal rate in the region was - 0.75, since one case of anthrax was considered as one focus. Only in Zhambyl and Kostanay regions it was 0.75, because several cases of anthrax were recorded in one locality at the same time.
Table 1 - Epizootic situation of anthrax in Kazakhstan for 2018-2023
№ Regions Type of The Percenta
animal numbe r of ge indicator Percent age of disadva ntaged localitie s by district, %
Outbreaks animal s in the diseas e center The share of disadvant aged areas in the Epi zoot ic inde x The intensity of the epizootic situation, %
region,
%
1. Zhambylskaya 8 Cattle, equine 8 554 0,09 27 0,75 20,25
2. Abayskaya 4 Cattle, equine, small cattle, swine 12969 3 0,01 33 0,25 8,25
3. Turkestan 3 Cattle, equine 90947 0,01 17,6 0,25 4,4
4. Aktobe 2 Cattle, equine 491 0,4 15,3 0,25 3,8
5 Akmola 9 Cattle, equine 12969 3 0,01 25 0,75 18,75
6. North Kazakhstan region 2 swine 90626 0,01 14,3 0,25 3,5
7. East Kazakhstan Region 3 Cattle, equine 559 0,5 27,3 0,25 6,8
8. Kostanay 6 Cattle, equine 87677 0,06 30 0,75 22,5
Total: 37 - - - - - -
It can be seen from the table data that over 5 years there were anthrax foci in all regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, except for the West Kazakhstan region, Almaty, Karaganda, Zhetisusky and Kyzylorda regions.
Conducting an epizootological analysis of particularly dangerous infections is extremely important, since it is the basis for carrying out a set of measures to prevent various diseases. Epizootological analysis involves processing a huge amount of data.
The analysis of the epizootic situation in the country shows that out of the number of socially significant infectious diseases registered on the territory of the republic, the number of registered disadvantaged anthrax sites for the period 2018-2023 is 45 points, which indicates the widespread and social significance of the disease. The purpose of the research is to collect and systematize data on the epizootic process of anthrax in the territory of the republic, in order to assess the epizootic process, modeling and forecasting geographical distribution.
The administrative districts of Kostanay, Zhambyl, Akmola and East Kazakhstan regions are classified as a zone of high infection. Based on the data obtained, the zoning of the territory of the republic for anthrax was carried out, in which zones were identified according to the degree of potential danger of these diseases and recommended preventive measures. Analyzing the data of disadvantaged points for anthrax reflected in Table 2, it should be noted that among the designated
areas, the largest number of disadvantaged points were registered in Zhambyl, East Kazakhstan and Kostanay regions. During this period, 8 foci of infections were registered in Zhambyl region, of which 50% were registered in 2019, 4 foci, respectively, farm animals were involved in the infectious process.
In the East Kazakhstan region, the disease manifested itself in 2018 (3 disadvantaged points), in the Zhambyl region in subsequent years, the registration of the disease did not exceed 2, in total 8 disadvantaged points were registered. In the Aktobe region, the number of disadvantaged settlements amounted to 2. 3 foci were registered in the Turkestan region, of which 3 occurred in 2021, which is 25%. There were 6 cases of unfavorable points for anthrax of agricultural animals in the Kostanay region for the period 2018-2023. Cattle, small cattle, swine, and equine were involved in the infectious process. The main outbreak of the disease is in 2021. Anthrax outbreaks were recorded in 8 regions of the country, these are 37 disadvantaged points over 5 years, 47.05%, respectively, throughout the Republic.
The main antiepizootic measures against anthrax are reduced to vaccination of agricultural workers in disadvantaged areas where the disease has been registered over the past 5 years, subcutaneous immunization of all animals in the hearth and in the buffer zone. An analysis of the epizootic situation of anthrax shows that the largest number of disadvantaged settlements are registered in the humid regions of the country, with sick animals being the main source.
Currently, nature itself has become the regulator of anthrax epizootics. The outbreak of anthrax, which arose as a result of abnormally warm weather in the country, may be repeated in other regions. Global warming can provoke many more cases of diseases, the causative agents of which have been in perpetual activity for centuries. The current situation is a critical warning about the need to carry out anti-epizootic measures in conjunction with other departments (medical service) and the veterinary service of the state. In addition, it is necessary to take measures to control this disease at a large-scale level.
Conclusion. The analysis of the epizootic situation for anthrax shows that it is necessary to vaccinate susceptible animals, with the exception of wild susceptible animals in a state of natural freedom, with anthrax vaccines according to the instructions for their use in accordance with the diagnostic research plan.
Despite the ongoing measures in the country, it is not possible to limit the spread of anthrax and completely eliminate the disease in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Infection can occur with the participation of a large number of transmission factors. These include secretions from the skin of sick animals, their internal organs, meat and other food products, soil, water, air, environmental objects seeded with anthrax spores, therefore, the following quantitative indicators were used to determine the risk of disease in the territory of a particular region of the Republic of Kazakhstan:
1. The share of disadvantaged areas in the region over 5 years. The data was taken from the OIE.wahis report.
2. The average density of susceptible livestock, the number of vaccinated livestock in the region (large and small cattle and mixed herd) was taken into account.
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