CC BY
29
DOI: 10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2016.03.133.p267-274
PHYSIQUE, BODY COMPOSITION AND MOTOR PERFORMANCES IN HUNGARIAN STUDENTS Zsolt Szakaly, Ferenc Ihasz, Csaba Konczos, Szechenyi Istvan University, Apaczai Csere Janos Faculty, Institute of Sport Science, Gyor, Hungary, Judit K Plachy, Eszterhazy Karoly Collage, Jozsef Bognar, Hungarian University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary, Ko-lomiets Olga, Ural State University of Physical Culture, Chelyabinsk, Russia
Annotation
The transition in Hungarian society with its negative characterizes appears in a considerable extent in higher education. One of these is immobile lifestyle. The examination targeted the following: 1. The examination of habitude based on a questionnaire, which made it possible to gain data of students life- style and social status. 2. The definition of students' build and body composition. 3. Definition of the examined group's motor performance features by means of four motor- tests. The examined individuals are in their first year at the West-Hungarian University Apaczai Faculty (male, n=66, female, n=105) in the social worker, cultural affairs organizer and elementary schoolteacher departments, having 2 PE periods a week. The other group receives special training and will become elementary school PE teachers (female, n = 59, male, n = 51). For the questionnaire we used the Gyor-Moson-Sopron County ANTSZ Healt Protection Department's „Habitude survey of the Adult Population" method (Bajtay 1999).
Physique was examined Heath and Carter (1967), Conrad (1963) and body composition with guidelines from Drinkwater and Ross (1980). The motor performances were measured by Cooper-test, 30 m run, standing long jump, Indian club-slalom. The data of habitude survey shows that PE-department students spend more of their free-time taking some form of physical exercise, than the other group. However their motor abilities are the same. Significant differences can only be seen in the dynamic performance and manual skills of female students. The male PE students have better motor performances which are due to lower body fat figures and higher muscle-ratio and the fact that on every motor test their coordination played a major role. In the case of females we find that there is a striking difference between the estimated muscle and fat, though even the PE student's fat percentages are higher than it would be expected of their age group. Body composition differences appear in motor- test results as well. A large fat content in body composition is paired with small muscle mass, aerobe- and dynamic power performances, its disadvantageous effect can be clearly seen among females in the traditional group. Based on our examination, we can conclude that in the students we found risk factors which lead to cardio-respiratory system disorder and obesity in later life.
Keywords: lifestyle, physique, body composition, motor performances.
УДК 796.011
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДВИГАТЕЛЬНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ, СОСТАВА ТЕЛА И
ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ ПОДГОТОВЛЕННОСТИ ВЕНГЕРСКИХ СТУДЕНТОВ
Жолт Шакали, Ференц Шхач, Чаба Конзос, Иштван Сечени Университет, Apaczai Csere Янош Факультет, институт спортивной науки, Дьер, Венгрия; Джудит К Плачи, Эстерхази Карой колледж, Венгрия; Джозеф Богнар, Венгерский университет физической культуры, Будапешт, Венгрия; Ольга Ивановна Коломиец, Уральский государственный университет физической культуры, Челябинск, Россия
Аннотация
Современный период в венгерском обществе с его неоднозначными характеристиками проявляется в значительной степени и в сфере высшего образования. Один из отрицательных характе-
ристик современных студентов является малоподвижный образ жизни. Проведен анализ взаимосвязи образа жизни, социального статуса студентов, состава тела и двигательной активности исследуемой группы. Обследование лиц в первый год обучения в Западно-венгерском университете факультета Apaczai (мужчины, n=66, женщины, n=105) на социологическом, и педагогическом факультетах, занимающихся физической культурой 2 раза в неделю. Другая группа получает специальную подготовку учителей физкультуры начальной школы, (женщины, n = 59, мужчины, n = 51). Для тестирования использовался опросник Дьер-Мошон-Шапрон ANTSZ Департамента защиты Здоровья «Оценка привычек взрослого населения" способом (Bajtay 1999). Телосложение было обследовано по методике Хит и Картер (1967), Конрад (1963) и состава тела с рекомендациями от Дринкуотер и Росс (1980). Двигательная активность оценивалась по тесту Купера, 30 м бег, прыжок в высоту. Данные опроса показывают, что студенты педагогических кафедр проводят часть своего свободного времени в различных формах физической активности. Однако их двигательные способности одинаковы. Существенные различия можно увидеть только в работоспособности и динамометрии студенток. Юноши студенты-физкультурники показали лучшую работоспособность, низкий % жира в организме при высокой мышечной массе. У женщин выявлены существенные различия между соотношением мышц и жира, хотя даже у студенток-спортсменок процент жира выше, чем можно было бы ожидать от их возрастной группы. Различия состава тела отражаются и в результатах двигательных тестов. Так в группе женщин, занимающихся ОФП характерно большое содержание жира в составе тела в сочетании с небольшой мышечной массой, низкой аэробной и динамической мощностью. На основе наших исследований, мы можем заключить, что студенты имеют факторы риска, которые приводят к дисфункции кардио-респираторной системы и ожирению в дальнейшей жизни.
Ключевые слова: образ жизни, телосложение, состав тела, моторные характеристики.
INTRODUCTION
The transition in Hungarian society with its negative characterizes appears in a considerable extent in higher education. One of these is immobile lifestyle (Kertai 1994). According to the survey over 40 % of students did not participate in any sports in their free time, the only source of activity was institutional PE. once or twice a week. Together with an unhealthy diet, the disorder in the optimal balance of food/ recreation, this may have serious consequences (Sebokne 1999).
In Hungary the figures for disease and mortality are gradually worsening, among which the cardio-respiratory system disorders are significant (Szabo and Frenkl 1996, Feherne 1999.) In connection to this, obesity is another reason for anxiety, which occurs when the consumption of food and the amount of energy used for work do not balance. Obesity is a disorder where body composition changes and which produces a tendency towards other diseases (Kovacsne 1997, Farrell et al. 1998, Blair- Brodney 1999, Wei et al. 1999).
This paper shows the first results of longitudinal section examination.
The examination targeted the following:
1. The examination of habitude based on a questionnaire, which made it possible to gain data of students' life-style and social status.
2. The definition of students' physique and body composition.
3. Definition of the examined group's motor performance features by means of four motor- tests.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The examined individuals are in their first year at the West-Hungarian University Apaczai Teacher Training College (male, n=66, female, n=104) in the social worker, cultural affairs organizer and elementary schoolteacher departments, having 2 PE periods a week. The other group receives special training and will become elementary school PE teachers (female, n =59, male, n=51). We have the written permission of all students examined.
For the questionary we used the Gyor-Moson-Sopron County ANTSZ Health Protection Department's „Habitude survey of the Adult Population" method. (Bajtay 1999).
Physique was examined Heath and Carter (1967), Conrad (1963) and body composition with guidelines from Drinkwater and Ross (1980).
The Heath and Carter physique typology aimed to define the examined individual's phe-notype. According to the method build can be characterized by three components. I. component (relative obesity) is defined by measuring the triceps-, scapula and hip fold on the right side of the body. The total of the three gives the first components relative weight. II. component (relative roboticist) to define, we must know the thickness of skinfold on the medial side of the lower leg and triceps, the measurement of the thigh, the bent and stretched upper arm, the width of the condyles, the femur and the humorous, furthermore the definition of height. III. component (relative slenderness). The so-called Hirata ratio index must be calculated. Index = height*(build)-0,33. As Heath-Carter suggests, the human build can be defined by 3 components (build components) as the relative balance of the momentary morpho phenotype. The method concludes that the individual's build can be given in three figures.
Conrad's method assumes knowledge of body dimensions. Build is defined along two lines of development. The various types are summarized in as index gained from body measurements. Alternative versions in build can be derived from the metric index (MIX) and the plasticity index (PLX) which shows how mobility development aliens to build, in a right angle system of coordinates, the chest diameter (width, depth) corrected by the linear function of the height, which seems to characterize the picnic or leptosome features of the vertical axis of the coordinate system. PLX: bone structure and muscle characteristics in three figures (shoulder width, diameter of lower arm and circumference of the hand) as an arithmetic total, which gives the horizontal axis. In the past 15 years the Drinkwater and Ross method, based on estimation has become commonly known in anthropometry. The method assumes that if we define certain data of body composition, the fractions should be equal to the easily obtainable body weight. According to this method the human body can be divided into the following fractions: mass of striated muscle, bone mass, essential and stored fat and the rest, the so called residual mass which is mainly composed of intestines. To define the body composition of students we used the value of muscle percentage as compared to total weight. To show the fat content of the body we used the Pafizkova (1961) method.
For measurements we used calibrated instruments.
Concluding an F-test, the measured figures were processed with a two-sample T- test with an 5% level of random error.
The aerobe endurance was measured by the Cooper-test. The test establishes the oxygen uptake (VO2 max.) with a Spiro Ergometric examination during running which is compared to a r=0,9 correlation factor (Cooper 1970). According to other methods of examination, the connection is not so tight. In case of females Bovend'eerdt et al. (1980) 0,65 and males 0,58 correlation values are defined. Kemper (1982) defined similar values using an even larger sample.
With a 30 m run with standing dab start we examined the students accelerations. Field of use: to examine acceleration ability (Fetz- Kornexl 1978).
Long jump from standing dab to examine the dynamic strength of the lower limb and coordination of arm- torso- leg (Fetz- Kornexl 1978.).
Indian club-slalom test to measure manual skill and total body coordination under stress of time element (Hirzt 1976).
RESULTS
Certain characterizes of the habitude of students. The tables show the characteristics of student's habitude and the measured anthropometric figures, motor ability in group averages and speed. The first table contains data on the students' habitude. The students in the Physical Education Department, both male and female. Spent more time at college, than the other group. We can assume that the extra time spent at college would mean afternoon sports activity. The males in the PE. Department group said, that in spite of extra time at school, they had more
free-time than the other group. In the case of females, the amount of free-time is the same in both groups. When examine time spent sleeping or on the various media, there are no significant difference between groups. The PE group report more time spent with physical exercise than the traditional department-group. Females from the non PE. group get the least exercise. Clubbing and eating out represent similar time factors in both groups.
Table 1
Features of students' lifestyle
| Men | Women
Average timespent at college (hour/week)
PE. students Cultural organizer, Social worker PE. students Cultural organizer, Social worker
n 51 66 59 104
Mean 31 26 30 27
Median 30 26,5 30,5 25
Range 25-40 15-40 23-40 20-35
Free- time (hour/week)
Mean 34 28 26 28
Median 31,5 26,5 25,5 30
Range 10-60 5-60 15-50 15-50
Sleep (hour/day)
Mean 8 8 8 8
Median 8 8 8 8
Range 5,5-9 6-12 7-9 6-10
Medias (TV, radio, reading)(hour/day)
Mean 3 3 3 3
Median 3 3 2,8 2
Range 0,5-4 1-6,5 1-5 0-7
Exercise winter (hour/week)
Mean 5 4 6 4
Median 4 3 5,8 4
Range 2-10 0-10 2-15 0-8
Exercise summer (hour/week)
Mean 8 4 7 4
Median 6 6,5 7,3 6
Range 2-22 0-10 2-15 0-8
Clubbing, eating out (hour/week)
Mean 5 5 4 4
Median 4 3 4,5
Range 2-15 0-20 0-9 0-10
Signs and abbreviations used: n = number of elements, Range = largest and lowest measured value
ANTHROPOMETRICAL FEATURES
Table 2
Anthropometric features in male
PE. (n:51) Traditional group (n:66)
x sd range x sd range p
Age 20,45 1, 51 18,54-23,3 20,26 1,46 18,38-24,67 NS
Height (cm) 176,20 6,64 166,3-188,0 177,70 7,84 164,5-192,0 NS
Weight (kg) 69,61 7,72 54,5-84,00 70,90 11,34 54,7-104,30 NS
Body fat% (Parizkovâ) 15,22 3,81 9,33-22,66 18,63 5,25 7,91-29,71 NS
Estimated muscle % 43,94 2,39 39,77-47,04 40,75 3,00 33,39-45,91 NS
Conrad component MIX -0,74 0,40 -1,49-0,07 -0,95 0,46 -1,97-0,39 NS
PLX 90,21 3,09 82,5-95,20 88,44 4,82 74,1-96,50 NS
Heath-Carter component I. 3,39 1,04 1,84-5,52 4,39 1,64 1,84-8,51 NS
II. 4,35 1,36 2,30-7,15 4,41 1,20 1,78-6,66 NS
III. 2,83 1,06 1,10-4,73 2,96 1,28 0,53-6,61 NS
Signs and abbreviations used: n = number of elements, x=average, sd=standard deviation, Range = largest and lowest measured value, NS= not significant
The table 2. show the anthropometric features in male. According to a certain method of defining optimal body mass (Feherne 1999) the fat content of the body compared to body mass is normal. In the group averages we found certain differences in the estimated body fat, the estimated muscle mass, in the plastically index and the Heath-Carter I. component, although these are not significant. The larger muscle mass and lower body fat found in PE. students shows that regular exercise has a beneficial effect on body composition.
According to the Heath-Carter somatic typical method the PE group males can be ranked to the central category. The students in traditional departments can be found in endo- meso-morph, mezo- ectomorph spheres. This group's height averages as in component I. have a possibility of change in body composition towards a negative value.
Plastic index (PLX|
• О
* 4> » • *
о * *» Л о
О < * Э» О •• О
с •v о •
«р о
О
-2 10 -1,80 -1,50 -1,20 -0,90 -0,60 -0,30 0,00 0,30
0,60
69,00 72,00 7S.00 78,00 81,00 84,00 87,00 90,00 93,00 96,00 99,00
• PE students n = 51 o Traditional students n - 66
Diagram 1. Growth-types of male college students using the Conrad method
In figure one we see male student's physical build with the Conrad method. In both groups examined the picnomorph characteristics are dominant, although in PE group, the en-domorph is not ambiguous and we find mesomorph features. One interesting finding is that the picnomorph build which genetically could lead to obesity is found together with hyperplastic in bone and muscle structure. We must note the large spread shows a relevant diversity in the build of the examined individuals, which can be well seen in the Conrad component.
Table 3
PE. students (n:59) Traditional group (n:104)
x sd range x sd range P
Age 19,97 0,93 18,79- 22,55 19,70 1,27 18,20-24,70 NS
Height (cm) 165,1 5,35 150,60 -174,4 165,80 5,49 154,00-177,2 NS
Weight (kg) 58,70 10,05 46,00- 95,00 57,60 9,12 40,90-87,0 NS
Body fat % (Parizkova) 24,29 4,97 14,06- 34,96 27,89 6,36 14,06-44,20 NS
Estimated muscle % 39,21 2,44 33,67- 43,15 33,58 3,9 23,04-42,97 p<0,001
Conrad component MIX -0,77 0,48 -1,49 0,40 -1,28 0,52 -2,27-0,87 p<0,05
PLX 80,74 3,88 73,70- 87,40 77,70 3,9 68,20-90,00 NS
Heath-Carter component I. 4,79 1,31 2,60- 8,51 5,40 1,68 2,23-9,76 NS
II. 3,48 1,27 1,56- 6,63 3,47 1,5 0,50-10.00 NS
III. 2,71 1,02 0,50- 4,63 3,04 1,31 0,50-7,21 NS
Signs and abbreviations used: n = number of elements, x=average, sd=standard deviation, Range = largest and lowest measured value, NS= not significant
Table 3 shows the body composition figures and build of the women. The averages are mathematically the same, body fat strays from the average but not in significant differences. According to the system of verifying optimal body mass, the students are all in the normal region (Feherne 1999). Both groups show surprising body fat percentages, which is high for this
age-group and the traditional group have low muscle percentages which means an adverse body composition. According to the Heath-Carter typisation the PE students are mezo- endomorph, the traditional group are a balanced endomorph type. In female students the high body fat and relatively small muscle mass are a good example of the endomorph build so characteristic to unfavorable body composition.
Plastic index (PLX)
61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 9)
< 0 О
O-Í&P О
о и ■ о ■ ■ О, ■
ы í О toff ■о.
о цЦр V ■í
о ■ "i i?
fc
■ о
_ О
■ РЕ students п =59 о Tradittonel students n = 104
Diagram 2. Growth-types of female college students using the Conrad method
In diagram 2 we can see the characteristics in physical build in the Conrad-method. According to this the picnomorph features are dominant in the PE group together with a homoplastic bone and muscle structure. The traditional group has a build which is mesomorph along with homoplastic bone-muscle structure. The figures show a smaller degree of spread than in males. However it is possible to find extremes here as well.
MOTOR PERFORMANCES
In tables 4 and 5 we show the group averages and spread of the motor performance tests of students. The men show a statistically equivalent figure. The Cooper- test averages are very close to the reference figures of Barabbas (1988) and those of Feherne (1999) in symular sample. Cooper (1970) defines the PE students' values as „excellent", while the other group receives a „good" rating.
Table 4
Motor performances of men
PE. students (n=51) Traditional students (n=66) P
Cooper- test
Mean 2725,38 2514,8 NS
sd 356,92 409,77
Range 2280-3580 1550-3420
30-metre sprint
Mean 4,65 4,8 NS
sd 0,25 0,34
Range 4,2-5 4,3-5,6
Static jump
Mean 232,3 221,56 NS
sd 14,02 20,56
Range 210-266 183-260
Club-slalom test
Mean 4,28 5,04 NS
sd 0,46 0,72
Range 3,4-4,8 4,1-7,2
Signs and abbreviations used: n = number of elements, x=average, sd=standard deviation, Range = largest and lowest measured value, NS= not significant
The 30 meter sprint averages do not reach the Grosser and Starischka (1981) values for „average" physical fitness in males. In this case we see that the values of 20 years ago show that today we have worse figures. Tests to measure the dynamic power of the lower limbs by rating static jump performances reach those preferable for this age- group (Feherne 1999). The clubslalom test showed better figure for PE students and smaller spread. Cardio-respiratory results in females show satisfactory levels in PE students while in the other group these do not reach the age-group standard (Barabas 1978, Feherne 1999). Cooper (1987) show PE students as well exercised while the traditional groups are in the „poor" category.
The 30 meter sprint averages do not reach the Grosser and Starischka (1981) „average-fitness" levels for women. The static jump and skill- test averages statistically vary.
Table 5
Motor performances _ of women
PE. students (n=59) Traditional students (n=104) P
Cooper- test
Mean 2193,04 1778,3 NS
sd 257,87 208,07
Range 1880-3420 1130-2410
30-meter sprint
Mean 5,39 5,74 NS
sd 0,35 0,45
Range 4,7-6 4,9-7,2
Static jump
Mean 187,95 160,88 p<0,001
sd 11,95 18,58
Range 160-220 120-210
Club-slalom test
Mean 4,93 5,8 p<0,001
sd 0,43 0,65
Range 3,8-5,6 4-7,5
Signs and abbreviations used: n = number of elements, x=average, sd=standard deviation, Range = largest and lowest measured value, NS= not significant
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The data of habitude survey shows that PE-department students spend more of their freetime taking some form of physical exercise, than the other group. However their motor abilities are the same. Significant differences can only be seen in the dynamic performance and manual skills of female students. We should focus on the figures of males as to physical build and body composition, where the averages are statistically equal. The male PE students have better motor performances which are due to lower body fat figures and higher muscle- ratio and the fact that on every motor test their coordination played a major role. In the case of females we find that there is a striking difference between the estimated muscle and fat, though even the PE student's fat percentages are higher than it would be expected of their age group. Body composition differences appear in motor- test results as well. A large fat content in body composition is paired with small muscle mass, aerobe-and dynamic power performances, its disadvantageous effect can be clearly seen among females in the traditional group.
Based on our examination, we can conclude that in the students we found risk factors which lead to cardio- respiratory system disorder and obesity in later life. The problem is further aggregated by the fact that in the case of these students, who will work as teachers, social workers or cultural affairs organizers, it is their concern to work in the field of health protection and project a healthy lifestyle.
The anthropometric figures and numbers in the survey, prove we have a large spread between male and female students, which projects that the build, body composition and physical performance of students is in sharp contrast. This is another fact which calls for the necessity of
Physical Education and the different levels of ability in higher education.
The results of the survey have enabled us to give students a picture of their physical abilities and present status, thus motivating them to lead healthier lives and to participate in regular exercise and actively respond to Physical education.
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Статья поступила в редакцию 23.03.2016
