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950 East European Scientific Journal #4(68), 2021
Eshpulatov A.
Lecturer at Journalism and Mass Communications University of Uzbekistan
ORIGINS AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLISHING IN UZBEKISTAN
Abstract. This article discusses origins and stages of development of publishing in Uzbekistan. In particular, bibliography in Central Asia as early as the 4th century BC, during the reign of the Timurids, publishers during the Second World War, the post-war years, publishing 30s of last century.
Keywords: book business, printing, book publishing, a printing company, art of manuscript, printing industry, publishing products.
"The book business existed for thousands of years before the advent of printing. In Central Asia, in particular, bookbinding has been practiced since centuries BC. Many rare books were written here before the Arab conquest. This work also flourished during the Arab Caliphate. Historians, calligraphers, clerks, binders, sculptors and so on"45. The historian entrusted the works of writers to specialists who could do the work faster and better than them, without having to copy them themselves as before. The books were mostly copied by hand by special editors. Thus the art of calligraphy came into being and developed. Dividing the pages of a book into squares of different sizes, drawing colorful lines and patterns on the edges of the pages, and writing the name of the book in gold letters on the cover and captions has become a common style of book decoration. The works of Ahmad Fergani, Abu Nasr Farobi, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Abu Ali ibn Sino, Alisher Navoi and others are unique not only in terms of content, but also in the art of writing. Many of them are kept as valuable memorabilia in major libraries around the world.
The conquest of Central Asia by the Mongols (first half of the thirteenth century) greatly slowed down the work of creating and distributing books, as was the case in all cultural life. During the reign of the Timurids, it expanded again. In particular, during the reign of Shahrukh Mirzo, Mirzo Ulugbek, great changes took place in literary activity, in particular, in book publishing. At the initiative of Shahrukh Mirza's son Boysungur, a large library-workshop was established in Herat, which attracted famous secretaries, cover artists, painters and other book-making specialists of his time. They were tasked with copying and duplicating the necessary books. In the workshop, each manuscript was passed through the hands of several experts.
"Alisher Navoi, along with writing works that enriched the spiritual treasury of the Uzbek people, made a significant contribution to the further development of the art of manuscript. The style and traditions of the art of calligraphy in the late fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth centuries formed the basis of the art of calligraphy in later years. Thousands of calligraphers took samples from the masters of this period and followed them (again, the art of the Book).
The publishing house, a printing company, emerged in Europe in the 16th century as an institution. The expansion of printing houses, the need for long,
long-term work on the publication of some books, the provision of workers with equipment and funds, the organization of book sales necessitated the emergence of special professions - printers. Until the 19th century, publishing houses covered all processes of book publishing (editorial work, printing, advertising distribution, etc.).
Before the opening of a printing house in Uzbekistan, the work of secretaries and calligraphers played an important role in the production of books. In this regard, in Tashkent secretary Abdulvadud (XV-XVI centuries), Secretary of Abdulhak (1808-1886), secretary Muhammad Yunus (19th century), secretary Abdulmannop (1880-1945), secretary Muhammad Shahmurad (1850-1922), Siddiqi Handailiki (1884). -1934) and others. During this period, the art of books developed on the territory of Uzbekistan - the creation, copying and decoration of manuscripts.
Printing in Uzbekistan began in the second half of the 19th century, after the invasion of Turkestan by Tsarist Russia. The first printing house in Tashkent was established in 1868 under the Turkestan Military District Headquarters, which published the first printed book in Russian - the work of Russian scientist N.A.Severtsov, who studied the fauna, geography and geology of Central Asia. After that, Tashkent became the center of book publishing in Central Asia. "In 1871, the first printed book in the Uzbek language (mainly for traders) - Sh.Ibragimov's book "Calendar" was published in the Arabic alphabet. During this period, private printing houses began to appear: V.F.Pastukhov's printing house (1876, 1878 firm "Lakhtin and Pastukhov", from 1880 S.I. Lakhtin's typography), I.Husanbaev (1883), O.A.Portsev (1888), F.H.Orifjonov (1889), M.Bekmuhamedov (1908), I.Inogomjanov (1914) and others. They publish fiction and educational literature in Uzbek and Russian languages. In Tashkent in 1882 the work of Sufi Alloyar "Sabot ul-ojizin", in 1883 Navoi's "Devon" and Mashrab's poems, in 1892 Bedil's "Selected works", Firdavsi's "Shohnoma", later in the works of Gulkhani, Muqimi, Furkat, Abdulla Avloni, S.Saidazizov's textbooks and others were published. In the 1920s, companies were formed in Tashkent to publish and distribute books. Among them are "Madaniyat", "Maktab" and "Turkiston Kutubxonasi". These companies included wealthy and enlightened people of Tashkent, prominent figures of the Jadid movement, as
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well as progressive Russian and Tatar intellectuals. In the years before the October coup, Tashkent published 10 books with an average annual circulation of 10,000 copies; there were 13 printing houses and lithographs."
In March 1920, the Turkestan State Publishing House (Turkdavnashr) was established in Tashkent. It was the first book publishing house in Central Asia to be tasked with coordinating all publishing work in the country, overseeing the distribution and distribution of paper and printing equipment.
In 1923, Turkdavnashr was renamed the Central Asian State Publishing House. Abdulla Avloni, Abdurahmon Sayyoh Sodikov, Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhonov, Kasim Sorokin and others made significant contributions to the establishment and translation of publishing in Tashkent.
After the national-state delimitation in Central Asia (1925) on the basis of the Central Asian state publishing house the state publishing house of Uzbekistan - "Uzdavnashr" was created.
In the 1930s, party domination was strengthened in the ideological and political direction of publishing. In the second half of the 1930s, specialized network publishing houses of relevant people's commissars and organizations were established.
During World War II, publishing houses were rebuilt to meet the needs of the front and the country. Eight independent publishing houses in Tashkent were merged into "Uzdavnashr", and printing companies were transferred to its disposal. Publishing houses belonging to some institutions were closed. Book publishing has shrunk dramatically.
In the middle of the XIX century, with the growth of the printing industry and the emergence of a new, strong technical base, the process of specialization of publishing and printing enterprises in publishing began. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, publishing houses became mass organizations, such as joint-stock companies, and later trusts for publishing books and newspapers and magazines emerged. There were also a number of publishing companies in Russia.
After the national-state delimitation in Central Asia (1925) based on the Central Asian state publishing house the state publishing house of Uzbekistan -"Uzdavnashr" (now "Uzbekistan" publishing house) was created. In 1925, 1.5 million people with 334 names lived in Uzbekistan. The book has been published in more than 1 million copies.
The 1930s were a turning point in publishing. The ideological and political dominance of publishing products has been strengthened. In order to publish works of Marxism-Leninism in the Uzbek language, the Party Publishing House ("Uzpartnashr") was established in Uzbekistan. In the second half of the 1930s, specialized network publishing houses of relevant people's commissars and organizations were established.
During the war years, publishing houses were rebuilt to meet the needs of the front and the country. Eight independent publishing houses in Uzbekistan were merged into "Uzdavnashr", and printing
East European Scientific Journal #4(68), 2021 51 companies were transferred to its disposal. Publishing houses belonging to some institutions were closed. The publication of books declined sharply.
"In the post-war years, there were attempts to restore specialized publishing houses. In 1950, "Oquqpeddavnashr" (now "Teacher" publishing house) was restored; 1957 Literature and Art Publishing House; 1959 Medical Publishing House; In 1960, the Young Guard, in 1964, the Karakalpakstan Publishing House was opened in Nukus, and in 1968, the General Editorial Office of the Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia was opened in Tashkent. In order to improve the management of publishing, in 1963 the Press Committee under the Council of Ministers of Uzbekistan was established (since 1978 the State Committee for Publishing, Printing and Book Trade of Uzbekistan, then the State Press Committee). The products of the publishing houses were aimed at serving the communist ideology. For this purpose, many works of Marxism-Leninism, socio-political literature were published under many titles and copies. At the same time, 15-volume works of Alisher Navoi, selected works of such writers as Hamza, Oybek, Gafur Gulam, Abdulla Qahhor, Kamil Yashin, Mirtemir, samples of world classical literature have been published.
In conclusion, it should be noted that by the time of independence there were many changes in the publishing industry, in particular, the gradual abandonment of centralized dependence, as a result of which began to establish private printing rooms. However, the lack of competition is still hampering its development.
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