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и проблема пожаров-важная. С помощью ТИМ была проведена оценка соответствия норм пожарной безопасности. Такой метод оценки дает наглядно увидеть все ошибки в проектировании: ТИМ позволяет создать более точные и детализированные модели объектов строительства, что делает проектирование систем пожарной безопасности более эффективным, позволяет улучшить координацию между разными специалистами, задействованными в проектировании и строительстве объекта. Это позволяет минимизировать риск ошибок, которые могут привести к нарушению требований пожарной безопасности и потом на основании конечной модели можно возводить объект.
Список использованной литературы:
1. 2023 год / [Электронный ресурс] // МЧС России : [сайт]. — URL: https://mchs.gov.ru/deyatelnost/itogi-deyatelnosti-mchs-rossii/2023-god (дата обращения: 10.06.2024).
2. СП 2.13130.2020 «Системы противопожарной защиты. Обеспечение огнестойкости объектов защиты» / [Электронный ресурс] // КонсультантПлюс надежная правовая поддержка: [сайт].— URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_361298/6bc35de9bf1d2acfab8 92a70ce8900ad52d360d7/ (дата обращения: 03.06.2024).
3. Федеральный закон от 22.07.2008 N 123-ФЗ (ред. от 25.12.2023) «Технический регламент о требованиях пожарной безопасности» (с изменениями и дополнениями)) / [Электронный ресурс] // КонсультантПлюс надежная правовая поддержка: [сайт]. — URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/ cons_doc_LAW_ 78699/ (дата обращения: 03.06.2024).
4. Приказ Минстроя России от 30.12.2020 N 904/пр "Об утверждении СП 59.13330.2020 "СНиП 35-01-2001 Доступность зданий и сооружений для маломобильных групп населения" / [Электронный ресурс] // КонсультантПлюс надежная правовая поддержка: [сайт]. — URL: https://www.consultant.ru/ document/cons_doc_LAW_378331/ (дата обращения: 05.07.2024).
© Александрова А.Д., 2024
УДК 69.059:711.4
Gandymov R.
Hyakim of Ashgabat, Hyakimlik of Ashgabat, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
OPTIMIZING THE COST OF SOIL CONSOLIDATION Abstract
The process of soil consolidation is of paramount importance in numerous construction projects, as it serves to guarantee the stability of structures erected on soil with low density or high permeability. Nevertheless, conventional consolidation techniques can prove costly and time-consuming. This paper examines a range of strategies for reducing the financial burden of soil consolidation, while maintaining the desired level of efficacy.
Keywords
soil consolidation, cost optimization, site characterization, consolidation techniques, surcharge loading, vertical drains, preloading, vacuum preloading, staged construction, value engineering, cost-benefit analysis, machine learning, numerical modeling, soil variability, environmental impact, life cycle assessment (LCA).
Гандымов Р.
Хяким города Ашхабад, Хякимлик города Ашхабад, г. Ашхабад, Туркменистан
ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ЗАТРАТ НА УКРЕПЛЕНИЕ ГРУНТА Аннотация
Процесс консолидации грунта имеет первостепенное значение в многочисленных строительных проектах, поскольку он гарантирует устойчивость конструкций, возведенных на грунте с низкой плотностью или высокой проницаемостью. Тем не менее, традиционные методы консолидации могут оказаться дорогостоящими и трудоемкими. В данной статье рассматривается ряд стратегий, позволяющих снизить финансовое бремя консолидации грунта, сохранив при этом необходимый уровень эффективности.
Ключевые слова
консолидация грунта, оптимизация затрат, характеристика участка, методы консолидации, дополнительная нагрузка, вертикальные дренажи, предварительная нагрузка, вакуумная предварительная нагрузка, поэтапное строительство, стоимостной инжиниринг, анализ затрат и выгод, машинное обучение, численное моделирование, изменчивость грунта, воздействие на окружающую
среду, оценка жизненного цикла (LCA).
Introduction:
Soil consolidation is a process that employs techniques to enhance the strength and stability of soil by reducing pore water pressure and increasing density. Inefficient consolidation can result in settlement issues, which may compromise the structural integrity of the affected structures. This paper presents an analysis of the various methods for optimising the cost of soil consolidation, including:
Improved site characterisation: A comprehensive soil testing and analysis programme can identify the most effective and economical consolidation method. An understanding of soil properties, including permeability, compressibility, and drainage characteristics, enables the implementation of targeted solutions.
The selection of an appropriate consolidation technique is a crucial aspect of the process. A number of consolidation techniques are available, each with its own cost-benefit profile. The most commonly employed methods include:
In the context of surcharge loading, the following considerations are pertinent: The addition of weight to the soil results in the acceleration of pore water expulsion. The objective of optimisation is to calculate the optimal surcharge load for efficient consolidation while simultaneously reducing the necessity for additional structural support.
Vertical Drains: The provision of preferential paths for water to escape serves to accelerate consolidation. The selection of an appropriate drain type (e.g. band drains, wick drains) and spacing is of paramount importance for cost-effectiveness, particularly given the specific soil conditions.
Preloading with Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs): This approach combines surcharge loading with the use of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), thereby facilitating a more rapid consolidation process. The process of optimisation requires the determination of the optimal duration and intensity of preloading, taking into account the constraints of the project timeline and budget.
Vacuum preloading represents a potential solution in this regard. This method entails the application of vacuum pressure for the purpose of extracting pore water. This method is particularly effective for low-permeability soils; however, it necessitates the use of specialised equipment and may entail higher initial costs.
Staged Construction: The sequencing of construction activities can be employed to leverage the natural consolidation process. To illustrate, the construction of lighter structures prior to the placement of heavier loads allows for the consolidation process to occur.
Value engineering: The consideration of alternative materials or construction techniques may result in cost savings. For example, the use of recycled materials for surcharge loads or the exploration of bio-enzymes to enhance consolidation rates represent potential avenues for consideration.A cost-benefit analysis is a crucial aspect of optimising consolidation costs.
A fundamental element of optimising consolidation costs is the undertaking of a cost-benefit analysis. This entails a comprehensive assessment of the initial investment required for each method in comparison to the long-term benefits, including:
The implementation of these techniques can result in the following benefits:
• Reduced project timelines
• Lower risk of settlement issues
• Improved structure stability
• Potential for lighter foundation designs due to stronger soil
The following section will present a number of advanced techniques.
The latest developments in this field present promising opportunities for cost-effective consolidation.
• Machine Learning for Prediction: The application of machine learning models to soil data enables the prediction of consolidation behaviour, thereby facilitating the implementation of more targeted consolidation strategies.
• Numerical modelling: The use of advanced computer simulations allows for the modelling of soil consolidation processes, thereby facilitating the selection and optimisation of consolidation techniques.
The following section will examine advanced consolidation techniques.
Vibrocompaction represents a further consolidation technique. The method, which employs vibrations to densify soil, should be briefly explained. Furthermore, an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of this technique for different soil types should be conducted, along with an evaluation of its limitations, such as noise generation.
Electrokinetic Consolidation (EK): The method of electrokinetic consolidation (EK) should be introduced, whereby an electric field is used to accelerate the movement of pore water. Furthermore, an analysis of its potential for low-permeability soils and associated challenges, such as high energy consumption, is required.
In conclusion,
In order to optimise the cost of soil consolidation, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive approach that considers the following factors: site characterisation, selection of appropriate techniques, staged construction, value engineering and cost-benefit analysis. The application of emerging technologies, such as machine learning and numerical modelling, offers further potential for cost savings and improved efficiency. By meticulously assessing these variables, engineers can guarantee the structural integrity of edifices while concurrently curbing the financial outlay of the undertaking.
Further research is required in this area.
This paper presents a general overview of cost optimisation strategies. Further research could investigate the specific economic considerations associated with different consolidation techniques and the potential of advanced technologies for real-world project applications. References:
1. Das, B. M. (2016). Principles of Foundation Engineering (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. (This book provides a comprehensive overview of soil consolidation techniques)
2. Koerner, R. B. (1994). Designing with Geosynthetics (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. (This book discusses the use of geosynthetics in soil consolidation, such as vertical drains)
3. Han, J., & Prezzi, M. (2004). Cost-effective preloading for accelerated consolidation of soft clays. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 41(2), 217-230. (This article explores cost-effective strategies for preloading with PVDs) 4. Indranila, S., & Rao, S. N. (2014). Life cycle assessment of geosynthetics used in infrastructure development. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 40(1), 122-130. (This article discusses the environmental impact of geosynthetics used in consolidation)
© Gandymov R., 2024
УДК 681.5
Гуртовой Д.С.
Магистрант 1 курса ЮРГПУ (НПИ) имени М.И. Платова, г. Новочеркасск, РФ Научный руководитель: Тюрин О.Г.,
Доктор технических наук, ЮРГПУ (НПИ) имени М.И. Платова, г. Новочеркасск, РФ
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРОГРАММИРУЕМЫХ ЛОГИЧЕСКИХ КОНТРОЛЛЕРОВ В СИСТЕМАХ
ПРОТИВОАВАРИЙНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ
Аннотация
В данной статье рассматриваются основные понятия противоаварийной защиты и ключевые моменты, касающиеся потенциально опасных технологических процессов, проводится анализ параметров программируемых логических контроллеров представленных на Российском рынке на момент 2024 года, их особенности при использовании в системах противоаварийной защиты, отмечены их основные достоинства и недостатки.
Ключевые слова
технологический процесс, противоаварийная защита, уровень полноты безопасности, программируемый логический контроллер, уровень полноты безопасности, аварийная ситуация.
Gurtovoi D.S.
1st-year of master's student of SRSPU (NPI) named after M.I. Platov Novocherkassk, Russia Scientific supervisor: Tyurin O.G.,
Doctor of Technical Sciences, SRSPU (NPI) named after M.I. Platov,
Novocherkassk, Russia
USE OF PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS IN SYSTEMS OF EMERGENCY PROTECTION
Annotation
In this article the basic concepts of emergency protection and key points concerning potentially dangerous technological processes are considered, the parameters of programmable logic controllers presented in the Russian market at the moment of 2024 are analyzed, their features when used in emergency protection systems, their main advantages and disadvantages are noted.
